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2 United Nations, The Road from Soldier Back to Child, Africa Recovery, vol.15, no.3 October 2001), p.10, UNICEF <

3 NGO Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 (London: Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2008), pp Peter W. Singer, Children at War (Berkeley and Los Angels: University of California Press, 2006), p.17.

4 (1) Ibid., pp Ibid., p Singer, Children at War, pp David M. Rosen, Army of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2005), p.5.

5 Revolutionary United Front: RUF Armed Forces Revolutionary Council: AFRC 13 RUF International Labour Organization: ILO Ibid., p Singer, Children at War, p International Labour Office, Wounded Childhood: The Use of Children in Armed Conflict in Central Africa Geneva: International Labour Office, 2003), p <

6 , , Singer, Children at War, p Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Child Soldiers Global Report 2008, p Singer, Children at War, p Children and Armed Conflict Project, University of Alberta, Children and War: Impact, Protection and Rehabilitation (Edmonton: University of Alberta, 2006), p Singer, Children at War, pp

7 (2) , Ibid., pp Peter W. Singer, Facing Saddam s Child Soldiers, < ookings.edu/papers/2003/0114iraq_singer.aspx?p=1> Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Child Soldiers Global Report 2008, pp

8 United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan: UNAMA 27 Times of Oman < asp?detail=9391> FOX News < html> Reuters < BBC < Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Child Soldiers Global Report 2008, p.41 Singer, Children at War, p.26 United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan, Suicide Attacks in Afghanistan (Kabul: United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan, 2007), p.41.

9 International Security Assistance Force: ISAF Sudan People s Liberation Army: SPLA SPLA SPLA UNAMA, Suicide Attacks in Afghanistan, p Singer, Children at War, p Lord's Resistance Army: LRA1 4, , ,000 5, Ibid., pp.15, 16, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Child Soldiers Global Report 2008, p.316.

10 12 36 SPLA SPLA Janjaweed 39 (1) Peter W. Singer Singer, Children at War, pp Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Child Soldiers Global Report 2008, p SPLA Ibid., p Singer, Children at War, p Ibid., p.38.

11 HIV/AIDS AK kg 9 42 AK-47 5, AK AK Lilian Peters, War is no Child s Play: Child Soldiers from Battlefield to Playground, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Occasional Paper, no.8 (2005), p.9, Singer, Children at War, pp Phillip Killicoat, Weaponomics: The Global Market for Assault Rifles, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4202, April 2007, pp.3, 21, 23., Oliver Sprague and Hugh Griffiths, The AK-47: The World s Favourite Killing Machine (mimeo, Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms and Oxfam International, 2006), p.4. <ht tp://

12 AK-47 1, AK-47 AK Sandline International AK AK Postmodern Warfare Mary Kaldor Human Rights First, Investing in Tragedy: China s Money, Arms, and Politics in Sudan (New York: Human Rights First, 2008), pp , BBC < Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007), p.7.

13 (2) Liberation Tiger of Tamil Eelam: LTTE 48 Singer, Children at War, p Ibid., p

14 LTTE Singer, Children at War, p Ibid., p Ibid., pp

15 SPLA 56 Statistic Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, The World Woman 2005: Progress in Statistic (New York: United Nations, 2006), pp Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Child Soldiers Global Report 2008, pp War Child International, Child Soldiers: The Shadow of their Existence (mimeo, War Child International, 2007), p.14 <http: //cms2.warchild.nl/uploadedfiles/origineel/1182.pdf> (

16 HIV/AIDS SPLA United Nations Children's Fund: UNICEF SPLA (1) 2 60 HIV Human Security Centre, Human Security Report 2005 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p War Child International, Child Soldiers, p.22.

17 B 2 Q c 2 B 2 B 3 c 2 c 3 O OQ OQ 64

18 2 B 3 B 2 B 1 (2) OQ

19 U = ( a + 1) ( c + 1) 0 < α < 1 0 < γ < 1 66 α γ θ 0 < θ < 1 M = ma + θmc Λ U c M m α γ α γ 67 U = β( a + 1) a α 1 γ ( c + 1) α = ( a + 1) α γ [( a + 1) ( c + 1) ] αu = ( a + 1) U = γ ( a + 1) c α ( c + 1) γ 1 γ = ( c + 1) α γ [( a + 1) ( c + 1) ] γu = ( c + 1) 66 a+1b+1 a=0 b=0 U=0 67

20 2 m c U m a U θ = θ α γ θ θ γ α + = + = + 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( a c c a a c Λ Λ = = m M c m M a θ γ α γ α θ α γ γ α (1) M γ α θ

21 γ α θ γ m α γ c 4 α θ M m α θ M m 2 2 α M θ m 2 α γ 68 68

22 OQ B 2 (2) Singer, Children at War, pp

23 ILO θ m M 70 International Labour Office, Investing in Every Child: An Economic Study of the Costs and Benefits of Eliminating Child Labour (Geneva: International Labour Office, 2004), pp HIV/AIDS PTSD Singer, Children at War, pp Rachel Brett and Irma Specht, Young Soldiers: Why They Choose to Fight (London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2004), pp

24 NGO OCHA UNICEF Amnesty International Human Rights Watch Oxfam Brett and Specht, Young Soldiers, pp < Daniel P. SullivanDaniel P. Sullivan, Tinder, Spark, Oxygen, and Fuel: The Mysterious Rise of the Taliban, Journal of Peace Research, vol.44, no.1 (January 2007), p. 98.

25 World Vision Save the Children NGO 78 NGO

26 3

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