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1 Downtown Plan Making Processes in Four U.S. Cities - Report on Case Studies in Cleveland, Denver, Portland and Seattle - Akito Murayama Dept. of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo In the history of downtown planning in U.S. cities since 1943, quality of urban space was most considered important in the 1980s when major cities made their long-range comprehensive downtown plans. Though the backgrounds, contents and issues of the selected plans have been introduced, the plan making processes have not been studied in detail. The purpose of the case studies reported here was to understand the downtown plan making processes in four U.S. cities (Cleveland, Denver, Portland and Seattle) and to examine the characteristics of the applied planning methods. The reporter concludes that a downtown plan making process differs from one city to another in which various planning methods were applied including consultation methods such as graphic facilitation, preparing alternative plans and evaluating them as well as outreach methods such as distributing newsletters, holding workshops, meetings and forums, opening a studio and using sketches, a slide show and a model. Keywords: Downtown Plan, Plan Making Process, Consultation Methods, Outreach Methods Carl Abbott 1943 Abbott, a 1980 Keating, , , , (1) Cleveland Civic Vision 2000 Downtown Plan 26 Downtown Plan Steering Committee Data Advisory Committee -1 Dual Hub Corridor University Circle No Action

2 Euclid Avenue b) -1 Hunter Morrison Cleveland Civic Vision 2000 Downtown Plan Denver Downtown Area Plan Portland Central City Plan Morrison c) Denver Downtown Area Plan Land Use and Transportation Plan for Downtown Seattle Civic Vision Program / Margaret Strachan IT Pena 28 Downtown Area Plan Steering Committee

3 Reports of the City Planning Institute of Japan No /04/25 策定組織内の活動 調査 分析 人口 雇用予測 オフィス 住宅 商業開発 土地利用 ٽ 画案の作成 ٽ 画案の作成 目標 方針 ஞ市基盤 ٽ 画 交通 ٽ 画 ホテル ٽ 画 資本予算プロ グラムに関するレポート 開発候補地 9ヶ所 の 選定とその ٽ 画 ٽ 画書案の作成 ダウンタウン全体模型の 製作 ٽ 画案の精査 ٽ 画の決定 ஞ市 ٽ 画委員会 市議会 一般市民を対象とするアウトリーチ ニュースレター第1号 ニュースレター第2号 1986年秋 ワークショップ 1986年9月27日 ஞ市 ٽ 画委員会によるプレゼンテーション 目標と機会に関するグループ セッション ダウンタウン アイディアの描出 ワークショップ 1987年1月17日 土地利用 ٽ 画案の発表とそれに関する議論 ニュースレター第3号 1987年冬 ワークショップ 1987年5月2日 公園 レクリエーション オープン スペー ス アメニティの種 と位置に関する議論 ニュースレター第4号 1987年春 ニュースレター第5号 1987年秋 コミュニティ ミーティング 1988年1月16日 スライド ショー及び模型によるダウン タウン ٽ 画案の発表とそれに関する議論 ニュースレター第6号 1988年冬 ニュースレター第7号 1988年夏 ニュースレター第8号 1988年秋 ஞ市 ٽ 画委員会パブリック ヒアリング 1988年11月 図-1 クリーブランドのダウンタウン ڐ 画策定過程 策定組織内の活動 一般市民を対象 とするアウトリーチ 初期ビジョンの作成 ニュースレター 1984年7月 1984年9月 スタッフによるグラフィッ ク ファシリテーション ダウンタウン エリア ٽ 画スタジオ ワークショップ 目標の 定 シャレット オープン ハウス 調査 分析 等の開催 専ใ家によるプレゼン テーション ニュースレター 1985年春 ٽ 画素案の作成 1985年夏 パブリック インプット 原則 枠組み 地区 1985年秋 ٽ 画 アクセス ٽ 画 市議会 ٽ 画委員会 一般 ٽ 画案の作成 ٽ 画素案の修正 1985年12月 ٽ 画の決定 1986年春 市民等の合 ٽ 52以上のミー ティングの開催 ニュースレター 新聞特集 1986年5月 図-2 デンバーのダウンタウン ٽ 画策定過程 備を行う執行委員会 Executive Committee 地区別 ڐ 52 以上のミーティングが開催された そして最後に 画の作成や ڐ 画の全体的な原則及びアウトラインの 草 決定された ڐ 画について地元新聞で特集が組まれた を行う枠組み委員会 Framework Committee ダウンタ ウンへの公共交通及び道路アクセスの具体的提案を行う ڐ 画策定過程における最大の論点は Lower Downtown 地区における歴史保全と経済開発の両立問題であった アクセス作業 会 Access Task Force Lower Downtown Lower Downtown 作業 会の Lisa Purdy は この問題の 地区の ڐ 画を作成する Lower Downtown 作業 会 ӕ決に向け 200 人以上の市民を集め Ӏ題に応じて6 Lower Downtown Task Force の4つのサブ グループ つの作業グループを結成し 検討を進めた その結果 において議論を展開した 歴史保全と経済開発を両立させる同地区の ڐ 画及びそれ デンバーのダウンタウン ڐ 画の策定過程は図-2 の通 りである 策定組織は 初期ビジョン Preliminary Vision を実現させる 制 開発アクションの提案がまとまった デンバーのダウンタウン ڐ 画策定過程でユニークな点 の作成 目標の০定 調査 分析 ڐ 画素案の作成 ڐ は 運営委員会において合意形成を導くために グラフ 画案の作成という流れで ڐ 画策定作業を進めた 一般市 ィック ファシリテーションの技法が活用されたことで 民を対象とするアウトリーチには ڐ 画策定過程の各段 ある 特に 初期ビジョン 図-3 の作成は メンバー 階におけるニュースレター 全3号 の発行 ビルの一 が議論の内容を共有するのに有用であったという d) ま 階半分を利用したダウンタウン エリア ڐ 画スタジオ Downtown Area Plan Studio の০置及びそこにおける た 最終的な ڐ 画は 多数の図面やスケッチ 図-4 に より 理ӕ ワークショップやシャレット オープン ハウス等の開 しやすいも 催が含まれた また ڐ 画素案がまとめられた 1985 年 のとなって 秋には 市議会 ڐ 画委員会 そして一般市民を対象に いる 図-4 ダウンタウン イメージ図面 11) 図-3 初期ビジョン 11)

4 Portland Central City Plan Margaret Strachan 15 Citizen Steering Committee108 Functional Advisory Committees Strachan 2) Strachan

5 e) (2) River for the People e) Land Use and Transportation Plan for Downtown Seattle Land Use and Transportation Project No Action No Action No Action Allied Arts Allied Arts Limited Growth Limited Growth Regional Employment Center Regional Employment Center Allied Arts Limited Growth Regional Employment (3)

6 Citizens Alternative Plan Norman Krumholz W. Dennis Keating (f) (1) 2001 (2) (3) 1) Abbott, Carl (1996) "Five Strategies for Downtown - Policy Discourse and Planning since 1943" (Sies, M. G. and C. Silver eds. "Planning the Twentieth- Century American City", pp , The Johns Hopkins University Press) 2) Keating, W. Dennis and Norman Krumholz (1991) "Downtown Plans of the 1980s", Journal of American Planning Association, Spring 1991, pp ) 2002 () 13 4)2002-1, , p.21 5) 2001 NPO II, pp , 6) Cleveland City Planning Commission (1985) "Civic Vision Program: Planning & Managing Cleveland's Physical Revitalization: Citywide Plan/Downtown Plan" 7) Cleveland City Planning Commission ( ) "Civic Vision: Citywide Plan & Downtown Plan" (Newsletter Issue No.1-8) 8) Cleveland City Planning Commission (1988) "Cleveland Civic Vision 2000 Downtown Plan" 9) Denver Planning Office ( ) "Neighborhood News" (Newsletter) 10) City and County of Denver Department of Planning and Development (1986) "Denver Planning News" (Newsletter) 11) The Denver Partnership, Inc. and Denver Planning Office, City and County of Denver (1986) "Downtown Area Plan - A Plan for the Future of Downtown Denver" 12) Bureau of Planning, City of Portland ( ) "Central City Plan" (Newsletter Issue 1-6) 13) Bureau of Planning, City of Portland (1986) "Staff Report and Recommendations: Plan Alternatives and Options" 14) Bureau of Planning, City of Portland (1998) "Central City Plan" 15) City of Seattle Land Use and Transportation Project (1983) "Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Land Use and Transportation Plan for Downtown Seattle" 16) City of Seattle (1985) "Land Use and Transportation Plan for Downtown Seattle" a) Carl AbbottProfessor, Portland State University School of Urban Studies and Planning / Co-Editor, Journal of the American Planning Association () b) Robert BrownAssistant Director, Cleveland City Planning Commission () c) Hunter MorrisonSenior Fellow, Kent State University Urban Design Center of Northeast Ohio Director, Cleveland City Planning Commission () d) Lisa Purdy (Lisa Purdy Consulting Downtown Area Plan Steering Committee) / Tyler B. Gibbs (Urban Design and Graphics, City and County of Denver Community Planning and Development Agency) () e) Ernie BonnerCity of Portland Planning Commission / Riverfront for the People () f) Norman Krumholz / W. Dennis KeatingProfessor, Cleveland State University College of Urban Affairs ()

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