1911 F0 5) SingBySpeaking F0 F0 F0 4 F0 2. F0 4) 5) rate extent 6) rate 5.6 [Hz] extent 87 [cent] F0 5.2 [%] F0 SingBySpeaking 7) F0 Fig. 1 1 F0 F0 co

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1 Vol. 52 No (May 2011) This paper describes the details of singing database for analyzing the differences of musical expressions ( and portamento) among professional singers and the effective features for controlling the differences of s. Vibratos were analyzed by utilizing database composed of various types of songs for synthesizing singing voices with high-quality. The features of fundamental frequency (F0) contours about the rate and the extent of were analyzed and the result suggested that they varied according to the types of songs. We designed singing database by recording the singing voices that four professional singers expressed and portamento for analyzing the differences of musical expressions among professional singers. We can synthesize natural singing voices flexibly by controlling F0 contours of various professional singers, provided that effective features for controlling the differences of musical expressions among professional singers are extracted. Then, we studied the effectiveness of conventional features and proposed features about extracted from singing database. The results suggested that the features were different by professional singers and effective for controlling s F0 4 F0 Study of Effective Features for Controlling the Differences of Vibratos Among Singers by Utilizing Singing Database Naoto Migita, 1 Masanori Morise 1 and Takanobu Nishiura 1 1. YAMAHA VOCALOID 1) VOCALOID F0 F0 VocaListener 2) VOCALOID VocaListener VOCALOID F0 3) F0 4) 5) 6) SingBySpeaking 7) 1 Ritsumeikan University 1910 c 2011 Information Processing Society of Japan

2 1911 F0 5) SingBySpeaking F0 F0 F0 4 F0 2. F0 4) 5) rate extent 6) rate 5.6 [Hz] extent 87 [cent] F0 5.2 [%] F0 SingBySpeaking 7) F0 Fig. 1 1 F0 F0 contour of a singing voice. 2.1 rate extent F0 8) rate extent (1) (2) R n[sec] E n[cent] 1 F0 F0 1 N F0 rate extent 1 F0 (3) f Hz f cent 1 rate = 1 N N R n, (1) n=1 extent = 1 2N f cent =1200log 2 ( fhz 261 N E n, (2) n=1 ) (3) 9) rate

3 1912 5) 6) 14 [%] 0.8 [Hz] 8[%] 0.5 [Hz] 10) [cent] 2.2 F0 SingBySpeaking 7) F0 (4) ω k 6) F0 F0 F0 extent k/ω rate ω F0 rate 6.3 [Hz] extent [cent] F0 4 5[%] 5) v 1(t) = k sin(ωt). (4) ω (5) m 14 [%] 5) v 2(t) = k sin(ωt + exp(mt)). (5) ω 5) F Table 1 Recording conditions of singing database. /a/ /i/ /u/ /e/ /o/ 2 [sec] 96 [khz] 24 [bit] NEUMANN U87Ai NC-15 11) RWC 12) ) 1 1 ± , , NC NC-15

4 Table 2 Composition of singing database. 1 B3...B4 B2...B4 B3 2 C3...C4 C2...C4 C3 1 GACKT D3...D4 G2...G4 G3 2 E3...E4 E2...E4 E3 3.1 F0 F MOS Mean Opinion Score /a/ [dba] SONY MDR-CD900ST /a/ 6 3 First Love GACKT Vanilla 2 MOS t 14) MOS Fig. 2 Results of evaluation experiment about singing database (MOS). MOS 4 2 MOS t 2 4 F0 4. SingBySpeaking 7) rate extent F0 5) 10)

5 Fig. 3 Time fluctuation of rate (solid line) and approximated curve (dotted line). 4 F0 Fig. 4 F0 contour (solid line) and time fluctuation of extent (dotted line). 5 Fig. 5 Singing section and section. 4.1 rate s fluctuation rate s fluctuation 3 F0 15) F0 5) (6) β rate s fluctuation α r(t) =α exp(βt). (6) 4.2 extent s fluctuation 4 F0 F0 F0 f(t) f a(t) (7) (8) (9) j f h (t) f a(t) IDFT ω F (ω) f(t) extent s fluctuation f a(t) =f(t)+jf h (t), (7) f h = IDFT(F h (ω)), (8) { jf(ω),ω >0, F h (ω) = (9) jf(ω),ω < duration 5 /a/ F0 duration STRAIGHT 16) 520 4

6 Table 3 Averages of each feature. rate s extent s F (1) STRAIGHT 16) F0 F0 3,000 6,500 [cent] F0 1[msec] F0 (2) F0 8) (3) duration 10 [Hz] LPF Low Pass Filter F R n E n rate extent LPF F0 4 rate s fluctuation extent s fluctuation t 14) Tukey 14) Tukey 4 4C 2 = t Tukey 0.05 t 4 Tukey rate Fig. 6 Histograms of rates (Solid lines: normal voices, dotted lines: imitation voices). 8 rate s fluctuation Fig. 8 Histograms of rate s fluctuations (Solid lines: normal voices, dotted lines: imitation voices). 7 extent Fig. 7 Histograms of extents (Solid lines: normal voices, dotted lines: imitation voices). 9 Fig. 9 extent s fluctuation Histograms of extent s fluctuations (Solid lines: normal voices, dotted lines: imitation voices). 5.1 Vibrato rate rate [Hz] [Hz] [Hz] [Hz] [Hz] rate 5) 6.3 [Hz]

7 1916 Table 4 4 t Results of t-test between normal voices and imitation voices. rate extent rate s fluctuation extent s fluctuation duration duration Fig. 10 Histograms of durations (Solid lines: normal voices, dotted lines: imitation voices). 11 rate extent Fig. 11 Relationship between rates and extents. 1 rate 4 t 1 rate 6 rate 5.2 Vibrato extent extent 1 54 [cent] [cent] 1 98 [cent] 2 68 [cent] 4 extent 88 [cent] 5) 87 [cent] 7 5) [cent] extent 1 extent t Vibrato rate s fluctuation 8 rate s fluctuation 5 rate extent rate s fluctuation extent s fluctuation and duration Table 5 Results of multiple comparisons of normal voices ( rate extent rate s fluctuation extent s fluctuation and duration) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) 6 rate extent rate s fluctuation extent s fluctuation and duration Table 6 Results of multiple comparisons of imitation voices ( rate extent rate s fluctuation extent s fluctuation and duration) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) rate s fluctuation rate t 5.4 Vibrato extent s fluctuation 7 9

8 extent t extent s fluctuation extent extent extent s fluctuation 1 GACKT 5.5 Vibrato duration duration 1 79 [%] 2 62 [%] 1 80 [%] 2 71 [%] GACKT 2 t rate extent extent s fluctuation duration 1 rate 2 duration 1 extent extent s fluctuation duration 2 extent duration rate s fluctuation 4 rate s fluctuation rate extent F0 rate extent rate [Hz] 4.0 [Hz] extent F0 6. F0 SingBySpeaking 7) F0 (5) F0 17) F0 250 [msec] 100 [msec] 3 (5) 6 F0 F0 6.1 F0 F0 5) extent s fluctuation duration (5) (10) (14) 6 v 1...v 6 F0 v(t) v r rate v 1 rate s fluctuation v 2 v e extent v 3 extent s fluctuation v 4 (11) v 5 F0 v d duration v 6 T (13) v r v e v d F0 v(t)

9 1918 F0 f(t) F0 v(t) cent (14) f (t) F0 STRAIGHT 16) F0 f(t) 5 1[msec] F0 v r(t) =v 1t + exp(v 2t) 1, (10) v e(t) =v 3 + v 4 sin(2πv 5t), (11) T (100 v6) v d =, (12) 100 v(t) =v e(t v d )sin(2πv r(t v d )), (13) f (t) = { f(t),t<v d, (14) f(t)+v(t),t v d F0 (5) 3 ω m k/ω v 1 v 2 v 3 F0 F0 12 a x,y,z F0 b x,y,z F0 c x,y,z D b D c 5 D bx,z = 1 65 D cx,z = y=1 65 y=1 a x,y,z b x,y,z, (15) a x,y,z c x,y,z. (16) x 8 4 y z 5 rate extent rate s fluctuation extent s fluctuation duration 12 F0 Fig. 12 Evaluation experiments of F0 models D b D c D b F0 F0 D c F0 F0 extent s fluctuation duration 4 D c D b 5 extent s fluctuation 1 D b 65.8 [cent] D c 19.6 [cent] 30 [%] 5 duration duration

10 1919 Table Experimental results of male 1 (upper: normal voices, lower: imitation voices). rate s extent s D b D c rate s extent s D b D c Table Experimental results of female 2 (upper: normal voices, lower: imitation voices). rate s extent s D b D c rate s extent s D b D c Table Experimental results of male 2 (upper: normal voices, lower: imitation voices). rate s extent s D b D c rate s extent s D b D c Table Experimental results of female 1 (upper: normal voices, lower: imitation voices). rate s extent s D b D c rate s extent s D b D c rate extent rate s fluctuation F0 rate extent (5) (10) (14) ω m k/ω v 1 v 2 v v 1...v 6 F0 STRAIGHT 16) F0 F [dba] SONY MDR-CD900ST ABX 1 ABX AB X 3 X A B 3 /a/ /a/ AB ABX

11 1920 extent s fluctuation duration 1 50 [%] ABX 2 ABX GACKT C4 G ABX 1 Fig. 13 Results of ABX test A B 2 (1) 1 1 F0 (2) 1 1 F0 X 1 rate extent rate s fluctuation extent s fluctuation duration extent s fluctuation duration 13 ABX 1 5 extent s fluctuation duration [%] F GACKT /a/ AB ABX ABX A B 2 (1) 1 (2) 2 X 4 (1) 1 1 F0 (2) 1 2 F0 (3) 2 1 F0 (4) 2 2 F0 14 ABX 2 X F0 70 [%] 1

12 F0 t 14 ABX 2 Fig. 14 Results of ABX test 2. 2 F0 90 [%] 2 F0 70 [%] 3 2 AB X 6.4 extent s fluctuation duration rate extent rate s fluctuation ABX 1 F0 ABX 2 F0 5 rate extent extent s fluctuation duraion GACKT rate extent extent s fluctuation duration extent s fluctuation duration F0 F0 VOCALOID CrestMuse 1) VOCALOID MUS-72, pp (2007). 2) VocaListener 2008-MUS-75, pp (2008). 3) F0 F0 H , pp (2001). 4)

13 pp (1999). 5) TL , pp (2005). 6) SP , pp.1 4 (2001). 7) SingBySpeaking 2008-MUS-74, pp (2008). 8) Vol.48, No.1, pp (2007). 9) Prame, E.: Measurement of the rate of ten singers, STL-QPSR, KTH, Vol.33, No.4, pp (1992). 10) Bretos, J. and Sundberg, J.: Measurements of parameters in long sustained crescendo notes as sung by ten sopranos, TMH-QPSR, KTH, Vol.43, No.1, pp (2002). 11) STRAIGHT 2005 pp (2005). 12) RWC Vol.45, No.3, pp (2004). 13) 2010 pp (2010). 14) (1997). 15) SNR F0 Vol.J93-D, No.2, pp (2010). 16) Kawahara, H.: STRAIGHT, Exploration of the other as-pect of VOCODER: Perceptually isomorphic decomposi-tion of speech sounds, Acoustic Science and Technology, Vol.27, pp (2006). 17) HMM 2008-MUS-76, pp (2008). ( ) ( ) DC ATR 21

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