motivated convention
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1
2 motivated convention
3 motivated convention
4 motivated convention he/she/it vs. they
5 Langacker 1987: 99)
6 ( L o c a t i n g P a t h Expressions) cf. Access Path Expressions (Matsumoto 1996c, Talmy 1996, 2000) (1) a. There is a tower across the river. b. [pro ]
7 (2) a. There is a big house {through the forest /across the river/over the hill/past the post office/down the street/up the slope/around the corner/beyond the hill}. b. { }
8 (3) resultative interpretation (Leech 1969, Dewell 1994) a. The horse is over the fence! Taylor 1993: 166 b. Actors are already onto the stage T a y l o r 1993: 166 c. The prisoner is already to the fence. Langacker 1986: 467
9 (4) a. The train is {already/almost} through the tunnel now. b. *The telephone booth is {already /almost} through the tunnel.
10 image-schema transformation (end-point focus) (Brugman 1983, Lakoff 1987, Taylor 1993) subjective/fictive motion (Langacker 1990, 1999, Talmy 1996, 2000, Matsumoto 1996c; cf. Bennett 1975, Leech 1969, Lindkvist 1979)
11 over 1 Sam jumped over the fence.
12 over 2 Sam is now over the hill.
13 Three types of locating: reaching, looking, moving the fictively moving entity can often be imagined as being a person, some body part of a person, or the focus of one s attention, depending on the particular sentence (Talmy 2000: 137)
14 2.2 (Matsumoto 1996b) (5) There is a lake {halfway / twenty miles} across the desert from here.
15 (6) a. The city lies many hours across the desert from here. b. How {far / *long} across the desert does the city lie? c. The village is {a few miles / *a few minutes} behind the mountain.
16 (7) a. The village is on the other side of the valley. b. *The village is over the valley from us. (Bennett 1968, Brugman 1983) (8) a. He is standing {behind / on the other side of} the bus. b. *He is standing {over / across} the bus. (Bennett 1968) OK/*They city is through the mountain from here.
17 (10) a. There is a public walkway through the window. b. The voice is coming from over the bus. There is a mistake halfway down the page. There is a star halfway up the sky.
18 (11) (12) post-terminative aspect ( 1996) a. b.
19 (13) a. b.
20 2.2. endpoint (14) a. He walked {across the park / through the wood / past the building / around the corner / over the bridge / out of the garden} in a few minutes. b. The bus stop is {across the park / through the wood / past the building / around the corner / over the bridge}.
21 (15) a. { } b. { }
22 (16) a.?? b. There is a post office {past/*by} the shopping arcade. (in the intended reading) (17) a.?? b. We walked {past/*by} the shopping arcade in just two minutes.
23 (18) a. There s a restaurant {down the street / up the hill/ toward(s) the end of this road} (from here) b.
24 (19) a. *The station is from here. b. The station is five minutes from here. (20) a. * b. 5
25 (Herskovits 1997, 1997) (21) a. *There is a tower to the station. b. *There is a tower onto the hill. c. *There is a tower into the forest. (22) a. There is a tall tower at the station. b. There is a tower on the hill. c. There is a tower in the forest. (23) a. There is a tower to our right. b. There is a tall tower halfway into the increasingly dense forest of oaks.
26 (24) a. * b. * c. (25) a. b.
27 (26) a. The hotel is 15 minutes down the road {by car / on foot / at that speed}. b. *The hotel is down the road {by car / on foot / at that speed}. c. The hotel is 15 minutes down the road. (27) a. The hotel is a 15-minute {fast / slow} drive down the road. b. The hotel is a 15-minute {??careful / *careless} drive down the road.
28 (28) a. 15 b.???? * (29) *
29 (30) a. * b. * OK The hotel is a mile s walk from the station.
30
31 3.3. (31) a. b. c.
32 (32) a. 10 b. 10 c. d.
33 (33) a. b.
34 Into <OBJ> SUBJ, OBJ ground figure ground
35 (34) a. Bill walked into the house. b. Mary threw the ball into the house. c. Susan shouted into the microphone.
36 (35) a. across the river --> b. -->
37 (36) a. through the glass window b. * (37) a. halfway up the sky b. *
38 (38) a. b.
39 / (cf. 1994: 310, 405) (39) a. b. c. (40) a. b
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