090117公聴会_提出版.ppt

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1 Presentation title 1 / 6 ( ) NO Study on the Control Methods of NOx Component in Diesel Exhaust by Combustion Control and its Application Keishi TAKADA

2 Contents 2 / 6 > > > > NOxUrea-SCR NOx NOx NOx NOx Urea-SCR >

3 Background and Motivation (1) 3 / 6 NOx PM emission Combustion improvement NOx PM Aftertreatment NOx emission Fig. Conceptual figure of diesel emission standards > >DPF PM1% >NOx 8 9% NOx, NOx NOx,

4 Background and Motivation (2) 4 / 6 - Urea-SCR (NH 3 ) NOx NH 3 Urea-SCR NOx etc NH 3 etc NOx Exhaust gas NOx Catalyst layer Ammonia Injection NH 3NOx N 2 H 2 O Clean gas *Ref. NOx NOx

5 Previous Studies (1) 5 / 6 Urea-SCR Koebel, et al. (Paul Scherrer Institute) Tronconi, et al. (Politecnico di Mirano) York, et al. (Johnson Matthey) SCR Tenisson, et al. (Ford) NOx HNCO NO 2 Fe-ZSM NO 2 Standard SCR Fast SCR NO 2 NOx [ ] 2 3DOC SCR (US FTP ) Urea-SCR NO ( ) 2 N 2 O Curran, et al. (LLNL) Patel, et al. (ERC) ( ) Yamauchi, et al. (Osaka City Univ.) Opat, et al. (ERC) n-heptane ( ) n-heptane ( 29 52) KUCRS ASRT (LTC) CO HC

6 Previous Studies (2) 6 / 6 EGR Kimura, et al. (NISSAN) Shimazaki, et al. (Isuzu Adv. Eng. Center) Akihama, et al. (Toyota Central R&D) EGR NOx (Brunel Univ.) 5 Pa(abs) ( ) 3% EGR NOx PM Ladommatos, et al. MK EGR PCI EGR Smoke He Ar NOx DOC DPF, CSF LNT NSR Depres, et al. (Paul Scherrer Institute) Cooper, et al. (Johnson Matthey) Messerer, et al. (Tech. Univ. of Munich) ( ) Mahzoul, et al. (Univ. de Haute-Alsace) Pt DOC NO 2 O 2 NO NO 2 O 2 PM O 2 NO 2 Soot NO NO 2 NO 2 ( ) Pt BaO 2 NO NO 2 NO 2

7 Outline of Doctor Thesis 7 / NOx 6 NOx Urea-SCR 7

8 8 / 6 2 NOxUrea-SCR NOx

9 Outline of Urea-SCR System 9 / 6 Urea-SCR Urea decomposition (NH 2 ) 2 CO HNCO + NH 3 - Pyrolysis HNCO + H 2 O NH 3 + CO 2 - Hydrolysis Overall SCR reaction 4NH 3 + 4NO + O 2 4N 2 + 6H 2 O 8NH 3 + 6NO 2 7N H 2 O 2NH 3 + NO + NO 2 2N 2 + 3H 2 O (1) Standard SCR reaction (2) NO 2 SCR reaction (3) Fast SCR reaction Fast SCR reaction NOx Urea-SCR SCR NOx Urea-SCR NOx NOx

10 Experimental Apparatus 1 - Engine Test Bench - 1 / 6 Air flow meter Intercooler Common rail Fuel tank Rotary encoder Urea-SCR system Fuel consumption meter Measuring method MEXA-91DEGR NOx Chemiluminescence CO, CO 2 Non-Dispersive Infrared Dynamometer Detection (NDIR) THC Flame Ionization Detection (FID) MEXA-4FT Turbocharger Fourier Transform Infrared Radiatorspectrometer (FT-IR) Exhaust gas analyzer Engine specifications Engine type : 4-cycle, DOHC, DI Cylinders : In-line 6 Bore x Stroke : 115 x 125 mm Swept volume : 7.8 L Aspiration : Turbocharged MEXA4FT MEXA91DEGR

11 Experimental Apparatus 2 - Urea-SCR System Layout - Urea-SCR,NOx Base system 11 / 6 Urea Injector Urea tank (32.5 wt% urea-solution) Bypass line Exhaust gas Valve Catalyst line 2 1 Pre-oxidation catalyst ( 2) Modification 1. Pre-oxidation catalyst 2. Bypass line 3. Two valves Zeolite SCR catalyst (Cell density : 4 cpsi, Catalyst volume : 22.6 L catalyst

12 Definition of NO 2 /NOx 12 / 6 NOx NO 2 /NOx NOx 2 /NOx Exhaust gas NO 2 /NOx = NO 2 NO + NO 2 NOx NO, NO 2, N 2 O trace quantity NO NO 2 Load % NO 2 /NOx with Pre-Oxi. cat. w/o Pre-Oxi. cat NO 1% NO 2 % - NO 2 /NOx =. NO 5% NO 2 5% - NO 2 /NOx =.5 NO % NO 2 1% - NO 2 /NOx = 1.

13 Effect of NO 2 /NOx on NOx Reduction 13 / 6 NOx Conventional SCR system Modified SCR system Normalized NOx emission % NOx reduction performance Catalyst temperature : 45 K NOx reduction 43.% 92.6% 6.1% 91.8% 1 13 S. P. 4 S. P Normalized NOx emission % NOx reduction performance Catalyst temperature : 5 K NOx reduction 72.7% 97.4% 9.6% 99.4% 1 1 S. P. 4 S. P. 7 NO 2 /NOx = NO 2 /NOx = NOx NOx 6 21 %

14 Summary of Section II 14 / L NOx Urea-SCR NOx NOx Urea-SCR NOx NO NO 2 Fast SCR reaction 2 NO 2 /NOx.5 NOx NO 2 Fast SCR reaction 45K(177 ) NOx 1/5

15 15 / 6 3

16 Outline of Diesel Combustion Modeling 16 / 6 Physical process > > NOx PM Coupling Chemical process RH QOOH > R OOQOOH > ROO HOOQ OOH HOOQ O + OH R: Alkyl radical NOx

17 Reaction Scheme - Outline 17 / 6 CFD STAR-CD v3.26 Complex Chemistry Module n-heptane reaction scheme* N series reactions Parameter modification Extended Zel dovich mechanism, Prompt NO, NO via N 2 O, NO 2 formation Species : 33 Elementary reactions : 66 CPU time: Approximately 54 hours for basic conditions. Machine spec. : Intel Core 2 Duo processor 2.4 GHz 2GB Memory (single core calculation) *A. Patel et al., Development and Validation of a Reduced Reaction Mechanism for HCCI Engine Simulations, SAE Paper (24).

18 Engine Specifications and Calculation Grids 18 / 6 Table Engine specifications Engine type 4-cycle, 2.2L, DOHC, In-line 4 cylinders, DI Bore Stroke 86 mm 96 mm Top clearance Con-rod length.98 mm mm Compression ratio 15.8 Calculation grids Fixed line The number of cells 5464 at BDC timing 2344 at TDC timing

19 Reaction Scheme Ignition Delay Test 19 / 6 ignition delay ms P = 1.3 MPa 1. LLNL scheme ERC scheme Applied scheme /K Ignition delay characteristics of each scheme calculated by -D chemical reaction analysis. LLNL scheme: 56 species, 2537 reactions ERC scheme : 29 species, In this study : 33 species, Pressure MPa 5 4 Peak Pressure timing.1 ms Pressure rise.1 ms 52 reactions 66 reactions Peak Pressure 3% 3 Operating conditions Engine speed : 2 rpm Fuel injection timing : TDC Exp_pressure Exp_pressure Fuel quantity : 2 mm 3 /st ERC scheme Applied ERC scheme scheme EGR ratio: 19.1% Crank angle deg. ATDC

20 Calculation Conditions for Validation 2 / 6 Parameter : Fuel Injection Timing Engine speed rpm 2 Intake pressure kpa 13 ( 1 in Exp.) Intake temperature K 33.15* ( 1.5 in Exp.) Injection timing deg. ATDC -5, -2,, 2 Injection quantity mm 3 /st 2 EGR ratio % Intake O 2 concentration vol. % 2.9 Parameter : EGR Ratio (Intake O 2 concentration) Engine speed rpm 2 Injection timing deg. ATDC Injection quantity mm 3 /st 2 Intake pressure kpa Intake temperature K 33.4* EGR ratio % Intake O 2 concentration vol. % *Heat transfer (+1-15 K) between intake gas and cylinder wall is assumed in calculation

21 Calculation Results - Pressure and Heat Release - 21 / 6 Cylinder pressure MPa Parameter : Fuel Injection Timing Exp. Cal. Fuel injection timing -5 deg. ATDC -2 deg. ATDC TDC 2 deg. ATDC Heat release J/deg. CA Cylinder pressure MPa Parameter : EGR Ratio (Intake O 2 concentration) Exp. Cal. EGR ratio.4% 27.8% 3.2% 32.5% Heat release J/deg. CA Crank angle deg. ATDC Crank angle deg. ATDC 8

22 Calculation Results - NO 2 /NOx Prediction - 22 / 6 NO 2 /NOx NO 2 NO 2 /NO NO 2 emission Calculated NO 2 /NOx Oxygen concentration vol% Injection timing deg. ATDC Black: -5 Red: -2 Blue: (TDC) Green:2 15% Measured NO 2 /NOx Measured NO 2 emission ppm NO 2 /NOx NO 2 Calculated NO 2 emission ppm Oxygen concentration vol% Injection timing deg. ATDC Black: -5 Red: -2 Blue: (TDC) Green:2 NO 2 /NOx ( 15%) 15%

23 Summary of Section III 23 / 6 NOx n-heptane.1ms3%.1ms EGR NOx NO 2 NO 2 /NOx 15%

24 24 / 6 4 NOx

25 Outline of Supercharge with EGR 25 / 6 EGR EGR line VNT/VGT turbocharger Fig. Diesel engine system Common-rail fuel injection system EGR EGR NOx PM >EGR >EGR PM NOx > EGR NOx NOx NO 2 /NOx

26 Analysis Method of EGR Mechanism 26 / 6 EGR NOx 2NOx Inert O 2 EGR O 2 Inert O 2 Inert O 2 > > Inert O 2 2

27 Calculation Conditions - EGR Mechanism - 27 / 6 Table Calculation conditions (Operating conditions) Engine speed rpm 2 Intake pressure kpa 1 Injection timing deg. ATDC Injection quantity mm 3 /st 2 Intake temperature K Table Calculation conditions (In-cylinder gas components) Case A B C O 2 vol% , 17.7, 16. N 2 vol% , 78.3, 78. H 2 O, CO 2 vol%. 1., 2., 3.. Inert O 2 vol%.. 2., 4., 6. EGR Case A EGR CO 2 H 2 O Case B Inert O 2 Case C

28 Calculation Results - EGR Mechanism - 28 / 6 Cylinder pressure MPa In-cylinder Pressure and HRR Dilution gas w/o EGR CO2, H2O Inert_O2 Dilution gas % 2.% 4.% 6.% Crank angle deg. ATDC NOx Heat release J/deg. CA NO, NO2 ppm NO 8 Inert O 2 NO Case NO NOx 2 /NOx emissions EGR(CO 2,H 2 O) Inert O2 EGR Inert O2 EGR Inert O2 EGR Dilution gas vol% A C B C B C B Case A C () Case B C () EGR NOx EGR NOx 2 /NOx

29 In-cylinder Behaviour of NO and Gas Temp. NO (movie) 1 9 deg. ATDC (1 deg. CA/sec) Case A Case B* Case C* 29 / 6 Temperature K Min. 4 Max. 25 NO mass fraction Min.. Max..8 *Dilution gas amount of Case B and C is 4.%

30 NO and Temperature Distribution 3 / 6 NO Temperature K 4 25 NO mass fraction..8 (A) w/o EGR (B) EGR (C) Inert O 2 (A) w/o EGR (B) EGR (C) Inert O 2 14 deg. ATDC 14 deg. ATDC 18 deg. ATDC 18 deg. ATDC 26 deg. ATDC 26 deg. ATDC NO NO NO

31 Numerical Analysis of Supercharge with EGR EGR Intake pressure / O 2 vol% : base 1 kpa / 18.5% base 2kPa / 23.4%, +2kPa / 15.3%, +4kPa / 13.%, +6kPa / 11.4%, +8kPa / 1.1%, +1 kpa / 9.% 31 / 6 EGR 1 In-cylinder Pressure and HRR 5 Cylinder pressure MPa Crank angle deg. ATDC +2kPa +4kPa +6kPa +8kPa +1kPa -2kPa base Heat release J/deg NOx emission ppm NOx NO 2 /NOx Intake pressure kpa (gage) NO 2 /NOx

32 Summary of Section IV 32 / 6 NOx EGR NOx NOx EGR NOx NOx NO EGR NOx NO EGR NOx NO NOx NO 2 /NOx EGR EGR NOx NOx

33 33 / 6 5 NOx

34 Outline of NOx Composition Control 34 / 6 NOx NO 2 NO * NO NO 2 NO 2 /NO x CH 4 C 2 H 4 CH 3 OH DME NO-NO 2 NO+HO 2 NO 2 +HO NO-NO Temperature K Pilot HC HO 2 NO *Ref. HORI et al., An experimental and kinetic calculation of the promotion effect of hydrocarbons on the NO-NO 2 conversion in a flow reactor Post HO 2 NO NO 2

35 Experimental Setup 35 / 6 Table Number of cylinders Inline 4 Bore Stroke mm Swept volume cc 2231 Max power kw / rpm 13 / 36 Max torque Nm / rpm Test Engine Specifications 4 / 2 26 DOC Pt/Al 2 O 3 Size mm Volume L 1.86 Sampling Point A. DOC Inlet B. DOC outlet A B

36 Experimental Conditions 36 / 6 EGR 4% Post/Pilot Table Experimental conditions EGR effect Load x/8 1, 2 Engine Speed rpm 15 Pilot Injection Timing deg. ATDC -8 ~ -1 w/o w/o Pilot Injection Quantity mm 3 /st 2. Main Injection Timing deg. ATDC Post Injection Timing deg. ATDC 1-8 w/o Post Injection Quantity mm 3 /st 2. EGR ratio % 4 (1/8 Load), 32 (2/8 Load) 1/8 Main

37 Experimental Results - 1/8 Load with EGR - 37 / 6 NOx g/h BSFC g/kwh Pilot Injection timing deg. ATDC NOx Pilot THC NOx NO 2 /NO Single Single CO NO 2 /NOx BSFC CO THC Post BSFC baseline BSFC Post CO baseline THC baseline Injection timing deg. ATDC NO 2 /NOx CO, THC g/h NOx NO 2 /NOx 84.6% 37.3% BSFC Post 3 deg. ATDC TDC CO TDC NO 2 /NOx THC Post 3deg ATDC

38 Calculation Conditions Analysis of NO-NO 2 Conversion - 38 / 6 NO-NO 2 Pilot/Post NO 2 Table Calculation conditions Engine speed 15 rpm Engine load 1/8 Injection timing deg. ATDC EGR Single(TDC) Pilot(-4)+Main, Main+Post(4) w/o EGR, with EGR Cylinder pressure MPa In-cylinder Pressure and HRR Engine speed: 15 rpm Load: 1/8, with EGR Base (single) Pilot(-4)+Main Main+Post(4) Exp Cal Crank angle deg. ATDC Heat release J/deg. CA 15 rpm NOx

39 In-cylinder Behaviour (movie) - NO, NO 2, HO 2, Gas temp / 6 NO, NO 2, HO 2 Min. Max. Temperature K NO mass frac. NO 2 mass frac. HO 2 mass frac. 15 rpm, 1/8 load with EGR, 12 deg. ATDC Single injection (TDC) Double injection Main + Post (4 deg. ATDC)

40 In-cylinder Behaviour - NO, NO 2, HO 2, Gas temp. - 4 / 6 NO, NO 2, HO 2 Min. Max. Temp 3 26 NO.5 Single injection NO deg. ATDC 3 deg. ATDC Temp. NO NO 2 HO 2 53 deg. ATDC HO 2 Post NO-NO 2 Single Post NO 2 Single Post NO 2 HO 2 6 deg. ATDC 58 deg. ATDC 9 deg. ATDC 8 deg. ATDC 12 deg. ATDC Post HO 2 NO 2

41 Summary of Section V 41 / 6 NOx NO 2 Pilot PostNOx Post Pilot NOx NO 2 NO 2 /NOx 15 rpm 1/ % Post HO 2 NO NO 2 NOx NO 2 NOx Pilot/Post Main CO HC

42 42 / 6 6 NOx Urea-SCR

43 Outline of Diesel Engine System Optimization 43 / 6 Synergy effect of combustion and aftertreatment Combustion Aftertreatment Emissions reduction performance Cost Cost Cost Exhaust gas temperature > > NOx Urea-SCR

44 Experimental Setup 44 / 6 Aftertreatment device : Urea-SCR Table Urea-SCR Material Size mm Volume L Specifications of SCR catalyst Vanadium (2.92/ ) Sampling Point A. DOC inlet B. DOC outlet C. SCR inlet D. SCR outlet C B D A

45 Experimental Conditions 45 / 6 NOx Pilot -5 deg. ATDC Post 5 deg ATDC Urea equivalence ratio Table Experimental conditions Effect of NOx control on NOx conversion Load x/8 1, 2 Engine Speed rpm 15 Pilot Injection Timing deg. ATDC -4, -2, -1 w/o Pilot Injection Quantity mm 3 /st 2. Main Injection Timing deg. ATDC Post Injection Timing deg. ATDC 1, 2, 4 w/o Post Injection Quantity mm 3 /st 2. EGR ratio %, or 4(1/8 Load), 32(2/8 Load) 1. w/o Main

46 NO 2 /NOx, Experimental Results NO 2 /NOx NOx SCR Single injection, w/o EGR NOx conversion % w/o EGR with EGR NO 2 /NOx (SCR_inlet) NOx conversion SCR temperature Pilot/Post Timing deg. ATDC NOx NOx Pilot 1 deg.atdc, w/o EGR 2/8 load NO 2 /NOx 62.3% NOx 76.8% SCR BSFC 275 g/kwh SCR catalyst temp. deg. C Post 2 deg.atdc, w/o EGR 2/8 load NO 2 /NOx 49.6% ( 12.7%(point)) NOx 8.2% ( 3.4%(point)) SCR (.1 ) BSFC 272 g/kwh ( 1.9%) NO 2 /NOx 29.9% NOx 33.3% SCR 174. BSFC 361 g/kwh Post 2 deg. ATDC, w/o EGR 46 / 6 NO 2 /NOx 44.% ( 14.1%(point)) NOx 48.1% ( 14.8%(point)) SCR ( 2.7 ) BSFC 363 g/kwh (.55%) NO 2 /NOx, SCR NOx NO 2 /NOx.5 NOx ( NOx1 )

47 Combination of Combustion and Aftertreatment 47 / 6 NOx 1/8 NOx emission g/h Case A Case B Case C Case D 56.4% reduction 84.3% reduction 91.5% reduction 87.7% reduction 93.% reduction Injection Single Multi Single Multi EGR w/o EGR w/o EGR with EGR with EGR GHSV Urea-SCR NOx 1/8 NOx reduction % Case ASV NO 2 /NOx SCR temp. (deg. C) Total NOx reduction 39.7% 86.5% 95.9% 97.2% NOx Case A B : 56.4% Case C D : 21.7% (3.4 point) EGR NOx Case A C : 84.3% Case B D : 71.8% (31.3 point) NOx Case C : 46.% (7.2 point) Case D : 42.8% (5.2 point) Urea-SCR 68.9% 6.8% 51.5% 39.7% Case A B : 29.2 point NO 2 Case A C : 11.8 point NO 2

48 Summary of Section VI NOx Urea-SCR NOx 15rpm 1/8 EGR Post 14.8%(point) NOx 3.4%(point) Urea-SCR NOx NOx NOx Urea-SCR Pilot Post EGR 48 / 6 NOx EGR NO 2 /NOx GHSV 1/8 Urea-SCR 39.7% 68.9% NOx

49 49 / 6 7

50 Concluding Remarks 5 / 6 > EGR ( 34 ) > / ( 35 ) NOx NO NO 2 NO 2 /NOx EGR NO Pilot/Post NO-NO 2 NO 2 /NOx >Urea-SCR( 26 ) LNT/NSR NOx NOx NOx

51 Future Work - Numerical analysis - Table Calculation and experimental conditions Engine speed rpm 2 Engine load 2/8 3/8 6/8 1 st pilot injection timing deg. ATDC st pilot injection quantity mm 3 /st nd pilot injection timing deg. ATDC nd pilot injection quantity mm 3 /st Main injection timing deg. ATDC Main injection timing mm 3 /st Intake pressure kpa(abs) Intake temperature K * EGR ratio % *Heat transfer (+15 K) between intake gas and cylinder wall is assumed in calculation 51 / 6 EGR

52 Cylinder pressure MPa Future Work - Numerical analysis - Experimental and numerical results In-cylinder Pressure and HRR Exp. Cal. Load 6/8 3/8 2/ Crank angle deg. ATDC Heat release J/deg. CA NO, NO 2 ppm 52 / 6 NOx emission NO NO * * Exp. Cal. Exp. Cal. Exp. Cal. 2/8 load 3/8 load 6/8 load *NOx in EGR gas is considered Pilot EGR NOx

53 Future Work - NOx component control - 53 / 6 DOC NO 2 Engine speed : 15 rpm, 1/8 load, with EGR Before DOC After DOC NO 2 /NOx ratio % Injection Timing deg. ATDC >Pilot/Post NO 2 /NOx NO 2 DOC NO 2 /NOx Pilot/Post NO 2 CO THC DOC NO 2 NO CO THC NO-NO 2

54 Future Work - NOx component control - 54 / 6 Post NO-NO 2 Post 2.mm 3 /st 1.mm 3 /st Cylinder pressure MPa Pressure and Heat Release NO, NO 2, HO 2 Engine speed: 15 rpm Load: 1/8, with EGR, Main + Post Inj. Exp. Cal. post 2. Cal. post Crank angle deg. ATDC Heat release J/deg. CA NO, NO 2 mass g post 2. post 1. NO 2 NO HO Crank angle 2 1 HO 2 mass g Post HO 2 NO NO 2 NO 2 DOC NO 2

55 Future Work Fuel Injection for Aftertreatment Device - 55 / 6 NOx NO NO 2, Pilot/Post Present THC NO 2 NO NO-NO 2, DOC Future NOx NOx

56 Future Work - Simplified Heat Release Prediction Model - 56 / 6 3 Typical heat release rate curve D > (B, C, D, E) (B, C, D) Heat release > C SOI A B E A:Ignition delay (Cool flame) B:Ignition delay (Hot flame) C:Max. heat release D:Max. heat release timing E:Combustion duration 7. J/deg. CA Crank angle 5

57 Future Work - Simplified Heat Release Prediction Model - 57 / 6 Heat release J/deg D B C A SOI E Crank angle deg. ATDC Heat release J/deg SOI B A D E C Crank angle deg. ATDC Cool flame deg. CA Sensitivity analysis A B C D E base Cool flame deg. ATDC Initial pressure kpa (v.s. base) Hot flame deg. CA Hot flame deg. ATDC base Max. HRR J/deg Initial pressure kpa (v.s. base) base HRR max J/deg Initial pressure kpa (v.s. base) Simple equations A = f(p,t, ) B = g(p,t, ) C = h(p,t, ) HRR max. timing deg. CA D = i(p,t, ) E = j(p,t, ) HRR max timing deg. ATDC base 1-2 base Initial pressure kpa (v.s. base) Combustion duration deg. CA base Combustion duration deg. CA Initial pressure kpa (v.s. base)

58 Future Work - Simplified Heat Release Prediction Model - NOx emission ppm (NOx ) NOx (O vol.%) NOx emission and NO 2 /NOx 2 NOx emission ppm NOx emission NO 2 /NOx Intake pressure kpa (gage) NO 2 /NOx Max. heat release rate and Air Excess Ratio / 6 NOx 2 /NOx NOx NOx (parameter: O 2 conc.) NOx NOx NOx emission and NO 2 /NOx Oxygen concentration vol.% 1.5 NO 2 /NOx Max. H.R.R. J/deg 1 5 Max. Heat release Excess air ratio Intake pressure kpa (gage) 1 (NOx: 1-1 ppm) 2 (NOx 9-18 ppm) 3 (NO 2 /NOx ) NOx Excess Air Ratio

59 Future Control System for Diesel Engine 59 / 6 Input (Accel pedal) Engine information Intake temp., Intake pres., Intake air mass., etc. Catalyst information Bed temp., Soot loading, NH 3 or NOx adsorption, etc. Base control Injection pattern Intake throttle EGR ratio, etc In-cylinder state quantity prediction model Pres., Temp., O 2 conc., etc. Injection pattern modification Simple H.R.R. prediction model Torque, Ex. Temp. Emission (Soot, NOx, NO 2 /NOx) NG Number of inj., Inj. Q, timing, etc ECU Performance evaluation Good!! Optimized injection

60 End of the Presentation 6 / 6 End Thank you for your attention!!