Journal of Geography 105(4) Tephrochronology on the Western and Southern Foots of Hakone Volcano, Japan Makoto KOBAYASHI and Masato KOYAM
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1 Journal of Geography 105(4) Tephrochronology on the Western and Southern Foots of Hakone Volcano, Japan Makoto KOBAYASHI and Masato KOYAMA * * Abstract We made a detailed tephrochronological study in the western and southern foots of Hakone Volcano and revealed the eruptive histories of Hakone and other volcanoes since 240 ka. We recognized four widespread tephras, Aira-Tn Ash (AT), Sanbe-IkedaAsh (SI), Kikai-Tozurahara Ash (K-Tz) and Ontake 1 Pumice (On-Pm1 ) as well as the tephras from the adjacent volcanoes, such as Hakone-Mishima Pumice (Hk-CC4), the pyroclastic flow associated with Hakone-Tokyo Pumice (Hk-TPfl), and Hakone Da-5 Pumice from Hakone Volcano, Fuji Susono-1 Scoria and Fuji Susono-2 Scoria (F-Sul and F-Su2 ) and Fuji-Yoshioka Pumice from Fuji Volcano, and the tephras from the Higashi-Izu monogenetic volcano field. Eruption ages of F-Su2, F-Sul, Hk-CC4 and F-YP are estimated to be 36 ka, 37 ka, 43 ka and 85 ka, respectively, by loess-chronometry. The discharge mass and eruptive magnitude M are estimated to be 3.7 ~ 1011 kg and 4.6 for Hk-CC4, and 4.2 ~ 1011 kg and 4.6 for Da-5 Pumice on the basis of their isopach maps. The eruption frequency in the study area is 0.11 times/ ky for the last 240 ky in average, showing an abrupt increase to 0.53 times/ky during 120 ka-135 ka. In this period, both Hakone Volcano and the Higashi-Izu monogenetic volcano field seem to have been active simultaneously. The loess thickness, which is interbedded between Hk-CC4 ( 43 ka) and Hk-TPfl (52 ka), tends to increase toward the eastern foot of Fuji Volcano. The age-depth diagram shows that the accumulation rate of loess is nearly constant in each locality except for the rapid increase at about 50 ka in the Kannami area. The linear accumulation of loess supports the validity of loess-chronometry. The 50 ka increase of loess accumulation rate seems to be associated with enlargement of barren plains, which were located in the eastern of Fuji Volcano and were probably the main source of loess materials. Key words : Hakone Volcano, tephrochronology, loess-chronometry, eruptive history * Department of Geography, Tokyo Metropolitan University ** Faculty of Education, Shizuoka University
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3 Fig. 1 Topographic map of the western and southern foots of Hakone Volcano. Contour interval is 500m. Solid circle shows the locality of each outcrop and number shows the locality number referred in text.
4 Fig. 2 Representative columnar sections.
5
6 Table 2 Eruptive ages of each key tephra and its stratigraphic relationship at the type locality.
7 Fig. 3 Isopach maps of scorias erupted from Fuji Volcano. The thickness is in cm. (a) Fuji Susono-1 Scoria, (b) Fuji Susono-2 Scoria. Table 3 Major elemental composition of volcanic glasses included in Gr and SI. (after Sago, 1994 MS)
8 Table 4 Parameters of the Hk-CC 4 and Da-5 eruptions. Calculation of eruptive mass is based on Hayakawa (1985), and the eruptive magnitude is after Hayakawa (1993). Eruptive ages are shown in Table 2 Fig. 4 Isopach map of Hakone-Mishima Pumice. The thickness is in cm.
9 Fig. 5 Distribution maps of the pyroclastic flow associated with Hakone-Tokyo Pumice (Hk-TPf1). Coarse patterns show lithic fragment-rich facies, and fine patterns show ash-rich facies. Fig. 6 Isopach map of Hakone Da-5 Pumice. The thickness is in cm.
10 Fig. 7 Top : Distribution of the pyroclastic flow associated with Hakone-Tama B1 Pumice (Hk-TB1f1). Solid circles show the localities of outcrops. The locality and topography of Fuyodai Tuff Ring are also shown. Bottom : Distribution of Hakone- Kannnami pyroclastic flow (Hk-Knfl ). Solid circles show the localities of outcrops.
11
12 Fig. 8 Tephra stratigraphy and chronology in the study area. Tephra names are the same in Fig. 2. Their ages and source volcanoes are also shown in Table 1 and 2.
13 Fig. 9 Temporal distribution of eruptions of the adjacent Quaternary volcanoes (Fuji, Hakone, Ashitaka Volcano, and the Higashi-Izu monogenetic volcano field) during the last 200,000 years. The data of Machida et at. (1974), Miyaji (1988), Uesugi (1990) and Koyama et al. (1995) are also used.
14 Fig. 10 Isopach map of the loess between Hk- CC4 (43 ka) and Hk-TPf 1 (52 ka). The thickness is in cm.
15 Fig. 11 Age-depth diagram for representative tephra-loess sections in the study area. Symbols shows the way of age estimate. diamond : tephra of which age is already known, cross : tephra of which age was estimated by interpolation assuming a uniform sedimentation rate within the same site, open circles : tephra of which age was estimated by loess-chronometry in the other sites and in around the Izu-Peninsula.
16 Kobayashi, K., Minagawa, M., Machida, M., Shimizu, H. and Kitagawa, K. (1968) : The Ontake pumice-fall deposit Pm-I as a late Pleistocene time-marker in Central Japan. J. Fac. Sci. Shinsyu Univ., 3, Kuno, H. (1950) : Geology of Hakone volcano and adjacent areas. Part. I. J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sec. II, 7, Kuno, H. (1951) : Geology of Hakone volcano and adjacent areas. Part. II. J. Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo, Sec. II, 7, Newhall, C.G. and Self, S. (1982) : The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) : An estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism. J. Geophys. Res., 87,
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