「影の華人組織」の成立と消滅

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1 Journal of Asian and African Studies, No.74, 2007 The Formation and Disappearance of the Shadowy Chinese Organization The Network of the Ethnic Chinese and their Imagined Communities in the Era of Changing Order in Indonesia Tsuda, Koji The University of Tokyo In early, the last year of Suharto s New Order, Indonesia was in a state of disorder caused by economic, political, and social confusion. Amid this uneasy condition, there occurred riots which were closely related to the socially structured dichotomy in this country between Chinese and Pribumi. After a one-night riot in Kragan, a small fishing town in Central Java Province, a few shops in the adjacent town of Rembang were also flooded by a mob, which was successfully dispersed by the police. The tense atmosphere never dissolved, however, and ethnic Chinese in Rembang, with the warning of the local government, were forced to prepare for possible future riots. Having a strong sense that they were undeniably Chinese, they then formed a secret organization of their own, named Organisasi Keperdulian, in order to cope by themselves with the crises surrounding them. Considering Suharto s oppressive anti-chinese policies, the formation of an ethnicity-based organization exclusively for Chinese was quite daring. But by cooperating with Chinese in adjacent towns, the Chinese in Rembang established a network covering as much as towns in prefectures, though this liaison system lasted less than one year. In this paper, I will show in detail how the Shadowy Chinese Orga- Keywords: Indonesia, the ethnic Chinese and Chineseness, Network, Imagined Communities :

University of Tokyo In early, the last year of Suharto s New Order, Indonesia was in a state of disorder caused by economic, political, and social confusion.

2 36 74 nization (another name for Organisasi Keperdulian) and the regional Chinese network were formed and disappeared. In analyzing this process, I will pay attention to the substance and expanse of the imagined Chinese community conceived by the Chinese in Rembang. Since the Chinese in Rembang, just as those in other rural cities and towns in Java, living concentratedly within a small area, living their daily lives full of mutual interactions, most of them had envisioned their own community as one unity by way of face-to-face imagination, though it had no concrete, integrated form. At the same time, through their daily neighborhood contacts, they of course had shared specific knowledge and information such as who had connections and who could take the initiative within their community at a time of crisis. Forming the Shadowy Chinese Organization was based on nothing but this sense of vaguely imagined unity on the one hand, and their shared empirical knowledge rooted in their everyday lives on the other. Once this organization was established, however, the Chinese community of Rembang, which had formally been imagined as being made up of a bundle of individual ties, was given a definitive contour and institutional form. Furthermore, by setting up a regional Chinese network, this tiny community successfully established practical cooperative links with groups of Chinese in adjacent towns, the members of which most Chinese in Rembang had never met before. Although this mutual collaboration system enabled the Chinese in Rembang to imagine a newly expanded Chinese community that far surpassed the range of their day-to-day, face-to-face experience, this network ceased to function after the tense situation was subsided. Besides, in the course of time, the attempts to integrate the fluid small community under Organisasi Keperdulian under the banner of Chinese did also fail, owing to several conflicts and factors that sprang out of their daily relations. Through this case study, I will argue that, in spite of the persistent social dichotomy of Chinese/Pribumi in national level, Chineseness imagined by most Chinese in Rembang was, or still is, not an abstract nor nominal one, but one filled with empirical realities deeply rooted in their daily lives CP GK

Since the Chinese in Rembang, just as those in other rural cities and towns in Java, living concentratedly within a small area, living their daily lives full of mutual interactions, most of them had

3 NU Imlek: Lebaran/Idul Fitri Rembang Kragan Jakarta Suharto Pribumi Muslim Purdey : klenteng Situbondo Tasikmalaya Rengasdenklok Bandung Pekalongan Banjarmasin Ujung Pandang Jember Probolinggo Purdey : Appendix A

4 38 74 : :,, Cina Coppel & Suryadinata Tionghoa guangxi xinyong : King :

5 39 Ien Ang Chineseness Ang : Chapter Pribumi : : : Inlander Oosterlingen Peranakan Coppel : ; cf. : THHK Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan Sarekat Islam cf. cf. ; Purdey

6 40 74 cf. Suryadinata ed. WNA Warga Negara Asing WNI Warga Negara Indonesia bangsa Indonesia asli bangsa lain WNI WNI keturunan Cina asli asing WNI PTI : cf. Heryanto : cf. Budiman : cf. :, :

7 : mas koh mbak ci Kantor : Banks : primordialism instrumentalism : situational identity Jafar SBKRI Surat Bukti Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia

8 42 74 Sospol Bakom-PKB WNI Keturunan SBKRI Keputusan Presiden No / Instruksi Menteri Dalam Negeri No / Surakarta Pontianak SBKRI Suara Merdeka Warga Tionghoa Tak Perlu SBKRI Lagi ; Semarang Cabut Pemberlakuan SBKRI Suara Pembaruan SBKRI di Jakarta Dihapus Kompas Pontianak Hapuskan SBKRI Kantor Kesbang Linmas Kantor Kesatuan Bangsa dan Linkungan Masyarakat Bakom-PKB Badan Komunikasi Penghayatan Kesatuan Bangsa/Coordinating Body for National Unity Bakom-PKB Bakom-PKB BAKIN Badan Koordinasi Inteligen Negara BKMC Badan Koordinasi Masalah Cina Jafar : Setiono : Bab LIV

SBKRI Kantor Kesbang Linmas Kantor Kesatuan Bangsa dan Linkungan Masyarakat Bakom-PKB Badan Komunikasi Penghayatan Kesatuan

9 43 cf. : Rembang Semarang km Jl.Pantura Juwana Pati Kudus km Lasem Kragan Sarang Surabaya Blora km : : B. : Herman Willem Daendels; De Groote Postweg Jalan Raya Pos Pantura pantai utara

10 44 74 Peraturan Presiden No. / =PP Kabupaten Rembang kecamatan desa/kelurahan kota Rembang Kecamatan Rembang,, Cina WNI,,, Karakteristik Penduduk Kecamatan Rembang:,

11 45 Jl Diponegoro Jl Kartini Jl Pasar Jl Kampung Baru Jl K S Tubun Jl Tendean Jl Jend Sudirman Jl Pemuda Trisno Budi Trisno Budi Sekolah Nasional K H Cholil Bisri H YT NB Wl HL TNio Toko Lt Toko Rn HO HO,,, Karakteristik Penduduk Kecamatan Lasem:,, WNI.Cina, WNA cf. : Cina WNI

Nasional K H Cholil Bisri H YT NB Wl HL TNio Toko Lt Toko Rn HO

12 46 74 km masih famili Cina WNI, Cina WNI., Tasikagung: Sawahan: Sumberjo: Leteh: Karakteristik Penduduk Kecamatan Rembang:, gezin familie famili Pancasila Suryadinata : klenteng berbau Cina Katolik Kristen kepercayaan agama fanatik :,

13 47 : highly connected network : : warga kelas dua sapi perahan

14 Orde Baru Era Reformasi PDI Megawati Soekarnoputri Suharto cf. :

15 49 Purdey :,,, IMF, Purdey : Malari Tanjung Priok Purdey : Purdey :, Purdey :, ; Siegel : ; cf. Shiraishi Purdey : Chapter Jl.Kartini TGPF : Bab IV Zon : Puspassus AD KKO PKI Partai Komunis Indonesia TS YT YT GK Baperki Badan Permusyaratan Kewarganegaraan Indonesia PKI YT

Kartini TGPF : Bab IV Zon : Puspassus AD KKO PKI Partai Komunis

16 50 74 Solo/Surakarta Kodim Komando Distrik Militer Seksi Keamanan Tionghoa Bakom-PKB Bakom-PKB sembako pasar murah km Pancur Polantas Polisi Lalu Lintas HG TS Kodam Korem Kodim Kodim eksklusif YT Bakom-PKB KD IS Purdey : klenteng Tjoe Hwie Kiong Hok Tik Bio Yayasan Metta Bhumi vihara

Polisi Lalu Lintas HG TS Kodam Korem Kodim Kodim eksklusif YT

17 51 km Pandangan vihara klenteng Yayasan Dwi Kumala Purdey : PKI, Cina (WNI) Karangharjo Karanglincak Karanganyar, Cina WNI Karakteristik Penduduk Kecamatan Kragan:, Pandangan Wetan Pandangan Kulon,,, Cina WNI Karakteristik Penduduk Kecamatan Kragan:,, CP

Karakteristik Penduduk Kecamatan Kragan:, Pandangan Wetan

18 52 74 km CP km CP CP sekretaris desa CP CP Imlek nelayan Toko Rj, Toko Mc, Toko Bg, Toko Sy km Tuban: km massa Ninja CP CP ABC

19 53 Om Toko BK Sarang: Toko BK terbuka Tenglang: pendatang CP CP YT Toko BK Dandim Toko BK Toko BK YT YT Malang Salatiga Yogyakarta

20 54 74 km camat bupati kawedanan teman-teman GKJ Kompas Situasi Kragan Normal Kembali madrasah m minoritas terisolasi Kawedanan kecamatan kawedanan

21 55 Toko BK desa Batalyon Infanteri Yonif /Algora: Sluke: CP Wiranto Prabowo Subianto CP kambing hitam YT rakyat Toko BK GK Gk VCD desa Gk, Cina WNI, Cina (WNI) Karakteristik Penduduk Kecamatan Sluke:,, Cina WNI Karakteristik Penduduk Kecamatan Sarang:, TGPF Tim Gabungan Pencari Fakta TGPF : Bab V Christianto Wibisono Suara Pembaruan Dua Jenderal atau Mega-Jenderal? Azhari : Bagian I Zon Tempo No. /XXXII/ - Mei :

22 56 74 desa orang desa politik CP YT eksklusif CP terbuka nelayan orang desa polisi petani orang kampung pejabat CP YT CP YT Human Rights Watch Indonesia Alert: Economic Crisis Leads to Scapegoating of Ethnic Chinese, February english/docs/ / / /indone.htm Purdey : PP Suara Merdeka Peringatan Imlek di Masjid Syuhada Indonesia Media Doa Syukur Antarumat Beragama: Umat Islam pun Mahir Main Barongsai Lombard & Salmon

23 57 CP CP pendatang dalang cf. Purdey :, massa Purdey :, preman,. Kompas Jawa Tengah, Diteliti, Virginitas Mahasiswi Yogyakarta seks bebas pendatang

24 58 74 CP A Wl CP cucu A famili A A anak buah pasien B CP B CP km B A B CP Toko BK CP

25 Bakom-PKB NB RT Rukun Tetangga: R desa orang desa GK GK kapitan R HL cf. SINERGI No. / :, TNI Untuk Orang Tionghoa Masih di Jalur Wamil/Milsuk

26 60 74, IMF Tri Sakti km A Wl orang Irian orang India R IMF Zon : TGPF TGPF : Bab IV Zon : Purdey : Chapter Siegel GK N N Purdey : Ad Mk Wl

27 61 B. J. Habibie Pengusaha WNI Cina Wachidi Rijono Jl. Diponegoro: Jl.Kartini Bakom-PKB sekretaris HG Daftar Pengusaha WNI Keturunan Cina HG WNI HG HG YT

28 62 74 Tujuh-belasan Biro Ekonomi Bakom-PKB HG HG Bakom-PKB Bakom- PKB Pengusaha Pribumi HG HG HG Hari ABRI HG Dandim Bakom-PKB HG

29 63 HG Bakom-PKB HG Kampung Baru VOC Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie: Bakom-PKB Medan yang punya yang gampang kena Kantor Sospol Kantor Kesbang Linmas Sq perpecahan bangsa persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa suku cita-cita nasional Sq YT HT pembauran HT YT Purdey : Chapter national story

30 64 74 GK organisasi bayangan GK GK N GK GK GK Lamongan Toko BK GK GK GK HG

31 65 GK GK GK Yayasan Dwi Kumala Dewan Pengawas TB KH CP GK vihara klenteng Bakom-PKB Subianto : INTI cf. Eddy Lembong Bakom-PKB

32 66 74 Bakom-PKB KD IS IS Bakom- PKB GK Bakom-PKB H demi kepentingan Siali Rembang TB NU N U NU N ahdlatul Ulama NU H Halal H siali citizen Locu TB Pati WS TB WS

33 67 S TB CP. GK. KH HO NU.. NU NU NU KH NU Banser Ds NU TB Pondok Pesantren KH Cholil Bisri Kiai: KH Mustofa Bisri NU NU NU NU Ketua Ranting NU Desa Sumberjo, Kec.Rembang Ds Ds TB S NU Ds NU KH NU NU Gerakan Pemuda Ansor Banser Bantuan Serbaguna TB CP GK KH HO TB GK masyarakat Tionghoa NU KH Abdurrahman Wahid MPR Haji Haja

34 68 74 NU H TB Kampung Baru Kristen km Gereja Bethany Gereja Pantekosta GKI Gereja Kristen Indonesia MD MP agama kepercayaan Bakom-PKB HG YT YT HG YT MD YT H MD YT agama

35 69 NU TB GK H Bakom-PKB IS NU Organisasi Keperdulian seluruh masyarakat Tionghoa WNI Cina km Vihara Klenteng 4 4 HG GK organisasi bayangan organisasi Tionghoa YT TNio Hasan : peduli kepedulian Bakom-PKB

36 70 74 TB GK GK GK Wl A TB TB TB GK TB Wl Wl GK OK seluruh warga Tionghoa di Rembang GK HG WS TB TB WS TB Wl KH OK GK OK KH OK OK Wl TS Wl

37 71 GK kerja bakti satu-satunya Cina orang kampung Dr. Jl. Dr. Wahidin Toko Lt Jl. Gambiran Toko Rn Jl.Sawahan HO sombong Toko Lt GK orang bisnis GK GK Keluarga kita kan punya Bu Haja GK GK GK TB TB Kebumen Purdey : Pelabuhan Tasikagung GK GK GK YT Kertosono Haja YT GK GK

38 72 74 CP GK OK KH Fd TNio CW HO BP HY KH Cg : H OK NU TNio OK

39 73 ketua lingkungan HO GK alun-alun Kodim Polres Polisi Resor KH TB OK KH OK GK GK GK, sarung TNio GK YT TNio

40 74 74 Reformasi Merah Putih Garda Rembang GK Tanjungsari Reformasi Waru-Tanjungsari dialog kerukunan Malam Syukuran Tujuh-belasan Wg, GK Bulog Badan Urusan Logistik HO kg, HO, kg, HO GK HO HL R Wg YT GK GG GK

41 75 Yonif Karesidenan Pati WS TB H j.st Hj.ST TB GK TNio BP WS tokoh HT Kudus Jepara Karesidenan Rembang- Jepara Tim Peneliti : Polda Polisi Daerah Polwil Polisi Wilaya Polres Polisi Resimen Polsek Polisi Sektor WS HT TNio HT HT HT TNio

42 76 74 Blora Rembang, Pati, Blora, Lasem.. Pati Rembang, Pati, Blora, Lasem, Juwana, Tayu.. Rembang Rembang, Pati, Blora, Lasem, Juwana, Tayu Kudus Jepara Lasem.. Jepara Jepara Rembang Grobogan Purwodadi WS I NTI Perhimpunan Indonesia Keturunan Tionghoa INTI Herlijanto a b b a INTI PSMTI Paguyuban Sosial Marga Tionghoa Indonesia WS CEO INTI WS INTI GS

43 77 INTI Rembang Tayu Jepara koordinator GK TNio Polres Rembang Polwil Pati Polda Jateng Yonif Kodam IV/Diponegoro KH Malari Yayasan Tri Murti cf. masyarakat Tionghoa di Lasem KH GS Hj.ST Hj.ST Kapolres Blora Da i Bachtiar Da i Bachtiar Kapolri GK TB

44 78 74 NU WS PPP, km km km, km, km, km, km

45 KH Wl cf. OK cf. Haja YT GK cf. TB WS

46 80 74 B

47 TB : km km Raden Ayu Kartini;

48 82 74 PDI-P etnis kota kecamatan Perwakilan golongan Tionghoa Golkar PDI, PPP SBKRI catatan sipil WNI Keturunan km NU PKB Barongsai Suara Merdeka PKB Berusaha Mencari Massa PBI Partai Bhineka Tunggal Ika Indonesia: DPR SBKRI Akta Kematian KTP Kartu Tanda Penduduk KK Kartu Keluarga Akta Kelahiran Akta Perkawinan Surat Keterangan Ganti Nama SBKRI PW

49 83 Besi Soekarno Bakom-PKB KD Bakom- PKB KD Yayasan Karuna Cattra, RT/RW kelurahan PW PP Assaat cf. : cf. : KD NB

50 84 74 TB TNio TNio Tionghoa menonjol diketuakan HY HY jual nama bangsa Cina GK NB YT HY CP NU PKB Wg YT MD YT MD YT

51 85 TB HY Perkumpulan Kematian Trisno Budi Yayasn Karuna Catra AD & ART Yayasan Kematian TRISNO BUDI Rembang HG HG HG HY HG MD YT HG m m, m TB WS HG YT TS WS Surat Perkumpulan Kematian Trisno Budi No. /PKTB/IV/, Tgl. Mei TB NS NS

52 86 74 Sekolah Nasional Yayasan Sekolah Nasional H TB TB TB MD YT Nanhua Xuexiao WNI WNA WNI GK GK WS TNio MD YT GK

53 87 TB GK TB WS TB TB TB TNio MD YT TB WS

54 88 74 WS KH TB WS TB WS WS TB KH WS TB KH WS KH HG WS sungkan KH TB WS :,

55 89 toleransi kapasitas WS TB WS TB menguasai masyarakat Tionghoa WS TB WS KH PSMTI Buletin PSMTI No. / : INTI PSMTI Organisasi Tionghoa BOS anak buah SINERGI SINERGI No. / :, Perpecahan Dalam Organisasi Tionghoa

56 90 74 HY HY HY jagonya tidak berkokok rahasianya kita Tionghoa TB TB HY KD Partai Demokrat KH NU PKB PDI-P TNio TNio HY TB WS jago TNio GK, KPU KD TB TNio TNio GK TB TNio

57 91 TNio T dicinacinakan MD TB WS CP TB WS berpolitik WS TNio TNio TNio TNio MD

58 92 74 Bakom-PKB : : Heryanto : under erasure

59 : cf cf. :

60 INTI 4 4 4

61 95 WS ambisi yin yang Budiman : : J=L. : cf. : SINERGI INDONESIA WS

62 96 74 TB WS WS berbau Cina TB WS KH euphoria

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