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1 1 Nishimoto Koji 1 2 Arctic Issues Arctic Coastal States No

2 NWP NEP AC: Arctic Council 1 1 No

3 EEZ EEZ EEZ international strait 15 EEZ EEZ No

4 EEZ EEZ EEZ IMO 234 No

5 IMO 25 MARPOL73/78 SOLAS IMO 2 4 WTO WTO EEZ No

6 AC IMO AC AWPPA: Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act 42 AWPAA NORDREG No

7 AWPPA IMO SOLAS NSR 47 NSR 1990 NSR NSR NSR NSRA: Northern Sea Route Administration NSRA NSR No

NSRA: Northern Sea Route Administration 49 234

8 AC Arctic States 54 AC AC 55 AC AC peoples 56 AC 57 No

9 AC AC AC AC EEZ 3 2 AC AC No

10 67 2 IMO IACS AC IMO IMO NGO IACS 70 IMO 2006 IACS URI IMO Arctic Ocean Conference 74 5 IMO 75 AC No

IMO 2002 2009 72 2010 73 3 2008 5 5 Arctic

11 AC AC EU 2008 EU 77 EU AC EU AC AC EU EU EU 3 1 AC No

12 IMO AC 2 AC AC No

13 Vol. 41, No See also, Anatoly Zolotukhin, Russia s Polar Oil and Gas Potential, Myron H. Nordquist, Tomas H. Heidar and John Norton Moore eds., Changes in the Arctic Environment and the Law of the Sea, Martinus Nijhoff, 2010, pp R R. Douglas Brubaker, The Russian Arctic Straits, Brill, 2005, pp ; Ted L. McDorman, Salt Water Neighbors: International Ocean Law Relations between the United States and Canada, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp Michael Byers, International Law and the Arctic, Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp McDorman, supra note 7, pp Michael Byers, Who Owns the Arctic?: Understanding Sovereignty Disputes in the North, Douglas & McIntyre, 2009, pp No

Douglas Brubaker, The Russian Arctic Straits, Brill, 2005, pp. 23 41; Ted L.

14 Brubaker, supra note 7, pp ; E. J. Molenaar, Arctic Marine Shipping: Overview of the International Legal Framework, Gaps and Options, Journal of Transnational Law & Policy, Vol , pp ; R. Douglas Brubaker, The Arctic Navigational Issues under International Law of the Sea, The Yearbook of Polar Law, Vol , pp ; McDorman, supra note 7, pp ; Byers, supra note 8, pp Brubaker, supra note 7, pp McDorman, supra note 7, pp McDorman, supra note 7, pp Brubaker, supra note 7, p. 39; Kristin Bartenstein, The Arctic Exception in the Law of the Sea Convention: A Contribution to Safer Navigation in the Northwest Passage? Ocean Development & International Law, Vol. 42, Issue 1 2, 2011, pp Zolotukhin, supra note 3, pp JOGMEC Igor V. Stepanov, Peter Ørebech and R. Douglas Brubaker, Legal Implications for the Russian Northern Sea Route and Westward in the Barents Sea, FNI Fridtjof Nansens No

Douglas Brubaker, The Arctic Navigational Issues under International Law of the Sea, The Yearbook of Polar Law, Vol. 2 2010, pp. 7 114; McDorman, supra note 7, pp. 207 280; Byers, supra note 8, pp.

15 Institute Report, No WTO Suzanne Lalonde and Frédéric Lasserre, The Position of the United States on the Northwest Passage: Is the Fear of Creating a Precedent Warranted? Ocean Development & International Law, Vol. 44, No , pp N. C. Howson, Breaking the ice: the Canadian-American dispute over the Arctic s Northwest Passage, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol , pp ; McDorman, supra note 7, pp , Agreement on Arctic Cooperation and Exchange of Notes concerning Transit of the Northwest Passage Canada-United States of America signed and entered into force 11 January 1988, ILM International Legal Materials, Vol National Security Presidential Directive 66 NSPD-66 /Homeland Security Presidential Directive HSPD- 25. U. S. Navy Arctic Roadmap October USN_artic_roadmap.pdf Kristin Bartenstein, Navigating the Arctic: The Canadian NORDREG, the International Polar Code and Regional Cooperation, German Yearbook of International Law, Vol , pp McDorman, supra note 7, pp htm NORDREG Bartenstein, supra note 40, pp See, Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Services Zone Regulations, SOR/ , 2010; Canada Gazette, Part II, Vol. 144, No. 13, 23 June ; W. Dunlap, Transit Passage in the Russian Arctic Straits, Maritime Briefing, Vol. 1, No , p. 19; Brubaker, supra note No

Ocean Development & International Law, Vol. 44, No. 1 2013, pp. 28 72. 33 N. C.

16 Dunlap, supra note 46, p Ibid., pp Evan T. Bloom, Establishment of the Arctic Council, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 93, No , pp ; Timo Koivurova and David VanderZwaag, The Arctic Council at 10 Years: Retrospect and Prospects, University of British Columbia Law Review, Vol , pp Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council, Sept. 19, AC arctic-council.org 55 Bloom, supra note 53, pp. 714, See supra note AC Arctic Council, Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment PAME Working Group, Guidelines for Transfer of Refined Oil and Oil Products in Arctic Waters, November Arctic Council, PAME Working Group, Arctic Offshore Oil and Gas Guidelines, April. 29, Arctic Council, Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic, 12 May 2011, ILM, Vol SAR Arctic Council, Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution, Preparedness and Response in the Arctic Guidelines for Ships Operating in Arctic Ice-Covered Waters MSC/Circ.1056-MEPC/Circ.399, MARPOL SOLAS IACS International Association of Classification Societies IACS, Requirements concerning POLAR CLASS, IACS Req. 2006/Rev.1, 2007 Corr. 1 Oct. 2007, UR I1-I3 publications/unified_requirements/pdf/ur_i_pdf410.pdf. 72 International Maritime Organization IMO, Guidelines for Ships Operating in Polar Waters, No

1 97 115 110 3 71 94 2 2013 4 6 117 127 54 Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council, Sept. 19, 1996. AC arctic-council.org 55 Bloom, supra note 53, pp. 714, 721 722.

17 Arctic Ocean Conference, the Ilulissat Declaration, May 28, Ibid., para European Parliament, Resolution of 9 October 2008 on Arctic Governance 2010/C 9 E/ Commission of the European Communities, The European Union and the Arctic Region, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, COM Ibid, p European Union, EU Joint communication: Developing a European Union Policy towards the Arctic Region: progress since 2008 and next steps, JOIN 2012, 19 final B nishimot a isc.senshu-u.ac.jp No

78 Commission of the European Communities, The European Union and the Arctic Region, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the

Microsoft Word - 沖縄を取り巻く国際環境と地域協力の意義0520.docx

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