Microsoft Word - 04.FACT-5-1.doc
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1 Chapter 5-1 ( 第 五 課 )pp Intransitive and transitive verbs This lesson introduces transitive vs. intransitive in a comprehensive manner. Study the chart on page 236. Compare transitive/intransitive pairs to identify any commonalities running through each group. 病 気 が 病 気 を an illness heals cure an illness しごとが しごとを employment is decided decide on employment ドアが ドアを the door opens open the door 電 気 が 電 気 を the light is on turn on the light ドアがあく the door will open ドアがあいている the door is open ドアをあける someone will open the door ドアをあけている someone is opening the door A: けんちゃん 何 しているの B: まどを( )んだよ (I am closing the window.) A: まどだったら 私 がさっき(a little while ago)( )から( ) いると 思 うけど A: こんなに 野 菜 が( ) There are still a lot of vegetables left (a lot of vegetables are left over) どうして 野 菜 を 食 べないの? B: きらいだから 野 菜 を( ) (I ) left vegetables. A: きらいでも( )ないで 食 べなくちゃだめよ お 茶 が 飲 みたいから おゆを( )ましょう おゆが( )から お 茶 を 飲 みましょう お 母 さんは 子 供 を 八 時 に( ) The mother wakes her child up at eight o'clock. 子 供 は 八 時 に( ) The child wakes up at eight o'clock. 8
2 I. Using もう and まだ A. Using もう もう indicates a 'change' of state, that is, a state which existed some time ago no longer exists. A -1: もう~ affirmative, already; yet; now Adverb Verb(affirmative) 子 供 は もう 車 に の 乗 せました I already put the kids into the car. 山 田 さんはもうでかけました Yamada-san left already. (Yamada-san was here some time ago, but he is not here now.) この 漢 字 は もう おぼえましたか ええ もう おぼえました もう 二 十 才 になりましたか ええ もう 二 十 才 になりました A 2: もう~ negative, not ~ anymore; not ~ any longer Adverb Verb (negative) もう 行 きません I don't go (there) any more. もう 食 べられません I can no longer eat. (I was able to eat some time ago, but this state no longer exists.) 山 田 さんはもうでかけました 山 田 さんはもういません B. Using まだ In contrast to もう, まだ indicates 'continuation/non-change' of the previous state, that is, a state which existed some time ago still remains. B 1: まだ~ affirmative, still Adverb Verb (affirmative) スミスさん は まだ し ご と その 仕 事 を つづけています Smith-san is still doing that job. (Lit. Smith-san is still continuing that job.) 9
3 子 供 は まだ 寝 ています The child is still sleeping. The child was sleeping some time ago and this state still exists. 私 はまだ 十 六 才 です B 2: まだ~ negative, ~not yet; still not Adverb Verb (affirmative) まだ お 金 を あつめていません I have not collected the money yet. 山 田 さんは まだ 来 ていません Yamada-san has not come here yet. Yamada-san was not here some time ago and is not here now. Note that when asked ~ましたか?, the answer has to be ~ていません. ~ませんでし た is incorrect. The short answer, まだです is acceptable. A: 宿 題 はもう 終 わりましたか Have you finished your homework? B: いいえ まだ 終 わっていません/まだです I have not finished (it) yet.?いいえ まだ 終 わりませんでした I have not finished (it) yet. A: 中 村 さんは もう 来 ましたか B: いいえ まだ 来 ていません /まだです?いいえ まだ 来 ませんでした II. Expressing purpose and reason, using the plain form + ため A-1: Expressing purpose, using the plain form + ため (for the purpose of ~; in order to ~; for ~) Verb(plain present noun Particle affirmative いしゃ 医 者 に なる ため に この 大 学 で 勉 強 している I am studying at this university in order to become a doctor. The main clause expresses an event or action controlled by the speaker. Furthermore, if a verb comes before ため, the verb has to be a volitional verb (i.e., self-controllable action). いい 仕 事 をするために 大 学 で 勉 強 している volitional verb main clause (volitional verb) 10
4 ひ こ う き あさはや お 7 時 の 飛 行 機 に 乗 るため 朝 早 く 起 きなければならない volitional verb main clause (volitional verb) まどをあけるために たった vs.?まどがあくために たった volitional non-volitional What comes before ために can be a noun. いっせい ハワイの 一 世 は こどものために がんばった 私 は GPA のために べんきょうしているのではありません ための Modifies a noun, while ために modifies a verb. 結 婚 式 に 着 て 行 くための 服 を 買 う a noun modifier 家 族 のためにはたらいている use の to modify a noun use に to modify a verbal phrase A-2: Expressing reason or cause, using the plain form + ため If what comes before ために OR the main verb is an uncontrollable event, then ために gives a reason/cause interpretation, instead of a purpose interpretation. Adjective (plain past affirmative) Noun Particle けっこんしき 結 婚 式 のじゅんび で いそがしかった ため に 電 話 出 来 なかった Since I was busy with preparation for the wedding, I could not call (you). 1. adjective + ため 仕 事 がたいへんなために 毎 晩 おそく 帰 る とお 家 が 遠 いため りょうにすんでいる 2. past plain forms + ため じゅぎょう かぜをひいたため 授 業 を 休 んだ 3. An uncontrollable event in main clause (because~ ) たいふう 台 風 のため 電 車 がとまりました 来 週 旅 行 に 行 くため 今 週 は いそがしい Both ために and the verb stem + に express purpose; however, there are some differences. 11
5 the verb stem + に 行 く/ 来 る/ 帰 る:the purpose does not have to be important. としょかん しけんの 勉 強 (を)しに 図 書 館 に 行 く ~ために + 行 く/ 来 る/ 帰 る:the purpose is rather important. しけんの 勉 強 をするために 図 書 館 に 行 く しけんの 勉 強 をするために 友 達 に 電 話 した ため is a noun, therefore, な Adjectives have to use ~な before ため. やさいはきらいな(?きらいの/?きらい)ため たべない III. Expressing the making of preparation, using ~ておく(do ~ in advance) The verb て-form + おく is used when someone has done or is doing something for a future purpose (preparation), or keeping the current state for some future consideration (precaution). Verb(て-form) Auxiliary verb そつぎょう 卒 業 する 前 に 大 学 院 について 色 いろいろ 々 しらべて おきます I will check out various graduate schools before I graduate (from college). あついから まどをあけておいて 下 さい 漢 字 のしけんが あるから よく 勉 強 しておいて 下 さい 友 達 が 来 るからビールを でかける 前 に 地 図 を 行 く 前 に 旅 館 を (かう) (みる) 方 がいいですよ (よやくする) casual おふろをわかしておく わかしとく 社 長 にたのんでおく たのんどく IV. Expressing results of intentional actions, using the て -form of verbs + ある Particle Verb Auxiliary V (て-form) 晩 ごはん が/を 作 って あります から 後 で 食 べて 下 さい I made dinner for you, so please eat it later. (Lit. The dinner has been made for you, so please eat it later.) This pattern expresses a state that has resulted from someone's intentional action, i.e., someone has done something for some purpose (Something has been done). 12
6 両 親 が 来 るから 部 屋 をそうじしておきました The verb in this pattern is normally a TRANSITIVE verb. If it is an INTRANSITIVE verb, it has to be a volitional verb (self-controllable). あ まどがあけてあるよ?あ まどがあいてあるよ はい もうおふろに 入 ってある (はいる is INTRASITIVE but it s volitional/self-controllable.) The particle: が/を indicates the direct object. テレビがつけてある The TV was turned on. 電 気 がついています The light is on. テレビをつけてある Someone turned on TV. 電 気 がつけてある The light was deliberately turned on (and is still on) for some specific purpose. その 部 屋 はそうじがしてありますから いつ 両 親 が 来 てもいいです かぎがかか る the door will lock has potential to lock かぎがかかっている 'the door is locked' かぎをかける someone will lock the door かぎをかけている someone is locking the door かぎをかけておく (I) will lock the door (in advance) ドア someone will close the door ドア someone is closing the door かぎが/をかけてある the door has been locked ドア the door will close ドアがしまっている ドアが/をしめてある the door is closed ドアが あけてある The door has been opened (by someone). 13
7 ドアが あいている The door is open (This does not necessarily imply someone did it.) The TV has been turned on (by someone). TV is on. The TV has been turned off (by someone). TV is off. 14
Microsoft Word - j201drills27.doc
Drill 1: Giving and Receiving (Part 1) [Due date: ] Directions: Describe each picture using the verb of giving and the verb of receiving. E.g.) (1) (2) (3) (4) 1 (5) (6) Drill 2: Giving and Receiving (Part
Microsoft Word - j201drills27.doc
Drill 1: Giving and Receiving (Part 1) Directions: Describe each picture using the verb of giving and the verb of receiving. (1) (2) (3) (4) 1 (5) (6) Drill 2: Giving and Receiving (Part 1) Directions:
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