フィリピン農地改革における政府、NGO、住民組織の対立と協調

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1 NGO , Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law: Republic Act Department of Agrarian Reform Non-Governmental Organization NGO NGO 1992 NGO PeopleÕs Organization NGO 3 Mabato-Kalaboso Samahang Magsasaka MAKASAMA NGO Pambansang Kilusang ng mga Samahang Magsasaka PAKISAMA 28 Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

2 3 NGO NGO 5 NGO Governmental Organization NGO NGO 17 NGO 3 I II III , NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO 6 Profit Organization NPONon- Profit Organization GONGO Profit OrganizationNPO 1 NGO NPO 2 NGO NPO NGO NGO 1 Government Organization Non-Governmental Organization Profit Organization Non-Profit Organization NGO 29

3 NGO NGO NGO NGO 7 NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO monitoring advocacy NGO 8 NGO NGO NGO ODA 6 9 NGO RA.6657PeopleÕs Agrarian Reform Code Congress for a PeopleÕs Agrarian Reform NGO 10 NGO 30 Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

4 NGO NGO NGO NGO 11 NGO NGO NGO NGO 3 NGO 5 12 NGO NGO NGO NGO Certificate Land Ownership AwardCLOA NGO 31

5 27 RA.6657 RA RA ha 5ha RA ha 3ha RegionRegional Agrarian Reform OfficeProvincial Agrarian Reform Office Municipal Agrarian Reform Office 18 Barangay Agrarian Reform Council RA ha ha CLOA 32 Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

6 2 3 2 CLOA CLOA CLOA Land Bank of the Philippines CLOA CLOA , ha 87 NGO 33

7 ,244ha 54% ,782ha 28% ha 11 7,583ha 26% CLOA NGO ha 400 7,900 1ha 200 NGO NGO 2 NGO NGO RA NGO Congress for a PeopleÕs Agrarian Reform CPAR PeopleÕs Agrarian Reform Code Parcode Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

8 1 RA.6657 NGO NGO 40% Philippine Partnership for the Development of Human Resources in Rural Areas PhilDHRRA NGO New PeopleÕs Army NPA Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas KMP Federation of Free Farmers FFF FFF Walter Hogan NGO FFF 24 NPA KMP 25 KMPCPAR NGO FFF CPAR NGO NGO 35

9 NGO 27 NGO NGO 3 NGO Agrarian Reform Community CLOA NGO 1, NGOPeace Foundation ha ha NGO CLOA NGO 1965 Presidential Economic Staff Ten Outstanding Young Men 36 Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

10 National Democratic Front Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement NGO 35 NGO NGO ,480ha 17 3, ,028 12% NGO 37

11 miles kilometles CHINA JAPAN PACIFIC OCEAN South China Sea Laoag THE PHILIPPINES LUZON Baguio SUBIC BAY NAVAL VASE CLARK AIR BASE MANILA Calamba INDIAN OCEAN INDONESIA AUSTRALIA MINDORO Philippine Sea PALAWAN PANAY Itotlo NEGROS VISAYAN Is. Bacolod Cebu SAMAR LEYTE BOHOL CEBU MINDANAO Zamboanga Davao BORNEO James Putzel, A Captive Land: the Politics of Agrarian Reform in the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University Press, ha 15 1ha1.5ha 8 1.5ha2ha 4 2ha2.5ha 1 2.5ha3ha 5 3ha Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

12 2 Calamba Tagaytay Mabato Lipa NGO NGO 39

13 73% 66% ,000 6, , % 70ha BLTB Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

14 RA ha ha 1 5, ha 400 7, ha NGO NGO 41

15 NGO RA.6657 CLOA 30 NGO CLOA CLOA 50 CLOA CLOA 25 CLOA 1CLOA 2CLOA CLOA NGO CLOA Department of Agrarian Reform, Ocular Inspection Report on the Potenciano Estate, May 25, 1999; Department of Agrarian Reform Order by Horacio Morales, Re: Application Pursuant to DAR Administrative Order No. 6, Series of 1994 Case No. A May 27, 1999; PAKISAMA, Facts Sheet: Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Coverage of the Potenciano Estate, 1999, pp Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

16 92 CLOA CLOA CLOA CLOA CLOA NGO ha CLOA 18% 45 70ha 50ha CLOA 10 CLOA 46 5 NGO NGO 43

17 47 9 Para Legal RA Municipal Agrarian Reform Officer NGO CLOA Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

18 ha 50ha CLOA 9 CLOA Belen de la Torre CLOA CLOACLOA FFF 76 FFF 53 Laguna Institute Civil Service Eligibility Professional Examination CLOA ,000ha254ha CLOA Katibayan ng Pagpapahalaga Region IV 98 2 FFF NGO 45

19 CLOA CLOA CLOA CLOA 6 10 CLOA CLOA 4 CLOA7 18 CLOA CLOA NGO NGO 46 Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

20 NGO RA NGO 92 NGO NGO NGO CLOA CLOA CLOA NGO 1 Anderson, Benedict, ÒCasique Democracy in the Philippines: Origin and Dream,Ó New Left Review, Vol. 169May June Philippine Statistical Yearbook, National Statistical Office, 1998, p Steinburg, David, The Philippines: a Singular and Plural Society, Westview Press, 2000, p Putzel, James, A Captive Land: the Politics of Agrarian Reform in the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University, 1992; NGO 47

21 1976 ; 1991 Kerkvliet, Benedict, The Huk Rebellion: A Study of Peasant Revolt in the Philippines, University of California Press, 1977; FFF Korten, David, ÒThird Generation Strategies: a key to People Centered Development,Ó World Development, 15 supplement, 1987, pp ; Korten, David, Getting to the 21st Century: Voluntary Action and the Global Agenda, Metro Manila, Bookmark, 1990NGO ; Korten, David, ÒThe Role of Nongovernmental Organization in Development: Changing Patterns and Perspectives,Ó Samuel, Paul and Arturo, Israeleds., Nongovernmental Organizations and the World Bank: Cooperation for Development, Washington, D. C., World Bank, NGO Putzel, James, ÒNGOs and Rural Poverty,Ó in Silliman, Sidney G., and Noble, Lela G.eds., Organization for Democracy: NGOs: Civil Society, and the Philippine State, Ateneo de Manila University, 1998, pp NGO Putzel, op. cit., pp Villanueva, Pi, ÒThe Influence of the Congress for a PeopleÕs Agrarian ReformCPARon the Legislative Process,Ó in Wui, Marlon A., Lopez, Glenda S.eds., State Civil Society Relations in Policy- Making, The Third World Studies Center, 1997, pp ; Go o, Cielito C., Peasant Movement-State Relations in New Democracies: the Case of the Congress for a PeopleÕs Agrarian ReformCPARin Post- Marcos Philippines, Institute of Church and Social Issues, Clarke, Gerard, The Politics of NGOÕs in South-East Asia: Participation and Protest in the Philippines, Routledge, Borras, Saturnino M., BIBINGKA Strategy in Land Reform Implementation: Autonomous Peasant Movements and State Reformists in the Philippines, Institute for Popular Democracy, Ibid., pp Putzel, A Captive Land. op. cit.; ; PCGG 1,030 ha 810 ha % Callanta, Ruth S., Poverty: the Philippine Scenario, Metro Manila, Bookmark, 1988, p Putzel, A Captive Land, op. cit., pp ; Riedinger, Jeffrey M., Agrarian Reform in the Philippines: Democratic transitions and Redistribute Reform, Stanford University Press, Stanford California, 1995, pp ; ; TeamDistrictRegion 19 Borras, op. cit., p Philippine Statistical Yearbook, 1998, p ha ha 50ha Ibid. 22 Takigawa, Tsutomu, ÒLand Conversion and its Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts in the Philippines: the Case of Cavite Province,Ó Forthcoming thesis, Ateneo de Manila University Press, Go o, op. cit., pp Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

22 25 Borras, op. cit., pp PAKISAMA, Indicative Performance Assessment of the Pambansang Kilusan ng mga Samahang Magsasaka, 1998, pp ; PAKISAMA, Padayon : Official Publication of the 5th National Congress of PAKISAMA, 1999, pp Tripartite Partnership for Agrarian Reform and Rural DevelopmentTriPARRD, leafletn.d. 28 Philippine Business for Social Progress 29 Putzel, ÒNGOs and Rural Poverty,Ó op. cit., pp Borras, op. cit., pp Ibid., p Department of Agrarian Reform, Landmarks, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1998, p Ibid., pp PRRM AsiaDHRRA Secretariat, The Impact of Globalization on the Social Cultural Lives of Grassroots People in Asia, Jakarta, pp National Statistical Office, Laguna, Today, January 16, Inquirer, April 16, The Assistant Secretary for Policy, Planning & Legal Affairs in Department of Agrarian Reform, ÒOcular Inspection Report on the Potenciano Agrarian Reform,Ó Memorandum for the Secretary, Department of Agrarian Reform, In Re: Application for Exemption Clearance Pursuant to DAR Administrative Order No. 6Case No. A , Quezon City, ÒKung walang PAKISAMA, hinidi namin alam ano ang nangyayari sa Mabato. Mulat ang mata ko pagkatapos nakita ang PAKISAMA.Ó Inquirer, April 16, FFF NGO 49

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NGO 50 2 1992 45.3 2000 41.38 50 2 2000 1992 19 20 49 50 99 100 149 150 00 4.72 36.66 43.72 9.82 5.08 92 5.30 40.00 40.97 8.74 4.99 00 15.56 32.28 26.43 13.27 12.46 (92 11.31 30.40 36.85 12.64 8.80 2002