森林総合研究所研究報告 Vol.10-No.3（No.420）
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1 (Bulletin of FFPRI) Vol.1 (No.42) September 211 論 文 (Original article) 去 川 森 林 理 水 試 験 地 における 流 出 水 の 水 質 1)* 2) 3) 2) 1) 4) 4) 5) Streamwater chemistry at the Sarukawa Experimental Watershed Shuichiro YOSHINAGA 1), Yoshiyuki INAGAKI 2), Tsuyoshi YAMADA 3), Satoru MIURA 2), Akira SHIMIZU 1), Takanori SHIMIZU 4), Yasuhiro OGAWA 4), and Yasuo MIYABUCHI 5) Abstract Streamwater chemistry at the Sarukawa Experimental Watershed was observed to investigate its variation as a function of runoff rate and to evaluate annual nutrient runoff characteristics. The Sarukawa Experimental Watershed, located in Miyazaki Prefecture, southwestern Japan, consists of three forested watersheds that experience high annual precipitation of more than 25 mm. Most precipitation fell during the summer and autumn, resulting in seasonal variations in the runoff rate, which was high during the summer and autumn and low during the winter. Most solute concentrations in the streamwater also showed seasonal variation, with a strong negative correlation with the runoff rate. The streamwater chemistry is thus influenced by variations in hydrological characteristics. Annual nutrient runoff rates of Na +, Mg 2+, Ca 2+ and sulfur in the watersheds exceeded the annual atmospheric inputs observed at the Tano Station near the study watersheds, suggesting that most of these components are released from the soil and bedrock within the watershed by chemical weathering. On the other hand, annual nitrogen runoff rate at and watersheds from 1997 to 1999, and at No.1 watershed in 1997 and 1998, were lower than the annual atmospheric N input owing to retention by the plants within the watershed. However, at No.1 watershed in 1999, where annual precipitation reached 4375 mm, the annual N runoff rate exceeded the annual atmospheric nitrogen input, although streamwater nitrate concentrations in 1999 were similar to those in 1997 and This phenomenon is likely to be caused by rapid nitrate leaching from surface soils during a storm event, indicating that hydrological processes strongly affect nutrient budgets, particularly the nitrogen budget, within the watershed. Key words : Sarukawa Experimental Watershed, streamwater chemistry, nutrient runoff rate, nitrogen budge NO 3 - NO Received 23 March Accepted 23 May 211 1) Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) 2) Department of Forest Site, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) 3) Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) 4) Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) 5) Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University * Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Kurokami , Kumamoto , Japan; yoshinag@ffpri.affrc.go.jp
2 148 YOSHINAGA, S. et al. 1982; Muraoka and Hirata, 1988; 2; 22 2mm 25mm ( ) 1 ha 3 (Fig ) 25 km 3 ( : 6.56 ha : m) ( : 9.17 ha : m) ( : 8.18 ha 2 29 m) ( 196) (B A ) (B C ) (B D ) ( 1965) 3 ( Fig. 1 : : : M: 1:25, 1 Fig. 1 Location of the Sarukawa Experimental Watershed : Watershed No. 1, : Watershed No. 2, : Watershed No. 3 and M: Meteorological station. Fig. 1 Part of Arimizu 1:25, topographic map published by the Geographical Survey Institute was used. : : : M: 1:25, 1 3, 211 Fig. 1 Location of the Sarukawa Experimental Watershed : Watershed No. 1, : Watershed No. 2, : Watershed No. 3 and M: Meteorological station. Part of Arimizu 1:25, topographic map published by the Geographical Survey Institute was used.
3 Streamwater chemistry at the Sarukawa Experimental Watershed ) (43%) (28) m V (28) mm (1993 ) 1913 mm (1994 ) 3294 mm ml (EC) (TOA CM-4V) ph (TOA HM-26S).45 μm Na + NH 4 + K + Cl - NO 3 - SO 4 (YOKOGAWA IC7D) Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Si ICP (PerkinElmer Optima3XL) (DIC).1 M - H 2 SO 4 ph 4.8 EANET (2) (L-Q ) L-Q 34 L-Q (DIN) Tukey-Kramer HSD (Pearson ) JMP5..1J (SAS Institute Japan ) mm 2859 mm 4375 mm ( 28) mm 1672 mm 3371 mm 158 mm 1511 mm 3157 mm 1611 mm 1753 mm 38 mm ( 28) mm mm Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.1,, 211
4 15 YOSHINAGA, S. et al mm (Fig.2 3 4) mm 3.5 mm mm mm (1985) mm mm ph EC Table 1 ph EC 7.49 ms m ms m ms m -1 3 Mg 2+ Ca 2+ NO 3 - SO 4 Si Na + K + Cl - K + Cl - NO 3-3 DIC Fig. 2 ( ) Fig. 3 ( ) Fig. 4 ( ) 3 Na + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ SO 4 DIC Si Na + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ SO 4 DIC Si K + Cl - NO 3 - K mmol L -1 Cl mmol L mmol L mmol L -1 Cl mm mm mm 1 mm Cl - Mg 2+ Ca 2+ SO 4 Si DIC NO mm 38 mm mm Table Mg 2+ Ca 2+ SO 4 DIC r.8 (p<.1) Na + r NO 3 - K + (r=.296 p<.5) (r= p<.1) NO 3 - Si Si Na + K + Cl - SO 4 Si NO 3 - (Fig.5) K + K + Cl - log (Q) Na + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ SO 4 DIC 3 (p<.1) (Fig.5 Table 2 3 4) L-Q Table 5 DIN Si 1 3, 211
5 Streamwater chemistry at the Sarukawa Experimental Watershed 151 Precipitation (mm day -1 ) A Runoff rate (mm day -1 ) B C Cl - NO 3 - SO D E Na + K + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Si DIC JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFM Fig. 2 (A) (B) (C) Cl - NO 3 - SO 4 (D) Na + K + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ (E) Si DIC Fig. 2 Variations of (A) daily precipitation, (B) daily runoff rate, (C) Cl -, NO 3 - and SO 4 concentrations, (D) Na +, K +, Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ concentrations and (E) Si and DIC concentrations at Watershed No. 1 Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.1,, 211
6 152 YOSHINAGA, S. et al. Precipitation (mm day -1 ) A Runoff rate (mm day -1 ) B C Cl - NO 3 - SO D E Na + K + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Si DIC JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFM Fig. 3 (A) (B) (C) Cl - NO 3 - SO 4 (D) Na + K + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ (E) Si DIC Fig. 3 Variations of (A) daily precipitation, (B) daily runoff rate, (C) Cl -, NO 3 - and SO 4 concentrations, (D) Na +, K +, Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ concentrations and (E) Si and DIC concentrations at Watershed No , 211
7 Streamwater chemistry at the Sarukawa Experimental Watershed 153 Precipitation (mm day -1 ) A Runoff rate (mm day -1 ) B C Cl - NO 3 - SO D E Na + K ; Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Si DIC JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFM Fig. 4 (A) (B) (C) Cl - NO 3 - SO 4 (D) Na + K + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ (E) Si DIC Fig. 4 Variations of (A) daily precipitation, (B) daily runoff rate, (C) Cl -, NO 3 - and SO 4 concentrations, (D) Na +, K +, Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ concentrations and (E) Si and DIC concentrations at Watershed No. 3 Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.1,, 211
8 154 YOSHINAGA, S. et al. Table 1 ( ) (n=36) (Tukey-Kramer HSD p<.1) Table 1 Solute concentrations for each watershed Arithmetic means (standard deviations) are shown. Different letters show the significant difference (p<.1) Watershed ph EC Na + K + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Cl - NO 3 - (ms m -1 ) No a.1674 b.139 b.116 a.1536 a.143 b.311 a.835 a.2495 b.4366 a (.15) (.91) (.115) (.24) (.185) (.257) (.81) (.91) (.178) (.287) (.595) ab.1787 a.165 a.968 a.135 ab.1182 a.156 b.687 b.2888 a.4165 a (.15) (.77) (.117) (.29) (.146) (.221) (.82) (.67) (.12) (.35) (.557) b.1725 ab.117 c.136 a.135 b.959 c.93 c.737 ab.2981 a.4249 a (.2) (1.27) (.159) (.23) (.257) (.346) (.76) (.54) (.195) (.367) (.922) SO 4 Si DIC Table 2 (log(q)) (* p<.5 ** p<.1 ) Table 2 Correlation matrix for streamwater chemistry and runoff rate (log(q)) at Watershed No. 1. Significant level: *p<.5, **p<.1 No.1 Na + K + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Cl - - NO 3 SO 4 Si DIC K * Mg **.313 Ca ** ** Cl -.77 ** NO * SO ** **.933 ** Si.371 *.526 * ** ** DIC.777 **.49 *.921 **.92 ** ** -.43 log(q) ** ** -.89 ** -.42 * ** ** Table 3 (log(q)) (* p<.5 ** p<.1 ) Table 3 Correlation matrix for streamwater chemistry and runoff rate (log(q)) at Watershed No. 2. Significant level: *p<.5, **p<.1 Na + K + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Cl - - NO 3 SO 4 Si DIC K Mg **.367 Ca ** ** Cl -.63 ** NO ** SO **.86 ** -.43 **.275 Si.531 **.466 * ** * ** DIC.734 **.539 *.946 **.922 ** **.137 log(q) ** ** -.82 ** ** ** Table 4 (log(q)) (* p<.5 ** p<.1 ) Table 4 Correlation matrix for streamwater chemistry and runoff rate (log(q)) at Watershed No. 3. Significant level: *p<.5, **p<.1 Na + K + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Cl - - NO 3 SO 4 Si DIC K Mg **.3 Ca ** ** Cl **.26 *.489 **.433 * - NO ** SO ** **.938 ** Si.46 *.354 * * DIC.856 ** **.966 **.57 ** **.61 log(q) ** ** ** ** ** ** 1 3, 211
9 Streamwater chemistry at the Sarukawa Experimental Watershed Si No.1 Na + No.1 Ca 2+ No.1 Mg 2+ No Runoff rate (mm day -1 ) NO 3 - No.1 Cl - No.1 SO 4 No.1 K + No Runoff rate (mm day -1 ) Fig. 5 Fig. 5 Relationship between solute concentrations and daily runoff rate Fig. 5 Relationship between solute concentrations and daily runoff rate Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.1,, 211
10 156 YOSHINAGA, S. et al. Table 5 *1: (21) *2: (22) *3: (1994) *4: (1991) *5: Baba and Okazaki (1998) *6: Ikeda and Miyanaga (21) *7: Kunimatsu et al. (21) *8: (2) *9: (1992) Table 5 Nutrient runoff rates for each watershed. Atmospheric input near the Sarukawa experiment watershed and results of nutrient runoff rates in other region in Japan were also shown. *1: Takagi and Nogami (21), *2: Committee of Acid Rain Monitoring Survey, Ministry of Environment (22), *3: Inokura et al. (1994), *4: Hirata and Muraoka (1991), *5: Baba and Okazaki (1998), *6: Ikeda and Miyanaga (21), *7: Kunimatsu et al. (21), *8: Asano et al. (2) and *9: Kunimatsu et al. (1992) Site Year Precipitation Runoff rate Na + K + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Cl - DIN S Si DIC mm mm kmol ha -1 y -1 Nutrient runoff at the Sarukawa No mean mean mean Atmospheric input near the Sarukawa Tano * Ebino * Shiiba-A * Shiiba-B * Nutrient runoff in other regions Tsukuba (Ibaraki) * Hakyuchi (Tokyo) * Jingahata (Yamanashi) * Chugu (Ishikawa) * Aburahi-N (Shiga) * Aburahi-S (Shiga) * Myokoji (Shiga) * Kiryu (Shiga) * Jakujo (Shiga) * Rachidani (Shiga) * Asahinomori-R (Shiga) * Asahinomori-L (Shiga) * Higashidani (Kochi) * DIN ( 28; Fukushima and Tokuchi, 29) ( 26a; 26b) ( 1995; 1996) ( ; 1998; 24) 1 km 1 3, 211
11 Streamwater chemistry at the Sarukawa Experimental Watershed 157 Cl - Mg 2+ Ca 2+ SO 4 NO mmol L -1 (1961) Cl - ( 22; 25 ) Cl - Cl - (Fig. 5) Na + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ SO 4 DIC (Fig ) Na + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ DIC ( 1988 ) SO 4 (S) ( 1981) SO 4 Na + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ DIC SO 4 Na + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Si Si Mg 2+ Ca 2+ DIC Si Si Cl - Cl - Si Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Si Si Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Si Mg 2+ Ca 2+ NO 3 - NO 3 - (Muraoka and Hirata, 1988; 2 24; Shibata et al, 21; 26a 26b ) ( 24) NO 3 - NO 3 - NO 3 - Na + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ SO 4 DIC Si Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.1,, 211
12 158 YOSHINAGA, S. et al. Cl - Si NO 3 - (Vitousek, 1977 ) (Likens et al., 197; Vitousek and Melillo, 1979 ) NO 3 - ( 25; 25; 28 ) 3 EC Mg 2+ Ca 2+ SO 4 Si NO 3-3 NO m 3 ha m 3 ha m 3 ha ( 28) 3 3 Fig.5 Si NO 3-3 Si NO 3 - NO 3 - ( 196) (Table ; 21 Table 5 4 km ( 22) 7 km ( ) 1991 ( 1994) Na + Cl - DIN S K + B Na + Cl - 15 km 2 DIN.5 kmol ha -1 y kmol ha -1 y -1 S 4.29 kmol ha -1 y -1 4 (Table 5) Na + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ S K + 1 3, 211
13 Streamwater chemistry at the Sarukawa Experimental Watershed 159 Cl - DIN DIN Cl - DIN Cl - Cl - Cl - Cl - Cl - DIN.1.5 kmol ha -1 y -1 (Muraoka and Hirata, 1988) ( FM ; Baba and Okazaki, 1998) DIN (Table 5) DIN.5 kmol ha -1 y kmol ha -1 y mm mm NO DIN NO 3 - NO 3 - NO mmol L -1 DIN DIN DIN NO Si 13 (Table 5) (Ikeda and Miyanaga, 21) Si DIC Si DIC Si DIC Si Ca mm 3 Na + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ SO 4 DIC Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.1,, 211
14 16 YOSHINAGA, S. et al. 3 Na + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ S 1999 NO 3 - DIN DIN DIN NO 3 - (2) H Baba, M. and Okazaki, M. (1998) Acidification in nitrogen-saturated forested catchment, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 44, EANET (2) Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) Program for Wet Deposition Monitoring in East Asia, 29pp., qaqc/qaqcwet.pdf. (28) Fukushima, K. and Tokuchi, N. (29) Factors controlling the acid-neutralizing capacity of Japanese cedar forest watershed in stands of various ages and topographic characteristics, Hydrological Processes, 23, (1982) (25) (1988) (1991) Ikeda, H. and Miyanaga, Y. (21) Comparison of acid neutralization by chemical weathering between acidified and non-acidified watersheds, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 131, (1994) ph (22) (22) pp acapjp/doc/4th_rain_measure_investigation.pdf (2) (24) NO (1961) (1992) ( ) Kunimatsu, T., Hamabata, E., Sudo, M. and Hida, Y. (21) Comparison of nutrient budgets between three forested mountain watersheds on granite bedrock, Water Science and Technology, 44, Likens, G. E., Bormann, F. H., Johnson, N. M., 1 3, 211
15 Streamwater chemistry at the Sarukawa Experimental Watershed 161 Fisher, D. W. and Pierce, R. S. (197) Effects (196) (1995) (1996) of forest cutting and herbicide treatment on nutrient budgets in the Hubbard Brook watershedecosystem, Ecological Monographs, 4, Muraoka, K. and Hirata, T. (1988) Streamwater chemistry during rainfall events in a forested basin, Journal of Hydrology, 235, (1998) 1997 ph EC Shibata, H., Kuraji, K., Toda, H. and Sasa, K. (21) Regional comparison of nitrogen export to Japanese forest streams, The Scientific World, 1, (25) (28) (26a) 6 (26b) (1962) (1965) (1985) (21) (24) NO 3 -N (1981) 32(3) (25) Vitousek, P. M. (1977) The regulation of element concentrations in mountain streams in the n o r t h e a s t e r n U n i t e d S t a t e s, E c o l o g i c a l Monographs, 47, Vitousek, P. M. and Melillo, J. M. (1979) Nitrate losses from disturbed forests: patterns and mechanisms, Forest Science, 25, Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.1,, 211
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