TVRSJ 25(2): (2020)

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1 TVRSJ Vol.25 No.2 pp , 2020 基礎論文 DMD プロジェクタを用いた低遅延な運動追従投影手法 大城 和可菜*1 鏡 慎吾*1 橋本 浩一*1 A Low-Latency Display Method for Motion-Adaptive Projecton with a DMD Projector Wakana Oshiro*1 Shingo Kagami*1 Koichi Hashimoto*1 Abstract Low-latency projection is a key technology for fast motion-adaptive projection. Digital Micromirror Devices (DMDs) are widely used for this purpose because they enable high frame rate projection of binary patterns, although additional techniques are needed to realize projection of multi-valued images. This paper proposes a low-latency projection method, Binary Frame Warping, with which displayed patterns are warped at the binary pattern rate instead of the video frame rate. Experimental results suggest that the proposed method applied to 60-fps video input offers perceived image quality comparable with that offered by over 500-fps projection. Keywords : projection mapping, high-speed projector, spatial augmented reality 1 はじめに るにはさらに何らかの工夫が必要となる 本論文では これに対する従来のアプローチとその プロジェクタを用いたインタラクティブな映像表現 限界を整理した後 入力映像から二値画像系列を生成 を行う際 その成否には計測から映像提示に至るまで した後に運動に応じて各バイナリフレームに幾何学的 の遅延が大きな影響を及ぼす 中でも 図 1 (a) に示 変換を施すバイナリフレームワープ法を提案する 主 す素早く動く物体に対するプロジェクションマッピン 観評価実験を含む検討により 提案手法が光源の発光 グのように運動に追従した投影を行う場合は わずか 能力の利用効率に優れるとともに DMD の駆動周波 な遅延でも視認可能な空間ずれの発生につながり得る 数を抑えた場合でも高品質な画像提示が可能な手法で ため 低遅延化は特に重要な課題である あることを示す そのような低遅延化を実現するため Digital Mi- cromirror Device (DMD) を用いたプロジェクタが広 く用いられている DMD は DLP (Digital Light Processing) プロジェクタで用いられている空間光変調素 子であり 画像上の各画素に対応するミラーの傾きを 変えることで二値画像を生成する これにより数 khz から数十 khz のリフレッシュレートで二値画像を投 影することができる リフレッシュレートがヒトの視 覚の臨界フリッカ融合周波数より十分に高いことから 多値画像やカラー画像は複数の二値画像の時間積分に より表現することができる 本論文ではこれらを区別 するため 単一の二値画像をバイナリフレーム それ らが複数連続して表示されることで提示される多値画 像あるいはカラー画像をビデオフレームと呼ぶ このように高速バイナリフレーム列の時間積分によ り映像を提示する方式は 標準的なビデオレート程度 の提示には適しているものの 冒頭で述べたような高 速追従投影に必要となるミリ秒オーダの遅延を実現す るには不十分である したがって低遅延投影を実現す *1 東北大学大学院情報科学研究科 *1 Graduate sity School of Information Sciences, Tohoku Univer- (a) (b) 図 1: 動く平面へ追従するプロジェクションマッピングの例 (a) と 本研究で実施したそれを模擬する実験の様子 (b) Fig. 1 An example of projection mapping onto a moving surface (a) and our experimental setup to simulate this application (b). 2 DMD を用いた高フレームレート投影 DMD を用いて映像を提示する場合 ビデオフレー ム時間は それを構成するバイナリフレーム数とバ イナリフレーム時間の積で与えられる 最も基本的 な表示法は ビデオフレーム内のミラーのオン時間 108

2 Vol.25, No.2, 2020 (Pulse Width Modulation, PWM) 8 bit 255 DMD 1 DLP khz DMD 25.5 ms PWM DMD [1] [2, 3] DMD Texas Instruments 2012 (fps) 8 bit 8 1 (1, 1 2, 1 4, 1 8, 1 16, 1 32, 1 64, ) [2, 3] Binary Light Modulation (BLM) [4] BLM DMD 1000 fps 8 bit 8 khz 24 khz DMD DMD PWM BLM k=0 2 k 1/4 BLM PWM PWM BLM Hybrid Light Modulation (HLM) [4] BLM DMD DMD DMD 3 DLP 3 1/3 DynaFlash HLM 22.6 khz DMD 8 bit 1000 fps [5] Chang HLM [4] CES 2016 InfoComm 2017 Disney Research [6] BLM HLM 3 PWM HLM DMD DMD 3 (BFW) DMD [7] 109

3 : DMD [8] HDMI FPGA 2,470 DMD [9] 4 PWM HLM 8 bit 3 1 3( 3 k=0 2k + 4) = ms BFW SIGGRAPH 2018 Emerging Technologies [9] 5 ISMAR 2019 [10] 2 4 DMD [11, 12] 5 FPGA BFW 4 BFW BFW (High Frame Rate, ) BFW [13] [7] BFW DMD DMD 3 RGB s 4.1 Texas Instruments 0.7 XGA DMD (DLP7000) ViaLUX STAR-07 CORE Optics Luminus LED SBM-40 [9] 1 (b) 0.14 ms 4 bit 8 bit 297 fps 4 bit 595 fps 4 bit 3 BFW 4 110

4 0.14 ms 4 bit BLM ms ( 595 fps) 1.68 ms BFW ms PWM 4 bit (2 4 1) = 75.6 [ms] BFW ms 1.68 ms BFW L ( : 37.8 ms), BFW M ( : 18.9 ms), BFW S ( : 9.45 ms) 2 (1) 0.14 ms Position (2) 0.84 ms Position (3) 0.42 ms Position (4) 0.21 ms Position 1.68 ms ( 595 fps ) Vol.25, No.2, ms ( 26 fps ) 18.9 ms ( 53 fps ) 9.45 ms ( 106 fps ) Time Time Time Time 2: Fig. 2 Behaviours of the presented projection modes pixel 150 pixel Lenna 580 pixel s 90 mm lx Screen Fig pixel 150 pixel Lenna 4 bit color image 3: Configuration of the projected image 8 (21 24 ) 1,200 mm (a) (b) (c) 3 [7] 2 BFW BFW 3 BFW (a) α = 0.01 (F (3, 21) = 6.143, P = )

5 : DMD f 2 = Ryan BFW L α = 0.05 neither nor dis dis dis * * * no blur is perceived no delay is perceived motion is smooth 4: (*P < 0.05) Fig. 4 Result of subjective evaluation. *P < BFW 2 α = 0.01 (F (2, 14) = 7.000, P = ) f 2 = Ryan BFW L BFW M BFW L BFW S α = 0.05 accuracy [%] chance rate * * 5: (*P < 0.05) Fig. 5 Result of discrimination experiment. *P < , 7, BFW 26 fps (a) neither nor dis dis dis participants 6: (a) Fig. 6 Subjective evaluation on No blur was perceived and the image was clear by each participant neither nor dis dis dis participants 7: (b) Fig. 7 Subjective evaluation on The image followed the reference square with no delay by each participant 26 fps 26 fps 53 fps BFW 30 fps 60 fps 120 fps 240 fps [15] 240 fps [16] 112

6 Vol.25, No.2, 2020 neither nor dis 53 fps BFW 5 dis dis participants 8: (c) Fig. 8 Subjective evaluation on Motion of the image was smooth by each participant accuracy [%] chance rate participants 9: Fig. 9 Accuracy of mode discrimination experiment by each participant 26 fps 53 fps 53 fps BFW 8 BFW L 50% 595 fps Zheng [11] Lincoln [12] BFW Zheng (Residual Thresholding) Lincoln (Random Thresholding) 5.1 N bit [0, 2 N 1] 5.2 M Zheng M = ms 2.56 ms 0.14 ms Zheng ms 1 k 0 k k

7 : DMD (k + 1) (M k + 1) (M + 1) (M + 1) 4 bit (2 4 1) = 6.3 [ms] Zheng Lincoln ms 5.3 () BFW lx 0.14 ms ( 595 fps) 0.42 ms BFW ( 53 fps) 0.14 ms 3 4 bit mm 4 Lenna 450 pixel 0.7 s s BFW 50% ITU-R BT [14] ( 10, 5 ) 1,000 mm DSCQS (Double Stimulus Continuous Quality Scale Method) BFW mm 20 mm mm , score 5.6 BFW 4 60 fps BFW 600 fps 114

8 日本バーチャルリアリティ学会論文誌 Vol.25, No.2, 2020 れず 参加者の自由コメントにもこれと関連するよう 0 なものは見られなかった したがって本実験の範囲で score 10 はこの点は大きな悪影響を及ぼさなかったと考えられ 20 る ただし より高解像度 高階調の映像表示を行う 30 場合には顕在化する可能性がある おわりに 本論文では DMD プロジェクタを用いた運動追従 60 投影を目的とした低遅延映像表示手法としてバイナリ BFW Random フレームワープ法を提案した 実験の結果 提案手法 図 10: DSCQS 法による各手法の平均得点 Fig. 10 Average scores of projection methods in DSCQS experiment は 60 fps 程度のビデオフレームレートでも 500 fps を超える高ビデオフレームレート投影と比べて遜色の ない映像提示ができるとの評価が得られた また 同 様にバイナリフレームごとの運動情報反映を行う従来 0 手法と比較して DMD の駆動周波数を低く抑えるこ とが可能であることを示した score 20 本論文の実験は 主として使用機材の制約から 画素 最短バイナリフレーム時間 0.14 ms 4 bit カラーの条件での評価に限定されている より高画素 化 高バイナリフレームレート化 高階調化した場合 の評価は今後の課題である 一方でこれらの結果は 提案手法が比較的ローエンドの DMD を用いた実装 に適していることを示唆しており 応用の裾野を広げ ることに貢献するものであると考える 60 BFW Random participant 図 11: DSCQS 法による参加者ごとの評価得点 Fig. 11 Scores by each participant in DSCQS experiment 謝辞 本研究の一部は JST ACCEL JPMJAC1601 およ された 同手法の評価が低かった理由としてこれが大 び科研費 19H04146, 16H02853, 16H06536 の支援を きく影響したと推測される 参加者の自由コメントに 受けた おいても一部の条件でちらつきが知覚されたとの報告 があった Lincoln らの論文ではちらつきが観測され 参考文献 たとは報告されていないため バイナリフレーム時間 ms の条件では知覚されなかったちらつきが バイナリフレーム時間 0.14 ms の条件で顕在化したも のと考えられる また 参加者の自由コメントでは いずれの条件で も追従遅延が知覚されたとの報告はなかった 予備検討および以上の実験結果から DMD 駆動周 波数を数 khz 程度に抑えなくてはならない条件では バイナリフレーム更新型のうち BFW 法のみが ビデ オフレームレート数百 fps 程度の 投影と同等の 画質を保ちつつ運動追従投影ができると考えられる ただし本実験では より高速な DMD 駆動が可能な場 合については機材の制約から評価できておらず その 場合の優劣については判断を保留しなくてはならない BFW 法は二値画像から二値画像へのワープを行う ため 本質的にサブピクセル精度の移動は正確に表現 できない しかし主観評価の結果にその影響は認めら [1] P. Winer and A. K. Bhowmik, Digitally modulated image projection system, U. S. Patent 8,519,937. Filed on , Granted on [2] O. Bimber, D. Iwai, G. Wetzstein and A. Grundh ofer, The visual computing of projectorcamera systems, Computer Graphics Forum, Vol. 27, No. 8, pp , [3] R. R. Hainich and O. Bimber, Displays: Fundamentals & Applications, Second Edition, A K Peters/CRC Press, [4] J-H. R. Chang, B. V. K. V. Kumar and A. C. Sankaranarayanan, 216 shades of gray: high bitdepth projection using light intensity control, Optics Express, Vol. 24, No. 24, pp , [5] 成田岳, 江連悠貴, 湯浅剛, 角野究, 渡辺義浩, 石川正 俊, 1000fps 8bit 階調と低レイテンシ投影を実現す る高速プロジェクタの開発, 第 20 回日本バーチャル リアリティ学会大会論文集, pp , [6] A. H. Bermano, M. Billeter, D. Iwai and A. Grundh ofer, Makeup Lamps: Live Augmentaion of Human Faces via Projection, Computer Graph- 115

9 : DMD ics Forum 2017, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp , [7],, DMD 2008, pp. 2P2 E [8] S. Kagami and K. Hashimoto, Sticky projection mapping: 450-fps tracking projection onto a moving planar surface, SIGGRAPH Asia 2015 Emerging Technologies, Article No.23, [9] S. Kagami and K. Hashimoto, A Full-color singlechip-dlp Projector with an Embedded 2400-fps Homography Warping Engine, ACM SIGGRAPH 2018 Emerging Technologies, Article No.1, [10] S. Kagami and K. Hashimoto, Animated Stickies: Fast Video Projection Mapping onto a Markerless Plane through a Direct Closed-Loop Alignment, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, Vol. 25, No.11, pp , [11] F. Zheng, T. Whitted, A. Lastra, P. Lincoln, A. State, A. Maimone and H. Fuchs, Minimizing latency for augmented reality displays: Frames considered harmful, 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (IS- MAR), pp , [12] P. Lincoln, A. Blate, M. Singh, T. Whitted, A. State, A. Lastra and H. Fuchs, From motion to photons in 80 microseconds: Towards minimal latency for virtual and augmented reality, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, Vol.22, No.4, pp , [13] W. Oshiro, S. Kagami and K. Hashimoto, Perception of Motion-Adaptive Color Images Displayed by a High-Speed DMD Projector, IEEE VR Workshop on Perception-driven Graphics and Displays for VR and AR 2019 (PerGravAR2019), [14] ITU-R BT , 5 The double-stimulus continuous quality-scale (DSCQS) method, pp.14 18, [15] 65(10) pp [16] Y. Kuroki, T. Nishi, S. Kobayashi, H. Oyaizu and S Yoshimura, Improvement of motion image quality by high frame rate, Society for Information Display 2006, Vol.37, Issue 1, pp.14 17, ( ) IEEE ( )

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