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1 /05/10 (Thu) / DM seminar

4 200 5? ( Udry et al ) = habitable? (H 2 O, NH 3, CH 4, ) H 2 O water 1

5 現在の火星環境太陽放射入射 : 地球の 0.43 倍有効放射温度 : 216 K 地球: 256 K 大気成分 : CO2 (96%) 大気圧 : 6 hpa 地表面温度 : 220 K 赤道直下では 273 K まで上昇乾燥寒冷な気候 H2O water は存在不可

6 100 km 38?? Valley Networks

7 CO 2 -H 2 O (Kasting 1991) CO K 2 CO 2

8 CO 2 ; : T(p) CO 2 CO 2, CO 2

9 (Pierrehumbert and Erlick 1997) / (Mischna et al. 2000) : (10µm) : 1 20

11 : :.

12 <<,

15 CO 2,, T(z), m(z) CO 2 Yes! No

16 CO 2, H 2 O 0.75 x (Gough 1981) 0.2 (Mischna et al. 2000) 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, , 10 6, 10 7, 10 8, 10 9 / 1kg sec < 10-8 K/sec

17 (Toon et al. 1989) δ-eddington Hemispheric mean (CO 2 & H 2 O): k HITRAN2004+HITEMP CO 2 (@0-350, cm -1 ): Kasting et al CO 2 wing(@ cm -1 ): 500cm -1 cutoff Sub Lorentzian: Winters et al H 2 O : Roberts et al (CO 2 ice): Mie : Warren 1986 CO 2

19 kg -1 : 227 K km 3.0 µm kg m (@ 20µm) 252 K 25 K

20 (9, 20 micron) (5, 15 micron) > 10 9 kg -1 1micron,

21 : > 3 atm > H 2 O ; ;.

23 kg -1!! N 2 N : N 2 > 0 # N 2 = g dm ad % $ dz dm ad dz = " 1 # % L C p $ " dm dz g m z L C p T & ( ' dt dz + g & ( ' :

24 [kg/m 2 /sec] F fall = " cloud v(r)!

26 > kg -1 1,2 (Twomey and Wojciechowski 1969; Pollack et al. 1979)

28 CO kg -1 (CH 4, NH 3, SO 2 )

29 1 Gough, D. O.,1981, Solar interior structure and luminosity variations, Sol. Phys., 74, Kasting, J. F.,1991, CO 2 condensation and the climate on early Mars, Icarus, 91, 1-13 Kasting, J. F.,1993, Early Earth s atmosphere, Science, 259, 5097, Kieffer, H. H., Martin, T. Z., Peterfreund, B. M., Miner, E. E. and Paulluconi, F. D., 1977, Thermal and albedo mapping of Mars during the VikingPrimary mission, J. Geophys. Res., 82, Pierrehumbert, R. T. and Erlick, C.,1998, On the scattering greenhouse effect of CO2 ice clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, Mischna, M. A., Kasting, J. F., and Freedman, R., 2000, Influence of carbon dioxide clouds on early Matrian climate, Icarus, 145, Mitsuda, C., Yokohata, T., and Kuramoto, K., 2006, Vertical structure an d greenhouse effect of radiatively controlled CO2 ice cloud layer in a Martian paleatmosphere, Proc. of the 39th ISAS Lunar and Planetary Science Conference,

30 2 Pollack, J. B., Kasting, J. F., Richardson, S. M. and Poliakoff, K. 1987, The case for a wet, warm climate on early Mars, Icarus, 71, Rothman, L. S., and A. Barbe, D. Chris Benner,L. R. Brown, C. Camy-Peyret, M. R. Carleer, K. Chance, C. Clerbaux, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, A. Fayt, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, D. Jacquemart, K. W. Jucks, W. J. Lafferty, J.-Y., Mandin, S. T. Massie, V. Nemtchinov, D. A. Newnham, A. Perrin, C. P. Rinsland, J. Schroeder, K. M. Smith, M. A. H. Smith, K. Tang, R. A. Toth, J. Vander Auwera, P. Varanasi, K. Yoshino, 2005, J Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 95, , 2004,,, 1997, 6, 10, Toon, O. B., McKay, C. P., Ackerman, T. P. and Santhanam, K., 1989, Rapid calculation of radiative heating rates and photodissociation rates in inhomogeneous multiple scattering atmospheres, J. Geophys. Res., 94, Yokohata, T., Kosugita, K.,Odaka, M. and Kuramoto, K.,2002, Radiative absorption by CO ice clouds on early Mars:Implication to the stability and greenhouse effect of the clouds, Proc. of the 35th ISAS Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Warren, S. G., 1986, Optical constants of carbon dioxide ice, Appl. Opt., 25,

The faint young Sun paradox Early Mars ( Ga) on Mars wet and warm climate? Valley networks(carr, 1996) The warm climate cannot be sustained (Ka

The faint young Sun paradox Early Mars ( Ga) on Mars wet and warm climate? Valley networks(carr, 1996) The warm climate cannot be sustained (Ka Warming of early Mars induced by CO 2 ice clouds Kobe University, the 21st century COE program Microsymposium, Climate and Meteorology on Mars Friday, June 17, 2005 Chihiro Mitsuda (Hokkaido Univ.) Tokuta