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6 vi 2 pragmatics one one

7 vii Jespersen A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles , Quirk et al. 1985, Huddleston and Pullum 2002, Swan 2005, Hewings 2013 Jespersen COCA The Corpus of Contemporary American English; 5 2,000 ; BYU-BNC British National Corpus; 1 ; 1980s Mark Davies Brigham Young University Paul Martin

8 viii JSPS

9 iii v my goal he John a paper paper drink coffee, order two coffees, etc a good job hard work a n bacteria, data, media team baggage, clothing, furniture, etc trousers, scissors, glasses, etc arms, clothes, contents, etc beginnings, earnings, mountains, etc cattle, people, police, etc ics politics, statistics, economics, etc s measles, billiards, crossroads, etc

10 Type A Type B: Type B: 1 group a the group a group of X Type B: 2 couple a couple a couple of X Type B: 3 pair a this pair a pair of X Type B: 4 bunch a the bunch a bunch of X Type C: Type C: 2 Type C Type A Type C: 3 any each, neither, none of X Type D 2, Type C: 4 A as well as B Type D Type D: 1 about 50 half of the houses 2, Type D: 2 one in five people Type D Type A B Type D: more than a one X, many a X Type E Type F: A and B Type G: A and B a year and a half Type E Type G A and B A, and B Type H Type I: A or B 2, Type J: A or nor B 1 2, Type K: A or nor B 2 a day or two Type L: not only A but also B; not A but B there one of X that who who what Who was at the party? / What we need most is are books My favorite fruit is apples The students raised their hands hand this kind of thing these kind s of things kind of chopped onion s, mashed potato es, etc. 125

11 reference the The lion is a fierce animal a n A lion is a fierce animal φ Lions are fierce animals φ Fruit is good for you Do you play the guitar? an American; the Americans *a Tom s friend, *the Tom s friend, *the friend of Tom s Tom s friend Tom s computer of the name of the book X s Y X Y a women s college two weeks vacation, millions of dollars worth of diamonds a friend of Tom s a friend of Tom s 2 a friend of mine s cf. 210a a friend of Tom s 3 a friend of Tom s s cf. 210b a friend of Tom s mine 4 one of Tom s my friends cf. 210c a friend of Tom s mine 5 Tom s my friend cf. 210d She s staying at her mother s they we we we we, you, they you you one one one NP one a n 223

12 2.3.4N one one 1 one of the many Americans one of many Americans one 2 It takes one to know one which who/what Column weather baggage luggage as sure as eggs is eggs 114 play the a, piano s s -s s ladies, Jones s, Jesus, etc. 156 a painting of my sister s a painting of my sister 179

13 noun s noun phrase 2 1 1a to see you again, 1b thinking about the stranger, 1c to win the championship 1 a. It s nice to see you again. b. I can t stop thinking about the stranger. c. My goal is to win the championship. phrase 1

14 2 1 My goal is to win the championship. 1c my goal my goal goal very nice nice nice very nice very nice My goal is to win the championship. to win the championship to win the championship to win the championship my goal a house across the street across the street 3 a house An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 1 apple an apple a day

15 1.1 3 an apple a day 4 apple endocentric My goal is to win the championship. 1c to win the championship my goal the championship my goal the championship goal championship 1 1 1a to see you again, 1b thinking about the stranger, 1c to win the championship

16 4 1 noun phrase NP an NP NPs 1 Haste makes waste. haste waste N NP 2 2 NP N Haste makes NP N waste. 3a he, she the man, the little Swedish girl 3b it an excellent museum 2 3 a. The man invited the little Swedish girl because he liked her. Quirk et al. 1985: 76 b. We have an excellent museum here. Would you like to visit it? Ibid.: 347 My brother is a doctor. John is a doctor my goal he John 2 one John searched the big room and then the small one. Quirk et al. 1985: 75 John 2.3

17 1.1 1 he John 2 Neither of them is are welcome. 2 neither of them neither them neither of them noun phrase COD 12 noun phrase a word or group of words containing a noun and functioning in a sentence as subject, object, or prepositional object COBUILD 8 He put the bottle of wine on the kitchen table. He the bottle of wine the kitchen table noun phrase noun group he 5

18 Huddleston and Pullum 2002: a. b. head my goal goal Haste makes waste. c. 5 a. dog dogs child child s b. c. determiner 1.1.5

19 1.2 7 dog the dog my dog chocolate a bar of chocolate a box of chocolates 1 chocolate Stir chocolate until smooth. / My dog can t eat chocolate common noun: child, idea, etc. collective noun: family, furniture, etc. material noun: water, chocolate, etc. abstract noun: freedom, experience, etc. proper noun: John Williams, Tokyo, etc. 5 3 the Bill Gates Bill Gates the old John I used to know John the Pacific, the Thames the the 1

20 8 1 common noun child family a family/families 1 LDOCE 6 COBUILD 8 common noun 6 a. in grammar, a common noun is any noun that is not the name of a particular person, place, or thing. For example, book, sugar, and stuff are common nouns. LDOCE 6 b. A common noun is a noun such as tree, water, or beauty that is not the name of one particular person or thing. Compare proper noun. COBUILD 8 6 sugar, stuff, water beauty common noun family

21 1.2 9 My family are all well. family cat cat a cat common noun common OED 2 count; countable noncount; uncountable 7 7 Quirk et al. 1972, 1985 nouns common proper: John count noncount concrete: pig abstract: difficulty concrete: butter abstract: music

22 10 1 concrete nounobservable measurable a c pig, toy, etc. family, team, etc. butter, water, etc. baggage, furniture, etc. b d difficulty, remark, etc. music, homework, etc. 8a 8c8a two families teams 8c baggage suitcase bag *two baggages 2 * *two butters 2 family 1982: s.v. collective noun 1.3 8b two major difficulties, his remarks 8d 8 a n

23 common noun number agreement eat beans peas eat rice beans peas a bean pea1 rice rice a grain of rice 1 bean pea rice corn bean corn sesame seed bean apples grown from seed

24 a piece two pieces of furniture furniture a. furniture meubles b. information informations c. homework devoirs d. to do research faire des recherches one, two, three cardinal numeral idea, deer information 10 a. one an idea, two ideas, three ideas,... b. one a deer, two deer, three deer,... c. *one *an information, *two information,... idea deer information

25 kindness an act of kindness 11 a kindness, many kindnesses, *two kindnesses a n a n a n 12 understanding, knowledge, education a n knowledge 12 a. a clear understanding b. a good knowledge of wildlife c. an education a good education singular, U U a... a n a n some 12 12aCOCA some any clear understanding 4 12b knowledge 3 4 COCA The Corpus of Contemporary American English byu.edu/coca/

26 c some a n some a na n a n interest COCA interest HAVE have/has/had TAKE take/takes/ took/taken HAVE/TAKE an interest HAVE/TAKE an interest HAVE/ TAKE interest 1, an interest HAVE/TAKE interest HAVE/TAKE an interest in in interest interest TAKE an interest TAKE a n interest e.g. take a keen interest interest a n in She does take a keen interest in their progress. interest in 1

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