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1 (Bulletin of FFPRI), Vol.6, No.2 (No.403), , June Review Article l 1 2 Forest Watershed Experiment and proposal for future experiments NOGUCHI Shoji l * FUJIEDA Motohisa 1 2 Abstract About 40% of the forest in Japan is specified for the protection forest, and protection forest for headwater conservation and recharge improvement accounts for 73.1% of that percentage. The necessity of conducting the hydrological research related to forest management has increased, and the role that the forest hydrology plays has become increasingly important. We selected six experimental watershed sites (Kamikawa Experimental Watershed in Hokkaido: HKW, Kamabuchi Experimental Watershed in Yamagata: YKW, Takaragawa Experimental Watershed in Gunma: GTW, Hitachi Ohta Experimental Watershed in Ibaraki: IHW, Tatsunokuchi-yama Experimental Watershed in Okayama: OTW, Sarukawa Experimental Watershed in Miyazaki: MSW) which run by Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute. Then, we summarized current status of knowledge on influence of vegetation changes including forest management (HKW: selective logging, influence of damage by wind, YKW: clear cutting, partial deforestation, establishment of terrace work, GTW: selective cutting, strip cutting, IHW: clear cutting, tractor logging, OTW: selective cutting, influence of pine withering and forest fire, MSW: clear cutting, partial deforestation). There are various methods of the forest management in forestry. In addition, because we must clarify the function for water and soil conservation based on the forest watershed experiment in different climate regions (i.e. snowy and cold region; a little precipitation region; heavy rainfall region), it is not accurate to use only one forest experimental watershed in order to evaluate the changes in the function for all forests. We proposed that the further forest watershed experiments should be conducted for the following research topics: 1) the hydrological observations for a long term; 2) a comparison of hydrological studies in different climate regions; 3) hydrological process studies; 4) evaluation of hydrological studies in large catchments; and 5) joint research with scientists in other fields such as forest ecology, forestry machine, and social economics. Key words : forest-watershed experiment, forest management, long term hydrological observation, hydrological process study, large catchment, other fields ( HKW YKW GTW IHW OTW MSW) HKW: YKW GTW: IHW: OTW: MSW: Received March 31, Accepted Feb. 9, 2007 * Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Nabeyashiki, Shimo-Kuriyagawa Morioka, Iwate Japan ; noguchi@affrc.go.jp 1) Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) 2) Research Planning and Coordination Division, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)
2 112 NOGUCHI S. and FUJIEDA M. I % 1 1/3 1974, , , , , , 2003, (1961;1963) (source area) Kirkby and Chorley (1967) (partial-area concept) Hewlet and Nutter (1969; 1970) (dynamic source area) Hewlett and Hibbert (1967) (variable source area concept) Kirkby, (1977) (1981) Kinematic wave, 1963, 1986; Fukushima, 1988 (1984) (1987) 3 (2005), ,019 ha ,500 ha , 2007
3 Forest-Watershed Experiment and proposalfor future experiments II. : 43º51' : 142º48' ha (572.9 ha ) ,269 mm % (, 1961b) % 60%, % % ,1961 (1955) mm (1956) ( ) mm mm (1960a; 1961ab) (6 10 ) mm, 1961a 12 3, 1960b, 1961b : 38º56' : 140º16' 1 (3.060 ha ) 2 (2.482 ha ) (1.530 ha ) 4 (1.117 ha ) 1961, mm 40% cm, , , 1967a , ,1961;, 1980;, 1999;, 2006 (1956) (1985) (6 10 ) Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.2, 2007
4 114 NOGUCHI S. and FUJIEDA M , 1968, a r p (2 1 ) rp= rp= r q (2 1 ) 2 ( ) rq> rq =1 (1967b) % % % % % %, 1975 (5 10 ) 3 4, ( ) ( ) % 74.1% 80.2% % 53.7% 61.7%, (1986) (1986) ( ) 7 ( ) mm mm 95mm mm : : : : ( ) ( ) ( ) , 2007
5 Forest-Watershed Experiment and proposalfor future experiments : 36º51' : 139º01' (1, ha) ( ha) 2 1 (6.48 ha ) 2 (4.42 ha ) 3 (5.17 ha ) (1,500 2,000m) (1, m) 2,134mm 1,500m % % % % %, ,1961;, 1979;, 1994 (1984) ( ) ( ) ( ) 8 10 Double-mass curve 47.7mm(12.7%) 78.3mm(23.2%) (1985) Double-mass curve ( ) 50% % 16.6mm(8.2%) 41.8mm(22.3%) 2 50% ( ) 80% % ( ) 65% Shimizu et al.(1992) ( ) ( ) ( ) (6 10 ) 6 13% 100mm Shimizu, % 35.0% Shimizu et al., (98 ) % 66.3mm Shimizu et al., 1994 (12 6 ) 64.5% 70.9% 8 (<0.16m 3 sec -1 km -2 ) 2 Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.2, 2007
6 116 NOGUCHI S. and FUJIEDA M. ( 0.16m 3 sec -1 km -2 ) 40, º34' 140º35' ha (36.56ha) (21.07ha) m 3 /ha 1980, % 77% 250m 3 /ha ha 0.25ha 6,2002 (15.38ha) (2.48ha) 1987 (, 1996) ,429mm Tsuboyama, , , 1923 (1983, 1984) ( ) ( ) ( ) mmd mmd mmd -1, , 1984 (1996) 5% 4% 10% : 34º42' : 133º58' ( ha) (22.611ha) 2 1/3 1961;, ,200mm ,000mm 11, (17.55ha) ha 3.88ha 1.18ha: 9.80ha: (7.47ha) :0.3ha :2.7ha :3.8ha 15.6ha 1980, , 2007
7 Forest-Watershed Experiment and proposalfor future experiments ,1961;, 1979;, 1981;, 2005 (1954) ( ) 22.4% 39.8% 23.6% 33.7% (1982) (1983) mm (1987) (1979) (1982) mm 10 15mm A 1,200mm 30mm 60mm (2004) 66 ( ) % % % : 31º51' : 131º13' I (6.556 ha) II (9.174ha) 1km III (8.181 ha) ;, ,939mm (, 1994) I II 1920 I II ha( 43%) III , ; 1996 (1977) (I 60.1% II 59.9% III 60.2%) 7 I II III 70.3% 64.3% 74.3% I III II I 10 III 14 II, 1990 (1994) 2 5 II 5 700mm ,000mm ,200mm III 5 600mm mm ,000 1,200mm II 4 I II 1.2% 3 II I 3.2%, 1987; , ( ) I II III m 3 ha m 3 ha m 3 ha I II III m 3 ha m 3 ha m 3 ha -1 III II I, 1975 Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.2, 2007
8 118 NOGUCHI S. and FUJIEDA M. Sidle et al., 2004; Gomi et al., I II III m 3 ha m 3 ha m 3 ha -1 II 65 III, % 50 80% (1985) I 1 III , 2001 (2002) LTER(Long Term Ecological Research) ( 2001) 2005 (1971) 6 2 B 1985 (1980) (2001) , 2007
9 Forest-Watershed Experiment and proposalfor future experiments affrc.go.jp/labs/kanko/paper.html kishou/suimon/exshirasakatop.html 10 on time 2001 Ks 100cc 100cc Ks mm cc( 113mm) affrc.go.jp/renewhp/labs/fsinvent/ Noguchi et al., 1997; 1999 Sidle et al., (2001) Tsuboyama et al., 1994 Noguchi et al.,(1999) Noguchi et al., (2001) Tsuboyama et al., (2000) 0 0 Sidle et al., (1995) Sidle et al., (2000) 0 (2002) ( ha) 5 δ 18 0 Tani, 1997 Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.2, 2007
10 120 NOGUCHI S. and FUJIEDA M. 6 5 FFPRI FluxNet (1905.7ha) (117.9 ha) ha (572.9 ha) ha 1ha 100ha (1km 2 ), ha, Tani(1996) 2004, 2006 GIS 2003 GIS 1994, (1994) (2001) ( ) LAI (1986) LAI, 1995; Ohnuki et al., 1999, 2002;, 2006 (2002) (2004) 2, 1987; 1989;, 1988;, 1996ab 6 2, 2007
11 Forest-Watershed Experiment and proposalfor future experiments Sidle et al., 2004, 2000; , 2005 (2002) FS , 33, (1985),, 67, , 34, (2002),, 44, 1-8. (1995) 1 2,, 37, (2005) Variable Source Area Concept,, 18, (1981),, 22, (1996), p559; p819. (1985),242p. (2003) II,, 269, (1960a), 1959, (1961a), 1960, (1960b), 1959, (1961b), 1960, (1982),, 317, (1979),, 61, (1996),, 78, (1994) , 368, (1981),, 76p. Fukushima,Y.(1988): A model of river flow forecasting for a small forested mountain catchment. Hydrol Processes, 2, (1986) 10,, 57, Gomi T., Sidle, R. C., Noguchi, S., Negishi, J. N., Abdul Rahim, N., Sasaki, S. (2006) Sediment and wood accumulations in humid tropical headwater streams: Effects of logging and riparian buffers. Forest Ecology and Management, 224, (2006) Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.2, 2007
12 122 NOGUCHI S. and FUJIEDA M., 400, (2005) , 394, Hewlett, J.D. and Hibbert, A.R. (1967) Factors affecting the response of small watersheds to precipitation in humid areas, In: W.E. Sopper and H.W. Lull (eds), Forest Hydrology, Pergamon Press, Hewlett, J.D. and Nutter, W. L. (1970) The varying source area of streamflow from upland basins. Proceedings of the Symposium on Interdisciplinary Aspects of Watershed Management, Montana State University: (2002) 60, 6, (2006) ,, 398, (1999) ,, 376, (1987) 1,, 348, (1989) 2,, 353, (1956),,, 7, (2005),, 44, (2000),,104, (2002),,107, (1955),, 64, (1956) 1,,5, (2002),, 15, (1983) 1,, 24, (1985),, 37, (1979),, 308, (1915),, 12, Kirkby, M.J., and Chorley, R.J., (1967) Throughflow, overland flow and erosion. Bulletin of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology, 12, (2003) (1987),, 89p. 2004,,74, (2002), 6, (2001), 71, (2001),,14, (2004),,,, (2002), 6, (1982) ( ),, 317, GIS (2005),, 55: (1960) 1,, 123, (1952) 1,, 53, (2002) 150p. (1988),, 41, (1994) 6 2, 2007
13 Forest-Watershed Experiment and proposalfor future experiments 123,, 215, (1933),, 605, 2-5. (2002) LAI,, 15, (2003),, 269, (1971),, 240, (1985),, 162, (1956), 38, Noguchi, S., Tsuboyama, Y., Sidle, R.C. and Hosoda, I. (1997) Spatially distributed morphological characteristics of macropores in forest soils of Hitachi Ohta Experimental Watershed, Japan. J. For. Res., 2, Noguchi, S., Tsuboyama, Y., Sidle, R.C. and Hosoda, I. (1999) Morphological characteristics of macropores and the distribution of preferential flow pathways in a forested slope segment. Soil Soc. Ame. J., 63, Noguchi, S., Tsuboyama, Y., Sidle, R.C. and Hosoda, I. (2001) Subsurface runoff characteristics from a forest hillslope soil profile including macropores, Hitachi Ohta, Japan. Hydrol. Processes, 15, (1974),, 98, (1961),, 225pp. (1977),, 50, (1988),, 351, (1967a) 3,, 240, (1967b),, 8, (1968),, 19, (1975),, 16, (1978),, 29, (1979),, 20, (1980),, 32, (1989),, 30, Ohnuki, Y., Yoshinaga,S., and Noguchi,S. (1999) Distribution and physical properties of colluvium and saprolite in unchannelized valleys in Tsukuba Experimental Basin, Japan. J. For. Res., 4, , 68, I (1984),, 81pp. (1990),, 3, (2001) (2005) 16, 222pp. (2002),, 254p. (1996a) 1,, 372, (1996b) 2,, 372, (2004) (1980),,310, (1983),, 233, 1-3. (1997), Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.2, 2007
14 124 NOGUCHI S. and FUJIEDA M.,52, Shimizu, T. (1994) Effects of contour-line strip-cutting on streamflow (II) Short-term runoff characteristics during the warm season. J. Jap. For. Soc., 76, (1997),, 233, (2001),, 260, (1983) (I), 94, (1984) (II), 95, Shimizu, T., Kikuya, A. and Tsuboyama, Y. (1992) Influence of changes in vegetation upon the runoff characteristics of maountainous drainage basins., 363, Shimizu, T., Tsuboyama, Y., Hosoda, I. (1994) Effects of contour-line stripe-cutting on stream flow (I) Longterm runoff characteristics during the warm season. J. Jap. For. Soc., 76, (1996),, 58, (2004),, 13, (2006) 7 284p. (1954) 4,, 3, (1933), 15, Sidle,R. C., Tsuboyama, Y., Noguchi, S., Hosoda, I., Fujieda, M., Shimizu, T. (1995) Seasonal hydrologic response at various spatial scales in a small forested catchment, Hitachi Ohta, Japan. J.Hydrol., 168, Sidle, R. C., Tsuboyama, Y., Noguchi, S., Hosoda, I., Fujieda, M., and Shimizu, T. (2000) Stormflow generation in steep forested headwaters: a linked hydrogeomorphic paradigm. Hydrol. Processes, 14, Sidle,R.C., Noguchi, S., Tsuboyama, Y. and Laursen, K. (2001) A conceptual model of preferential flow systems in forested hillslopes: evidence of selforganization. Hydrol. Processes, 15, Sidle,R. C., Sasaki, S., Otsuki, M., Noguchi, S., Abdul Rahim, N. (2004) Sediment pathways in a tropical forest: effects of logging roads and skid trails. Hydrol. Processes, 18, (1985),, 67, (1968),, 30, (1963),, 6, (1979) ( ),, 302, (1968),, 59, (1975),, 86, (1977),, 30, (1990),, 43, (1985),, 96, (1987) (IV),, 98, (1994) (X)-,, 47, (1996) ( ),, 370, (2001),, 261, (2004),, 86, (1923),, 23, (1953),, 138, 1-3. (2001),, Tani, M. (1996) An approach to annual water balance for small mountainous catchments with wide spatial 6 2, 2007
15 Forest-Watershed Experiment and proposalfor future experiments 125 distributions of rainfall and snow water equivalent. J. Hydrol., 183, Tani, M. (1997) Runoff generation processes estimated from hydrological observation on a steep forested hillslope with a thin soil layer. J. Hydrol., 200, (1987),, 342, (1980) ,, 311, Tsuboyama, Y. (2006) An experimental study on temporal and spatial variability of flow pathways in a small forested catchment., 399, (2006), 117: 226. Tsuboyama, Y., Sidle, R.C., Noguchi, S., and Hosoda, I. (1994) Flow and solute transport through the soil matrix and macropores of a hillslope segment. Water Resour. Res., 30, Tsuboyama, Y., Sidle, R.C., Noguchi, S., Murakami, S., Shimizu, T. (2000) A zero-order basin its contribution to catchment hydrology and internal hydrological processes, Hydrol. Processes, 14, (1961) 43, (1963) Storm discharge from an experimental watershed 45, (1984) 1,, 4,, 331, (1985) 2, 2 3,,, 333, Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.2, 2007
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