.. Saussure Saussure Saussure langue parole signifié signifiantformesubstance Saussure valeur Saussure : - /i/ /a,u,e,o/ /i/ /a,e,1,6,2,3/ /i/ /i/ mou

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1 : - Bolinger 17

2 .. Saussure Saussure Saussure langue parole signifié signifiantformesubstance Saussure valeur Saussure : - /i/ /a,u,e,o/ /i/ /a,e,1,6,2,3/ /i/ /i/ mouton sheep mouton sheep Saussure: signifié signifiant Saussure /mita/ /m/ /i/ /m/ /kita//k/ /nita//n/ 1a. 18

3 b. a,b plate bowl 2a. an egg on a plate b. an egg in a bowl /i/ substance forme forme forme forme substance : Saussure Saussure key word.. Saussure Saussure C.Bally L.Mathesius, R.Jakobson L.Hjelmslev Saussure Saussure Bloomfield Chomsky Saussure 19

4 Saussure Saussure emic Chomsky competence Saussure Bloomfield Pavlov IC Bloomfield Chomsky Saussure: Jespersen: Bloomfield: : - Chomsky lexicon Chomsky 3a. b. Chomsky a Halliday b a,b a b 20

5 b 4 John broke the window. The window was broken. 5 Peter can hit a home run, and Betsy can Ø, too. Ø= hit a home run 6 *Who did you meet [John and ]? 4-6 7a. Keenan-Comrie. Fillmore 8a. vs b. vs 7 Keenan-Comrie a : b The key opened the door. 8 a Talmy b

6 .. la. b. c : a b frightened Aunt Matilda, a b c 0 Aitchison: a 0 0 break, kill fall, die 1a. John broke the window. b. John fell down. a b John Anderson 22

7 John Chomsky Jackendoff, Anderson signifié signifiant.. 2 God 2 John likes flying kites. 2flying kites likes John flying kites to fly kites flying to fly 3a. John gave Mary a vase. John gave a vase to Mary. b. John sent Mary a vase. John sent a vase to Mary. c.*john put the table a vase. John put a vase on the table. d.john gave Mary [the door] a hard kick. John kicked Mary [the door] hard. *John gave a hard kick to Mary [the door]. 4a. I ve found Mrs. Jones a place. I ve found a place for Mrs. Jones. b.?i ve found the magnolia tree a place. I ve found a place for magnolia tree. c.*john opened Mary the window. John opened the door for Mary. d.john opened Mary a beer. John opened a beer for Mary. 5a. I was given a house. < He gave me a house. He gave a house to me. b.*i was built a house. < He built me a house. He built a house for me. 23

8 c. I was built the huge palace. < He built me the huge palace. He built the huge house for me. cf. d. This house was lived in by George Washington /*John. < George Washington / John lived in this house. IO DO a b give, send DO ID a give to DO DO Mary b send to DO Mary c DO IO the table DO give d IO IO DO to to b the magnolia tree DO Quirk et al : c Mary DO open d Mary DO 5 to give for build give DO IO build DO DO IO bc DO IO IO IO Kitamura d : IO DO c put give, send to c,db,c make, cook, knit, cut for IO DO IO DO for a,b find Kitamura give build 6a. The doctor must examine John. John must be examined by the doctor. b. John must clean the room. The room must be cleaned by John. 24

9 c. The cat must stay out of the living room. 7a. John may kiss Mary. Mary may be kissed by John. b. Visitors may pick flowers. Flowers may be picked by visitors. c. The cat may stay in the living room. 8a.* What book did John [buy and read the magazine]? b.* Tomorrow, I might go to the movies [today or ]. c.*here s the whisky which [I went to the store and Mike bought ]. 9a. What book did John [buy and ]? b. Here s the whisky which I [went to the store and bought ]. c. How much can you [drink and still stay sober]? 6 7 must may a b room flowers c cat c 8 X and [or] Y a-c a-c a b c Kehler : 0a. John hammered the metal flat /??to a pulp. b. John laughed himself to sleep / *sleepy. 1a. John ran home for an hour /?? for one day. [ ] b.?? John put the cup on the table for two days. 2a.? This problem was looked into by John, and Bob did too. [look into the problem] b. This problem was to have been looked into, but obviously nobody did. [look into the problem] 0 1 2[ ] 25

10 2 Kehler : 0-2 Grice a. John enjoyed the book. b. John began the book. c.??john enjoyed [began] the rock. 4a.*This house was built. vs This house was built last year. b.*the book was read. vs The book was read by many. c.*the car drives. vs The car drives easily. d.*pat laughed a laugh. vs Pat laughed a hearty laugh. 5a. John took a train from Paris to Istanbul. He has family there. b.?john took a train from Paris to Istanbul. He likes spinach. 6 *Excuse me, I m John Smith. Where is the post office? a,b enjoy, begin book John c enjoy [begin] rock a-c d Goldberg-Ackerman : - 5 Kehler : a John Istanbul b

11 .. a 3-5 to for a DO DO DO IO DO IO build for c to give Chomsky McCawley Discourse Syntax 27

12 ab Grice 2 axis of semantic properties : -, : - 7a. b. c. d. this that 7 : - 28

13 8a. give ASP one CL book John gave Mary a book. b. buy ASP one CL pen John bought a pen from Mary. c. * knit ASP me one CL gloves John knitted me a pair of gloves. d. eat ASP me one CL apple *John ate me an apple. e. lend/borrow one CL book John lent Mary a book./ John borrowed a book from Mary. c d : - a b-e c b 9a. A dollar doesn t buy much these days. We don t buy much for a dollar these days. The fifth day saw them at the summit. They reached the summit on the fifth day. b. John opened the door. vs The door opened. c. John sent Mary /*London a parcel. vs John sent a parcl to Mary /London. d. the dog s tail / *the bed s foot ab causer c d ab c d * 29

14 a,b c,d 0a. John gave a book to Mary. vs John built a house for Mary. b. Mary was given a house. vs *Mary was built a house. 1a. The book I bought. vs *A book I bought. b. vs c. vs 2a. A different present John gave the other girl. b.*the other girl John gave a different present. 3a. If it rains tomorrow, I ll stay at home. b. I ll stay at home if it rains tomorrow. * * 4a. vs b. vs 5a. vs The thief has run away. A thief has run away. b. vs He will come in a few days. He lived in China for three years. c. vs He jumped up and down on the table. He jumped onto the table. a b to for 3-5 to for a-c a b b IO 30

15 IO DO 3 a b b b 4 5 ab c b c 5 : 6a. John went to New York. b. John got to New York. c. John went to New York, but he didn t get there. 7a. He burned the paper. vs b. The paper burned. vs c.*he burned the paper, but it didn t burn. vs 8 John shot Mary. vs John shot at Mary. 9a. I kill ASP him I killed him. b. He died. c. I kill ASP him but he not die I tried to kill him, but he didn t die. ab c 7 a b c 8 conative construction 31

16 shoot, scratch, peck, hit, cut at 8 a b c : Saussure Chomsky Jackendoff CAUSE, GO, PATH Lakoff, Langacker Fodor, Chomsky, Jackendoff Zee-Nikanne - yes or no more or less 32

17 Halliday coherence Saussure Chomsky Aitchison, J Linguistics (Teaching yourself books). Hodder and Stoughton. Anderson, J.M On Case Grammar: Prolegomena to a Theory of Grammatical Relations. Croom Helm.... Bloomfield, L Language. Allen & Unwin. Bolinger, D Meaning and Form. Longman. Chomsky, N Syntactic Structures. Mouton Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. MIT Press Lectures on Government and Binding. Foris The Minimalist Program. MIT Press. Fillmore, C.T Some problems for case grammar. Working Papers in Linguistics : -. - Goldberg, A.L. and F.Ackerman The pragmatics of obligatory adjunts. Language 77: Grice, H.P Logic and conversation. In P.Cole and J.L.Morgan (eds) Syntax and Semantics Vol : Speech Act Academic Press. Jackendoff, R The status of thematic roles in the linguistic theory. Linguistic Inquiry 18:

18 Semantic Structures. MIT Press. Jespersen, O The Philosophy of Grammar. Allen & Unwin. Keenan, E.L. and B.Comrie Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar. Linguistic Inquiry 8.1: Kehler, A Coherence, Reference and the Theory of Grammar. CSLI Publications. Kitamura, Y On the double object construction and its passive voice. [Unpublished Paper] McCawley, J.D The Syntactic Phenomena of English. University of Chicago Press.... Quirk, R.. S.Greenbaum, G.Leech, and J.Svartvik A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Longman. Saussure, F. de Cours de linguistique générale. Payot. Talmy, L Lexicalization pattern: semantic structure in lexical forms. In T.Schopen (ed.) Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Vol 3: Cambridge University Press. Zee, E. van der, and U.Nikanne (eds.) Cognitive Interfaces: Constraints on Linking Cognitive Information. OUP. 34

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