Tephrochronological Study on Eastern Foot of Mt. Fuji Volcano -With Special Reference to Geomorphological Development Accompanied with Growth of Mt. F

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1 Tephrochronological Study on Eastern Foot of Mt. Fuji Volcano -With Special Reference to Geomorphological Development Accompanied with Growth of Mt. Fuji and Displacement of the Kannawa Fault- Hiroshi MACHIDA, Yoshiaki MATSUSHIMA and Isamu IMANAGA The tephrochronological study of the eastern foot of Mt. Fuji (Fig. 1) would provide abundant data for analyzing not only eruptive history of Fuji volcano but also other late-quaternary events, because there lies a large quantity of tephra derived mainly from the volcano. Several marker pumice layers are found sandwiched within great numbers of scoria sheets and are correlated with those in south Kanto, where stratigraphic position and radiometric age of them were well established (Table 1, 2 and Fig. 3). The revised stratigraphy and chronology in this area should play significant role in discussing several Quaternary problems around there. 1) Mt. Fuji volcano became active ca. 80,000 y. B.P., when the most important marker pumice, or less continuously until ca. 10,000 y. B. P. without any significant periods of quiescence. The Older Fuji tephras are estimated at approximately 250km3 in volume, which are distributed extensively in south Kanto (Fig. 6). These explosive activities ended at about 10,000 y. B. P. and river ca. 80,000 y. B. P. The ancient river took its rise in Tanzawa mountains and might have flowed west- or southwestward into Suruga bay, instead of Sagami bay, the present course flows into. The change in river course appears to have taken place during the period from 80,000 to 60,000 y. B. P., associated with the growth of the volcanic edifice of Mt. Fuji (Fig. 5). 3) The Kannawa fault, one of the most important tectonic lines in central Japan, runs east to west along the northern margin of the area. It branches westwards into two faults; Ku and Ks. Along the Kn fault a thrust is found dipping northward, whereas along most of the course the fault plane is nearly vertical (Fig. 9). The movements of the both faults are younger than the Suruga Gravels, which is displaced vertically more than 50 metres during the last 80,000 years.

2 78 The Quaternary Research Vol. 14 No. 2 Jun Table 1 Stratigraphy and chronology of the area north of Suruga-Oyama. YFT; Younger Fuji Tephra, FB; Fuji Black Humic Ash, OFT; Older Fuji Tephra 1) Otsuka & Mochizuki (1932), 2) Tsuya (1942), 3) Kuno (1951). Fig. 1 Major geologic features around the area studied. 1; The area studied, 2; Alluvial plain 3; Quaternary volcanoes, 4; Pleistocene formations, 5; Pliocene formations, 6; Miocene formations, 7; Pre-Tertiary groups, 8; Intrusives, KF; Kannawa fault.

3 Fig. 2 Geologic map of the area north of Oyama. PR; Present river gravels, G-mf; Gotemba mudflow deposit, FT; Fuji tephras, R; River terrace deposit, MF; Mudflow deposit, TP: Tokyo Pumice, YP; Yoshioka Pumice, OP; Obaradai Pumice, Pm-I and p; Ontake Pumice-I, KmP-2; Middle Kissawa Pumice-2, SG; Suruga gravels, OS; Pyroclastic ejecta of Hakone Old Somma, A; Ashigara group, M; Misaka (Tanzawa) group, KF; Kannawa fault, Kn; Western

4 80 The Quaternary Research Vol. 14 No. 2 Jun Table 2 Characteristics of Marker Tephras. colour from lower to upper unit sorting-lithic fragment: p; poor, m; intermediate, w; well, r; rich. heavy mineral: hy; hypersthene, au; augite, mg; magnetite, ol; olivine, ho; hornblende, bi; biotite. * Analyst; F. ARAI, ** F. ARAI (1972)

5 Fig. 3 Correlation of marker tephras. mf; mudflow deposit, 1.d; lacustrine deposit, br; breccia (talus debris)

6 82 The Quaternary Research Vol. 14 No. 2 Jun Fig. 4 Thickness contour map of YP.

7 Fig. 5 Geographical change in river system at the eastern foot of Mt. Fuji, caused by the growth of Mt. Fuji. (1) At ca. 80,000 y. B. P. (2) At ca. 50,000 y. B. P. Present situation is shown in Fig. 1. Ko; Komitake, A; Ashitaka, OS; Old Somma of Hakone, YS; Young Somma of Hakone, H; Hakone, F; Fuji.

8 84 The Quaternary Research Val. 14 No. 2 Jun HOLOCENE LATE PLEIST MIDDLE PLEIST. MTNS. VOLCANO VOLCANO' TERRACE Fig. 6 Thickness contour map of the Fuji tephra formation during the last 80,000 yrs. F; Fuji tephra, H; Hakone tephra, Y; Yatsugatake tephra, After Fig. 1 in MACHIDA et al (1974).

9 Table 3 Accumulation Rate and Frequency of Tephra-fall.

10 86 The Quaternary Research Vol. 14 No. 2 Jun Fig. 7 Restored contour map of the accumulation surface of the Suruga Gravels. Numbers in parentheses indicate the altitudes of Pm-I sandwiched within the Suruga Gravels. NA; Nakajima, YA; Yanagishima, YU; Yufune, IK; Ikido, OY; Oyama

11 Fig. 8 Geologic map and cross sections showing the displacement of the Suruga Gravels by Kn and Ks faults.

12 88 The Quaternary Research Vol. 14 No. 2 Jun. 1975

13 SUGIMURA, A., MATSUDA, T., CHINZEI, K. and NA- KAMURA, K. (1963) Quantitative distribution of late Cenozoic volcanic materials in Japan. Bull. Volcanol. 26, KUNO, Hisashi (1951) Geology of Hakone Volcano and Adjacent Areas. Part II. Jour. Fac. Sci., TSUYA, Hiromichi (1955) Geological and Petrological Univ. Tokyo, Sec. II VII, Studies of Volcano Fuji, V. On the 1707 eruption of Volcano Fuji. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. 33,

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