第2章
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- まさとし とみもと
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1 L DISI DISI DISI PIV DISI DISI 3-8 -
2 2.2 DISI SL (3) 6 SOHC 3L DISI MAN-FM (4) HC Soot PFI DISC 1970 TCCS Texaco Controlled Combustion System Ford-PROCO programmed combustion control system (4) BSFC Break Specific Fuel Consumption HC MAN-FM PFI 1.3 DISC 1996 GDI (5) PFI (6), D-4 (7) NEO Di (8) FSI (9) DISC DISC (10),(11),(12) (13) - 9 -
3 Direct Injection: DI 1.0~1.5 L PFI PFI THC TGV Tumble Generation Valve (14),(15)
4 2.3 DISI Spark Plug Injector Premixed flame T/C A. Homogeneous combustion DISI engine Air + Fuel Mixture Spark Plug Premixed flame Air Injector Air + Fuel Mixture B. Stratified combustion DISI DISC engine Fig. 2.1 Schematic of typical DISI engines A DISI PFI A PFI B A B A A 1.3L
5 DISC Fig.2.2 Schematic of G-DI combustion systems (16) DISC PFI DISI
6 DISI PFI L Swirl Control Valve SCV Straight Helical SCV SCV (Swirl control valve) Spark plug Injector Fig. 2.3 Schematics of mixture preparation concept Table 2.1 DISI engine specification Displacement L 1.3 Cylinder layout In-line 4 cylinders Number of valve Intake 2, Exhaust 2 Intake port Helical port Straight port with SCV Piston Cavity type Cam phaser Intake VVT Bore mm 78.0 Stroke mm 69.5 Compression ratio 10.5 Fuel supply system Direct injection 2.4 DISI
7 2.5 8 mm Cd SCV opened 0.36 SCV closed2.5 Cd m& m& = A ρ U = CdA ρ U (2.1) eff is is r is is A eff ρ is U is A r ρ is U is ρ is 1 ( P ) κ = ρ (2.2) 0 r κ κ U = 0 1 κ is RT P r 1 (2.3) κ ρ 0 P r R T 0 κ A r 2 A 4 d r 2 = π (2.4) A r = π d L (2.5) d L (2.5) Cd Fig.2.4 Schematic of swirl injector (17)
8 Straight Helical Fig. 2.5 Schematic of intake port
9 2.4 DISI General Motors R&D 3 GMTEC (18) 2.2 Table 2.2 Calculation scheme and model for GMTEC Calculation code GMTEC Gaseous phase solving Finite volume method Convective term scheme Quasi second order upwind Pressure solution PISO algorithm Turbulence model Standard k-ε model Spray dynamics solving Discrete droplet model Breakup model Modified TAB model Collision model Modified O Rourke model Evaporation model Modified Faeth model Wall film model O Rourke model Multi component fuel model Continuous distribution model Navier-Stokes k-ε 3 PISO (19) 1 2 (20) TAB O Rourke (22) O Rourke Wall film (23) Stanton & Rutland (24) (21) Drake
10 (25) Lippert Continuous distribution (26),(27) 2 2 DISI
11 GMTEC PIV Table 2.3 Calculation conditions for in-cylinder flow calculation validation Engine speed rpm 1200 Throttle position WOT SCV position open, close Piston Flat Intake pressure kpa 101 Intake temperature K 293 Initial temperature in cylinder K 330 Initial intake port temperature K 300 Cylinder wall temperature K 330 Piston surface temperature K 330 (a) Intake stroke mesh (b) Compression stroke mesh Fig.2.6 Calculation meshes for flat piston
12 Fig. 2.7 Schematics of elongated piston and optical access Fig. 2.8 Bottom view optical engine experimental set-up
13 PIV 4 2 φ78.0 mm φ60 mm 40 mm 72 mm 74 mm O PIV PIV 2 (28) Particle Tracking Velocimetry: PTV PIV PIV CCD CCD FIT-CCD
14 2 2.9 PIV PIV 2.4 PIV Nd-YAG 2 2 Nd-YAG 2 FIT CCD 532 nm ~2 µm 1200 rpm WOT(Wide Open Throttle) SCV opened closed cycle Fig. 2.9 PIV experimental set-up
15 Table 2.4 PIV experimental conditions Engine speed rpm 1200 Throttle position WOT SCV position open, close Piston Flat Intake pressure kpa 101 Intake temperature K 293 Camera Frame interline CCD Image resolution pixels Dynamic range bit 12 Camera Lens NIKON Nikkor 50 mm F/1.4 Optical filter nm (Half band width) Band pass 532 (10) Light source Double pulse Nd-YAG Wave length nm 532 Maximum power mj 125 Maximum flashlamp frequency Hz 15 Pulse separation 10, 20, 30 LASER light sheet thickness mm 1 Capture number 50~200 Tracer material SiO 2 DOS Tracer particle size µm 0.5~ 2 (29) Recursive cross-correlation 2 Hierarchical cross-correlation PIV x=0 mm, y=-18,0,18, z= -1,-10,-20,
16 X Y1 Y2 Y3 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 IVC Intake Valve Close timing 3 +U Distance from head gasket +V Ex In Z=-1mm Z=-10mm Z=-20mm Z=-30mm Y= 18mm Y= 0mm Y=-18mm Z Y X -W X X=0mm Fig.2.10 Cross section for PIV measurement Fig.2.11 Valve lift profile and PIV measurement timing Fig PIV image location
17 U ( x y) = U ( i= 1 <U(x,y)> N 1, i x, y) (2.6) N N U i (x,y) i (x,y) 1/ Z PIV 2.13~ 2.20 PIV SCV opened 240 deg. BTDC Helical Y1 Helical Y2 Straight Y3 Helical Straight Y1, Y3 170 deg. BTDC BDC Y2 240 deg. BTDC Y2 IVC 120 deg. BTDC Z Y2 (28) Helical X Y Z
18 X, Y SCV opened SCV closed Straight Helical opened deg. BTDC X opened SCV opened Y1 170 deg. BTDC Y1, Y3 Z Z Y2 Y1, Y3 120 deg. BTDC Z SCV opened 120 deg. BTDC
19 Fig.2.13 Averaged velocity distribution comparison between experiment and calculation on SCV opened condition with flat piston at 240 deg. BTDC (Cross section: X, Y1, Y2 and Y3)
20 Fig.2.14 Averaged velocity distribution comparison between experiment and calculation on SCV opened condition with flat piston at 170 deg. BTDC (Cross section: X, Y1, Y2 and Y3)
21 Fig.2.15 Averaged velocity distribution comparison between experiment and calculation on SCV opened condition with flat piston at 120 deg. BTDC (Cross section: X, Y1, Y2 and Y3)
22 Fig.2.16 Averaged velocity distribution comparison between experiment and calculation on SCV opened condition with flat piston at 120 deg. BTDC (Cross section: Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4)
23 Fig.2.17 Averaged velocity distribution comparison between experiment and calculation on SCV closed condition with flat piston at 240 deg. BTDC (Cross section: X, Y1, Y2 and Y3)
24 Fig.2.18 Averaged velocity distribution comparison between experiment and calculation on SCV closed condition with flat piston at 170 deg. BTDC (Cross section: X, Y1, Y2 and Y3)
25 Fig.2.19 Averaged velocity distribution comparison between experiment and calculation on SCV closed condition with flat piston at 120 deg. BTDC (Cross section: X, Y1, Y2 and Y3)
26 Fig.2.20 Averaged velocity distribution comparison between experiment and calculation on SCV closed condition with flat piston at 120 deg. BTDC (Cross section: Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4)
27 SR,TR 2.21 SR Z1 TR Y2 SR,TR SR TR ζ, = 2 ( x, y) Ne ζ Ne SR TR SR,TR (2.7) Swirl Tumble Swirl ratio Experiment opened Calculation opened Crank angle deg. BTDC Experiment closed Calculation closed 40 Tumble ratio Experiment opened Calculation opened Crank angle deg. BTDC Experiment closed Calculation closed Fig Comparison of swirl and tumble ratio between experiment and calculation results with flat piston (Swirl: Z1, tumble: Y2) SR TR SCV IVC IVC 2 (30) k-ε k ε k ε (31) (32)
28 6.5 5 RNG k-ε
29 φ mm mm ms ms 40 deg. 150 µm 63 deg. 150 µm Rosin-Rammler 1.74 ms 2.23 Gaussian TAB Φ80 mm 70 mm 120 mm 30 mm 30 mm Fig.2.22 Calculation mesh for spray modeling
30 Table 2.5 Calculation conditions for spray modeling Ambient pressure MPa 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 Ambient temperature K 300 Fuel Gasoline Initial spray angle deg. 40 Main spray angle deg 63 Injection duration msec Injection quantity mg 13.1 Initial droplet temperature K 300 Initial droplet diameter µm 150 Slug injection duration msec Number of parcel Injection velocity m/s Injected mass of fuel % Injection velocity Injected mass of fuel Time after start of injection msec. Fig.2.23 Table of injection velocity and fuel mass 2.3 Lippert Continuous distribution (26),(27) Γ f ( I ) = α 1 ( I γ ) α β Γ( α ) I γ exp β I f(i) α=7.4 β=12.0 γ= N n+1 N n+1 N n+1 = N n + N θ L 2 Ψ L L V (2.8) (2.9)
31 n+1 n n ( Nθ ) = ( Nθ ) + Nθ L L V (2.10) n n n ( N ) = ( NΨ ) + NΨ Ψ +1 (2.11) L L V m Nθ=m (2.10) m n+1 = m n + m (2.12) m = Nθ n V (2.13) m (33) m = 2 πrρ D B Sh (2.14) d d r ρ d D S h B d B y y FR FL d = (2.15) 1 yfr y FR y FL (2.9) m θ L n+ 1 n m + m m = n θ = L θ + 1 L n m + θ n V (2.16) θ n+1 L ( m + m) θ θ = mθ + m n V n n V L n θ L (2.11) n L n V n L n L (2.17) n n n mθv Ψ + mθ ΨV Ψ +1 L = (2.18) mθ + mθ 2 α, β θ = αβ (2.19) Ψ = α + 2 ( α 1) β 2 θ L θv = A BΨL 1+ θ L (2.20) (2.21) Ψ V θ V = ΨL θ L (2.22)
32 A,B 2 α, β Fig Constant volume chamber experimental set-up 80 mm 115 mm 115 mm m 3 φ115 mm 10 mm 115 mm
33 40 mm 5 MPa N 2 O K Nd-YAG 4 ICCD Image intensified CCD 265 nm 298 K 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 MPa 4 Fig Optical set-up for spray cross section visualization
34 Table 2.6 Experimental conditions for spray cross section visualization Ambient pressure MPa 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 Ambient temperature K 298 Fuel Iso-octane Fuel temperature K 298 Injector type Swirl injector Spray angle (design spec.) deg. 50 Static flow rate cc/min 700 (fuel pressure: 5 MPa) Fuel pressure MPa 5.0 Injection duration ms 1.5 Injection quantity g Camera ICCD Image resolution pixels Camera lens UV Nikkor 105mm F/4.5 Optical filter nm (Half band width) Band pass 265 (10) Light source ND-YAG Wave length nm 266 LASER power mj 50 LASER pulse frequency Hz 10 LASER light sheet thickness mm MPa 0.9 ms MPa
35 Fig.2.26 Comparison of spray cross section shapes between experiment and calculation at various ambient pressures Liquid fuel axial/radial penetration mm Liquid fuel axial/radial penetration mm Ambient pressure: 0.05 MPa 70 Slug spray axial penetration 60 Calculation Experiment 50 Main spray axial penetration Main spray radial penetration Time msec. ASOI Liquid fuel axial/radial penetration mm Liquid fuel axial/radial penetration mm Fig.2.27 Spray characteristics comparison Slug spray axial penetration Main spray radial penetration Time msec. ASOI MPa 0.5 MPa 70 Slug spray axial penetration Main spray axial penetration Slug spray axial penetration Main spray radial penetration Time msec. ASOI 0.3 MPa Main spray radial penetration Time msec. ASOI
36 60 Sauter Mean Diameter m Calculation Experiment Time msec. ASOI Fig.2.28 Sauter mean diameter comparison at 0.1 MPa MPa Sauter Sauter mean diameter: SMD DISI SCV opened EOI 286 deg. BTDC 2.29 DISI
37 Fig.2.29 Spray motion verification in cylinder condition
38 SCV rpm End of Injection timing: EOI deg. BTDC 3 SCV opened closed 2.30 A B A,B A, B A B Continuous distribution model Table 2.7 Calculation conditions for in-cylinder mixture distribution Engine speed rpm 1200 Fuel Gasoline Initial spray angle deg. 40 Main spray angle deg 63 Injection duration msec End of injection deg. BTDC 65, 75, 85 without delay Injection quantity mg 6.4 Initial droplet temperature K 298 Initial droplet diameter µm 150 Slug injection duration msec Number of parcel Piston A, B SCV opened, closed Type A Type B Fig.2.30 Schematics of piston shape
39 4 1 THC 2.31 smoke smoke Fig.2.31 Relation between wallfilm mass and smoke (34) SCV deg. BTDC Y2 X0,Z0 X0 2.5 mm Z0 4 mm A SCV opened X0 Y2-46 -
40 Z0 Helical Straight SCV closed X0 opened Straight Y2 opened Z0 SCV closed B A SCV SCV closed X0 A Y2 X0 4 SCV
41 Fig Predicted velocity distributions with piston A at 65 deg. BTDC
42 Fig Predicted velocity distributions with piston B at 65 deg. BTDC
43 2.7.3 SCV SCV A 2.34 B 2.35 EOI 65 deg. BTDC SCV opened SCV opened 40 deg. BTDC SCV closed SCV closed A B A A SCV EOI
44 SCV: Opened Closed Fig Predicted spray droplet behavior with piston A
45 SCV: Opened Closed Fig Predicted spray droplet behavior with piston B
46 2.7.4 EOI deg. BTDC deg. BTDC Y2 1 EOI 85 deg. BTDC 1 EOI 85 deg. BTDC 1200 rpm EOI 75 deg. BTDC 65 deg. BTDC 1 A SCV opened 65 deg. BTDC B SCV opened 75 deg. BTDC 1 SCV closed EOI 75 deg deg. BTDC 1 A EOI 75 deg. BTDC 65 deg. BTDC 1 B EOI 65 deg. BTDC A B A 1 mm EOI 85 deg. BTDC A SCV closed A SCV opened B B SCV EOI 65 deg. BTD EOI 65 deg. BTDC SCV opened
47 SCV closed EOI 65 deg. BTDC SCV Fig.2.36 Mixture preparation comparison (Crank angle: 20 deg BTDC, Cross section: Y2)
48 Fig.2.37 Comparison of isovolume of equivalence ratio above 0.25 (Crank angle: 20 deg. BTDC)
49 2.7.5 SCV SCV SCV 25 deg. SCV closed 0 deg opened 90 deg. SCV 25 deg. SR deg. BTDC Y EOI SCV closed A B mm A 30~20 deg. BTDC SCV SCV closed A 20 deg. BTDC 1 B HC 2.41 A B A B A SCV A B SCV A A
50 Fig.2.38 Mixture preparation comparison (Crank angle: 20 deg BTDC, Cross section: Y2, SCV: 25 deg.) Fig.2.39 Comparison of isovolume of equivalence ratio above 0.25 (Crank angle: 20 deg. BTDC, SCV: 25 deg.) Equivalence spark plug A SR 1.5 (-std. dev.) A SR 1.5 (+std. dev.) B SR 1.5 (-std. dev.) B SR 1.5 (+std. dev.) Crank angle deg. BTDC Fig.2.40 Spark gap equivalence ratio (4 mm spheres average)
51 Wallfilm liquid mass % A SR 1.5 B SR Crank angle deg. BTDC Fig.2.41 Wall film liquid mass B PFI BSFC rpm BMEP 450 kpa PFI 10 DISI Table 2.8 Emission target EINO x g/kg fuel 10 EITHC g/kg fuel 50 EICO g/kg fuel 50 Table 2.9 Evaluation operation points Number Engine speed rpm BMEP kpa Idle
52 BSFC improvement rate for PFI % /Idle 1550/ / / / /450 Evaluation operation points Fig.2.42 Fuel consumption improvement compared with PFI engine
53 Pa 0.3 MPa 298 K 423 K 2.10 Table 2.10 Experimental conditions for hot fuel spray cross section visualization Ambient pressure MPa 0.1, 0.3 Ambient temperature K 298~323 Fuel Iso-octane Fuel temperature K 298~423 Injector type Swirl injector Spray angle (design spec.) deg. 50 Static flow rate cc/min 700 (fuel pressure: 5 MPa) Fuel pressure MPa 5.0 Injection duration ms 1.5 Injection quantity g Camera ICCD Image resolution pixels Camera lens UV Nikkor 105mm F/4.5 Optical filter nm (Half band width) Band pass 265 (10) Light source ND-YAG Wave length nm 266 LASER power mj 50 LASER pulse frequency Hz 10 LASER light sheet thickness mm MPa 1.5 ms 348 K 373 K 373 K 423 K
54 0.3 MPa MPa 0.1 MPa K 400 K 0.1 MPa (35)~(39) 0.1 MPa 372 K 0.3 MPa 420 K Van Der Wege (38) 3 A. B. C. A B 373 K B C 398 K 398 K
55 Fig LASER lightsheet images of hot fuel spray (Ambient pressure: 0.1 MPa, Timing: 1.5 msec. ASOI)
56 Fig LASER lightsheet images of hot fuel spray (Ambient pressure: 0.3 MPa, Timing: 1.5 msec. ASOI)
57 Main spray penetration mm Corn angle deg. Spray width mm Corn angle Main spray penetration Spray width Fuel Temperature K Fig.2.45 Comparison of spray characteristics for various fuel temperatures (Ambient pressure 0.1 MPa) PDPA K 407 K 14 Sauter mean radius µm Fuel Temperature K Fig.2.46 Sauter mean radius comparison for various fuel temperatures (Ambient pressure: 0.1 MPa
58 2.8.2 DISI 1 PFI HC DISI % K 423 K Table 2.11 Calculation conditions for hot fuel spray modeling Ambient pressure MPa 0.1 Ambient temperature K 300, 330, 335 Fuel Gasoline Initial spray angle deg. 40 Main spray angle deg 63 Injection duration msec Injection quantity mg 13.1 Initial droplet temperature K 300, 373, 423 Initial droplet diameter µm 150, 130, 110 Slug injection duration msec Number of parcel
59 Fuel temperature: 300 K 373 K 423 K Calculation Experiment Timing: 0.4 msec. ASOI 0.9 msec. ASOI 1.3 msec. ASOI Fig.2.47 Comparison of spray cross section shapes between experiment and calculation at various fuel temperatures
60 SMD SMD Liquid fuel axial/radial penetration mm Cal. Fuel temperature: 373 K Cal. Fuel temperature: 423 K Exp. Fuel tempereture: 373 K Exp. Fuel temperature: 423 K Main spray axial penetration Main spray radial penetration Time ms Fig.2.48 Spray characteristics comparison at various fuel temperatures Sauter Mean Diameter m Cal. Fuel temperature: 300 K Cal. Fuel tempereture: 373 K Cal. Fuel temperature: 423 K Exp. Fuel temperature: 300 K Exp. Fuel temperature: 373 K Exp. Fuel temperature: 423 K Time ms Fig.2.49 Sauter mean diameter comparison at various fuel temperatures
61 2.8.3 (34) 3 DISI rpm 0.5 mm deg. BTDC deg. BTDC Table 2.12 Calculation conditions for cold start condition Engine speed 300 Fuel Gasoline Start of injection deg. BTDC End of injection deg. BTDC Injection quantity mg Intake pressure kpa Intake temperature K 298 Initial temperature in cylinder K 298 Cylinder wall temperature K 298 Number of parcel Piston B SCV opened deg. 20 deg ms
62 Fig.2.50 Spray motion at various fuel temperatures Fuel temperature: 300K 373K 423K Fig Velocity distribution on Y2 at various fuel temperatures (Crank angle: 400 deg. ATDC)
63 Fuel concentration Fuel temperature: 300K 373K 423K Fig.2.52 Fuel distributions at various fuel temperatures 2.53 Wallfilm height m Fuel temperature: 300 K 373 K 423 K Cylinder head Piston Fig.2.53 Wall film height on cylinder head and piston surface
64 % 423 K 2.5 % IVC 560 deg. ATDC 75 % 423 K 34 % 7 Particle Mass % K 373 K 423 K Crank Angle deg. ATDC Fig.2.54 Particle mass at various fuel temperatures Wallfilm Mass % K 373 K 423 K Crank Angle deg. ATDC Fig.2.55 Wall film mass at various fuel temperatures
65 deg. ATDC 423 K Total Vaporized Mass % K 373 K 423 K Crank Angle deg. ATDC Fig.2.56 Vaporized mass at various fuel temperatures 100 Wallfilm Particles Vapor 80 Mass Fraction % Fuel temperature K Fig.2.57 Fuel status at 720 deg. ATDC
66 % 300 K 423 K 66 % 300 K 18 % 423 K 58 % 1/3 THC DISI
67 2.9 (1) (2) PIV (3) (4) PFI (5) DISI (6)
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: u i = (2) x i Smagorinsky τ ij τ [3] ij u i u j u i u j = 2ν SGS S ij, (3) ν SGS = (C s ) 2 S (4) x i a u i ρ p P T u ν τ ij S c ν SGS S csgs
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Table 1: Basic parameter set. Aperture values indicate the radius. δ is relative momentum deviation. Parameter Value Unit Initial emittance 10 mm.mrad
SuperKEKB EMITTANCE GROWTH BY MISALIGNMENTS AND JITTERS IN SUPERKEKB INJECTOR LINAC Y. Seimiya, M. Satoh, T. Suwada, T. Higo, Y. Enomoto, F. Miyahara, K. Furukawa High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
