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1 Research on Nonlinear Oscillation in the Field of Electrical, Electronics, and Communication Engineering Tetsuro ENDO.,.,, (NLP), (1973 ),. (, ),..., 191, 1970, ,,, ,, ,,, ( ), ( ), ( ),,. Tetsuro ENDO, Fellow (Department.of Electronics and Bioinformatics, Kawasaki-shi, Japan). Fundamentals Review Vol. No. pp , 1973,.,,,,,,..,,, 10, 1 3, 4.,,. 198,,,,,.,,,, ,,,. ( ),,.,.., Fundamentals Review Vol. No. 31

2 1 ( ) 191/1/ /03/31 196/04/ /03/ /04/ /03/ /04/ /03/ /04/ /03/ /04/ /03/ /04/ /03/ /04/01-197/03/ /04/ /03/ /04/ /07/31 197/04/ /03/ /07/ /03/ /04/ /03/ /04/01-198/03/ /04/01-198/03/ /04/ /03/31 198/04/ /09/30 198/04/ /03/ /04/01-198/0/ /10/ /09/ /04/ /03/31 198/0/ /0/1 1986/04/ /0/0 1986/10/ /0/ /0/ /0/ /0/1-1989/0/ /0/0-1990/0/ /0/0-1991/0/ /0/0-199/0/ 1990/0/ /0/ /0/18-199/0/ 1991/0/ /0/1 199/0/3-1993/0/1 199/0/3-1994/0/ /0/ /0/ /0/ - 199/0/ /0/14-199/0/ /0/ /0/17 199/0/0-1996/0/17 199/0/0-1997/0/ /0/ /0/ /0/ /0/ 1997/0/ /0/ 1997/0/ /0/1 1998/0/3-1999/0/1 1998/0/3-000/0/1 1999/0/ - 000/0/1 1999/0/ - 001/0/9 000/0/ - 001/0/9 000/0/ - 00/0/7 001/0/30-00/0/7 001/0/30-003/0/7 00/0/8-003/0/7 00/0/8-004/0/8 003/0/8-004/0/8 003/0/8-00/0/7 004/0/9-00/0/7 004/0/9-006/0/7 00/0/8-006/0/6 00/0/8-007/0/4 006/0/7-007/0/4 006/0/7-008/0/4 007/0/ - 008/0/4 007/0/ - 008/0/7-008/0/7 -,,,,.,,,.,,.,.,. 4..,.,., , (a), (b). 1 (a), 1(b) 3 Fundamentals Review Vol. No.

3 (a) ( ) ε = (b)., i = g 1 v + g 3 v 3, g 1,g 3 > 0.,,. π/ π/,.,. 1 (a). ẍ + x = ε Ω (1 x )ẋ + Ω 1 x αy Ω ÿ + y = k ε Ω (1 y )ẏ + Ω k y k αx Ω, x v 1, y v, Ω, α (0 α 1), ε (> 0).,. (1) ε.,,, x = a cos(τ ϕ), ẋ = a sin(τ ϕ) y = b cos(τ θ), ẏ = b sin(τ θ). a, b, ϕ, θ (, ε ), 1, (= )., () x y 1. (1) (= ) ( )., (1),, Ω, k 1 (, ), α (1) (). (1).,. ( ) ȧ = εa 1 a + αb sin(θ ϕ) Ω 4 ϕ = Ω 1 Ω ḃ = k εb Ω ( θ = Ω k Ω αb cos(θ ϕ) a ) k αa sin(θ ϕ) 1 b 4 k αb b cos(θ ϕ), ȧ, ϕ, ḃ, θ =0 (a e, ϕ e, b e, θ e ),,. (3) ( δ =0 ) ( δ =0 ),. α δ., δ (k 1)/k σ (Ω 1)/Ω., 3, 4.,,, (= ),.,. α,.. 1(b). (3) Fundamentals Review Vol. No. 33

4 σ= 1 δ a =b =4 1 1± ε sin(ϕ θ) = σ α 1 σ α δ ( δ) ϕ θ (6) π また, 安定条件は a > 4 となる. 抵抗結合の場合の位相特性, 振 幅特性を図示するとそれぞれ図, 6 のようになる. この場合には 図 3 振幅特性 (コンデンサ結合) ε = 0.0. コンデンサ結合の場合とは異なって同期周波数, 振幅, 位相差及び 参考文献 1 より転載 安定性は直接求められる. 抵抗結合の場合には同期状態はただ一 つだけ存在し, 同期周波数は両発振器の固有周波数の間の値をと る. また同期しているときは両発振器の振幅は常に等しく (> ), かつ両発振器の固有周波数が異なるとき最大となる位相差は同期 範囲内において, π/ から π/ まで連続的に変化し, 両発振器 の固有周波数が等しいとき位相差は0となる. 図 4 位相特性 (コンデンサ結合) ε = 0.0. 図 位相特性 (抵抗結合) 参考文献 1 より転載 x +x= ε Ω 1 α (1 x )x + x + y Ω Ω Ω k ε Ω k k α (1 y )y + x y + y = y+ Ω Ω Ω 参考文献 1 より転載 (4) コンデンサ結合の場合と同様に, 式 (4) の右辺の各項は ε オーダ の微少量であるとする. このとき, 右辺の微少量を0としたとき の解は式 () のようになる. これを基に ε = 0 における解を平均 化法により求めると次の平均化された 1 階の微分方程式が得ら 図 6 振幅特性 (抵抗結合) 参考文献 1 より転載 れる. a = εa Ω 1 a 4 + αb cos(ϕ θ) Ω 4. 発振器の結合系の研究 ϕ = Ω 1 αb sin(ϕ θ) Ω Ωa k εb b = Ω 1 b 4 () + k αb cos(ϕ θ) Ω Ω k k αb θ = sin(ϕ θ) + Ω Ωb 次に図 7 に示す発振器のインダクタンスによる結合系の解析を とは別のやり方で解析してみよう. この系は基本的に 図 1(a) の系において両発振器の固有周波数が等しい場合と同じ である. この系を適当に正規化すると次のような 階の連立微分 方程式が得られる. θ = 0 として漸近安定な平衡点を求めると次 上式より, a, ϕ, b, x 1 ε(1 x1 )x 1 + x1 αx = 0 のような定常解が得られる. x ε(1 x )x + x αx1 = 0 34 (7) Fundamentals Review Vol. No.

5 (7) α ε ε (1). (7). ẍ + Bx = εẋ 1 3 εẋ c [ ] x =[x 1,x ] T, x c =[x 3 1 α α 1,x3 ]T, B = α 1 α (8) : x = Py, P 1. (8) ÿ +(P 1 BP)y = εẏ 1 3 ε(p 1 ẋ c ) (9) B λ 1 = 1 α, λ = 1 + α., λ 1 1 p 1 = [ 1/, 1/ ] T, λ 1 [ p = 1/, 1/ ] T, P =[p1, p ] R, P 1 BP,. [ ] P 1 BP = P T λ 1 0 BP = (10) 0 λ B, P 1 P T. (9). ÿ 1 + ω 1 y 1 = εf 1 (y 1,y, ẏ 1, ẏ ) ÿ + ω y = εf (y 1,y, ẏ 1, ẏ ) ω 1 λ 1, ω λ f 1 (y 1,y, ẏ 1, ẏ ) ẏ εg 1(y 1,y, ẏ 1, ẏ ) f (y 1,y, ẏ 1, ẏ ) ẏ 1 3 εg (y 1,y, ẏ 1, ẏ ). (1) g 1, g. [g 1,g ] T = P 1 ẋ c = d(pt x c ) dt. 1 1 ( 1 P T = 1 1, x c = ( 1 y y y 1 1 y (11) (1) (13) ) 3 ) 3 g 1 = g 3 y 1ẏ1 + 3 ẏ1y +3y 1y ẏ 3 y ẏ + 3 ẏy 1 +3y y 1 ẏ 1, f 1,f. f 1 ẏ 1 1 y 1ẏ1 1 ẏ1y y 1y ẏ = f ẏ 1 y ẏ 1 (14) ẏy1 y y 1 ẏ 1 (11) ε =0 y 1 = ρ 1 sin(ω 1 t + θ 1 ), ẏ 1 = ρ 1 ω 1 cos(ω 1 t + θ 1 ) y = ρ sin(ω t + θ ), ẏ = ρ ω cos(ω t + θ ) (1). ε = 0, (1) ρ i ρ i (t),θ i θ i (t), (11) ρ i sin ψ i + ρ i θi cos ψ i =0 ρ i ω i cos ψ i ρ i ω i θi sin ψ i = f i (y 1,y, ẏ 1, ẏ ) ψ i ω i t + θ i, i =1,,. ρ i = ε ω i f i (y 1,y, ẏ 1, ẏ ) cos(ω i t + θ i ) θ i = ε ω i ρ i f i (y 1,y, ẏ 1, ẏ ) sin(ω i t + θ i ),i=1, (16) y i, ẏ i,i =1, (1) sin, cos t. (16) ε>0, ρ i,θ i. ρ i = θ i = i =1, lim T lim T ε ω i T ε ω i ρ i T T 0 T 0 f i (y 1,y, ẏ 1, ẏ ) cos(ω i t + θ i )dt f i (y 1,y, ẏ 1, ẏ ) sin(ω i t + θ i )dt (17),., ψ i (t) =ω i t+θ i,i=1,, (14), (1) (17). ρ i = ε ω i [ω i ρ i cos ψ i 1 ω iρ 3 i sin ψ i cos ψ i 1 ω iρ i ρ i+1 cos ψ i sin ψ i+1 ] ω i+1 ρ i ρ i+1 sin ψ i sin ψ i+1 cos ψ i cos ψ i+1 θ i = ε ω i [ ω i sin ψ i cos ψ i 1 ω iρ i sin3 ψ i cos ψ i 7 1 ω iρ i ρ i+1 cos ψ i sin ψ i sin ψ i+1 ] ω i+1 ρ i+1 sin ψ i sin ψ i+1 cos ψ i cos ψ i+1 Fundamentals Review Vol. No. 3

6 (18),, p(t) = T lim T 0 p(t)dt (19)., i =1, 3 1. (18)., ω 1,ω (, ). ω 1 /ω = m/n m, n,. cos ψ i = + 1 cos ψ i(t) = 1 sin ψ i cos ψ i = sin ψ i(t) =0 sin ψ i cos ψ = cos 4ψ i(t) = 1 8 sin ψ i+1 cos ψ = cos ψ i(t) cos ψ i+1 (t) cos ψ i (t) cos ψ i+1 (t) = 1 4 sin ψ i sin ψ i+1 cos ψ i cos ψ i+1 = 4 sin ψ i(t) sin ψ i+1 (t) =0 sin ψ i = 1 cos ψ i(t) = 1 sin 3 ψ i cos ψ i = 4 sin ψ i(t) 1 8 sin 4ψ i(t) =0 sin ψ i cos ψ i sin ψ i+1 = 4 sin ψ i(t) 1 4 sin ψ i(t) cos ψ i+1 (t) =0 sin ψ i sin ψ i+1 cos ψ i+1 = 4 sin ψ i+1(t) 1 4 sin ψ i+1(t) cos ψ i (t) =0 (0) (0) i =1, i (18) (0), ρ 1, θ 1, ρ, θ. ρ 1 = 1 16 ερ 1(8 ρ 1 ρ ) (1a) ρ = 1 16 ερ (8 ρ ρ 1) (1b) θ 1 = 0 (1c) θ = 0 (1d) 0, (1) y 1 y ω 1 ω,, θ 1 (t),θ (t)., (1a), (1b),. 0.,. (ρ 1s,ρ s )=(0, 0), (, 0), (0, ), ( 8/3, 8/3) ().. J. [ ] J = 1 16 ε 8 3ρ 1s ρ s 4ρ 1s ρ s (3) 4ρ 1s ρ s 8 ρ 1s 3ρ s, ε>0, (, 0), (0, ),. (, 0) y y 1 = sin(ω 1 t + θ 1 ),y = 0, (0, ) y 1 =0,y = sin(ω t + θ ). x 1 1 x = Py, P = 1 1. (, 0) (= ) : x 1 = x = sin(ω 1 t + θ 1 ) (0, ) (= ) : x 1 = x = sin(ω t + θ ) ω 1 = 1 α, ω = 1+α, θ 1,θ. 0 <ε 1, ,.,, 3 4., I V i = g 1 v g 3 v 3 + g v,g 1,g 3,g > 0, 9. 7 N,. ẍ 1 + ε(1 βx 1 + x4 1 )ẋ 1 + x 1 αx =0 ẍ + ε(1 βx + x4 )ẋ + x αx 1 =0 (4) 0 < ε 1, 36 Fundamentals Review Vol. No.

7 f i (y 1,y, ẏ 1, ẏ ) ẏ i βg i(y 1,y, ẏ 1, ẏ ) 1 h i(y 1,y, ẏ 1, ẏ ) (7b). g 1,g,h 1,h. (a) [g 1,g ] T = P 1 ẋ c = d(pt x c ) dt [h 1,h ] T = P 1 ẋ f = d(pt x f ) dt (8) (b) 8 (3) 0 α 1, β.. ẍ + Bx = εẋ εβẋ c 1 εẋ f (a) x =[x 1,x ] T, x c =[x 3 1,x3 ]T, x f =[x 1,x ]T [ ] 1 α (b) B = α 1. (a) : x = Py, P 1. ÿ +(P 1 BP)y = εẏ εβ(p 1 ẋ c ) 1 ε(p 1 ẋ f ) (6) B λ 1 =1 α, λ =1+α. 4.,.. g 1 = g h 1 = h 3 y 1ẏ1 + 3 ẏ1y +3y 1y ẏ 3 y ẏ + 3 ẏy 1 +3y y 1 ẏ 1 y4 1ẏ1+ 1 y 1ẏ1y + 10 y 3 1 y ẏ y4 ẏ+ 1 yẏy y 3y 1ẏ 1 + ẏ1y y 1 y 3 ẏ ẏy y y 3 1ẏ1 (9) (7a) (1), ρ i ρ i (t),θ i θ i (t) ρ θ (16) (7b) f 1,f., ω 1,ω,. U i ρ i,i=1,. U 1 = εu 1 (1 1 8 βu βu U U U 1U ) U = εu (1 1 8 βu 1 4 βu U U U U 1 ) θ 1 =0 θ =0 ÿ i + ω i y i = εf i (y 1,y, ẏ 1, ẏ ),i=1, ω i λ i (7a) (30) 0, y 1,y.. 9 ( ). (U 1s,U s )=(0, 0), (β ± β 8, 0), (0, β ± β 8), ( ) 3β ± 9β 80, 3β ± 9β 80 (β ± 16 β,β 16 β ) (31) 9 I V,,. Fundamentals Review Vol. No. 37

8 (U 1s,U s )=(0, 0), (β + β 8, 0), (0, β + β 8), ( ) 3β + 9β 80, 3β + 9β 80 D ( ). (3) (0, 0)., y y 1 = β + β 8 sin(ω 1 t + θ 1 ),y = 0 (33) y 1 =0,y = β + β 8 sin(ω t + θ ) (34) 10. 3, x, x 1 = y 1 / +y /, x = y 1 / y /. (β + β 8, 0) (= ): β > 8 x 1 = x = β + β 8 sin(ω 1 t + θ 1 ) (0, β + β 8) (= ): β > 8 x 1 = x = β + β 8 sin(ω t + θ ). ((3β + 9β 80)/, (3β + 9β 80)/) (= ): 4 /3 <β<4 x 1 = 0.3β +0.3 β 80 9 sin(ω 1t + θ 1 ) + 0.3β +0.3 β 80 9 sin(ω t + θ ) x = 0.3β +0.3 β 80 9 sin(ω 1t + θ 1 ) 0.3β +0.3 β 80 9 sin(ω t + θ ) ω 1 = 1 α, ω = 1+α, θ 1,θ. 0 <ε 1, 8, β =3.3 (30), 11 S:, R:, D:, ( ), 4. 1, α 0,., ( ), 4. ( α ), (,, )., 4. 3 ( ),, ( )., 4. 3,,. 38 Fundamentals Review Vol. No.

9 , 1 α, ()., ( ),,,.,,,,,.., ( ),, 0 180, x 1,x.,,,,. α., α, α., ε,,.,. 7 T. Miyano and T. Tsutsui, Data synchronization in a network of coupled phase oscillators, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol.98, 0410, 007. ( ) PLL IEEE Circuits & Systems 006 IEEE.,,.,. 6, 7..,.. 1,,,, vol. 48,no.9, pp.11-17, 196. T. Endo and S. Mori, Mode analysis of a multimode ladder oscillator, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol.cas3, no., pp , ,,,, T. Endo and T. Ohta, Multimode oscillations in a coupled oscillator system with fifth-power nonlinear characteristics, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol.cas7, no.4, pp.77-83, Y. Uwate and Y. Nishio, Synchronization phenomena in van der Pol oscillators coupled by a time-varying resistor, Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos, vol.17, no.10, pp , M. Yamauchi, M. Wada, Y. Nishio, and A. Ushida, Wave propagation phenomena of phase states in oscillators coupled by inductors as a ladder, IEICE Trans.Fundamentals, vol.e8-a, no.11, pp.9-98, Nov Fundamentals Review Vol. No. 39

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