627†i’Î„´”††j

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1 Ishihara Takahiro securitization militarization % icefree 5 13% 30% No

2 % % National Snow and Ice Data Center 7. 8 NWP NEP NSR 9 NSR LNG 10 NSR 40% Arctic States AC: Arctic Council AC 5 12 non-arctic states 14 No

8 NWP NEP NSR 9 NSR 2010 4 2011 34 2012 46 1.

3 NSR NSR NSR 20 NATO NATO MD BMD SSBN NGO No

4 2 NWP NorPloy Operation Narwhal NANOOK Northern Strategy: Our North, Our Heritage, Our Future AC 28 F/A W AC NSR No

North, Our Heritage, Our Future AC 28 F/A-18 29 3 W 2009 1 66

5 BMD F-16 Thule NATO NSR No

6 NSR 48 4 FTA BMD NATO NWP NSR NSR 51 EU EU AC No

7 AC NGO 58 5 EEZ Arctic Ocean Conference Ilulissat Declaration 61 AC 62 AC 2011 Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic 2013 Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution, Preparedness and Response in the Arctic 63 AC common interests stability architecture 64 SAR SAR AC 8 ASFR: Arctic Security Forces Roundtable No

2013 Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution, Preparedness and Response in the Arctic 63 AC

8 65 SIPRI 66 AC ASFR 67 AC AC 5 NSR ISR 71 No

9 AC 1 Heather Conley and Jamie Kraut, U.S. Strategic Interests in the Arctic: An Assessment of Current Challenges and New Opportunities for Cooperation, a Report of the CSIS Europe Program, Center for Strategic & International Studies, April 2010, p. 1; Dag Claes, Oyvind Osterud, and Oistein Harsem, The New Geopolitics of the High North, paper presented at the annual meeting of the Theory vs. Policy? Connecting Scholars and Practitioners, New Orleans Hilton Riverside Hotel, New Orleans, LA, Feb. 17, 2010, p Christian Le Miére, Arctic Doublespeak? U.S. Naval Institute, Proceedings Magazine, Vol. 139/7/1, No. 325 July 2013, p Arctic sea ice extent settles at record seasonal minimum, National Snow and Ice Data Center, Sept. 19, Scott Borgerson, The Coming Arctic Boom: As the Ice Melts, the Region Heats Up, Foreign Affaires, July/August 2013, p. 76; Ronald O Rourke, Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress, CRS Report for Congress, R41153, Congressional Research Service, April 25, 2013, p Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas in the Arctic, Science, Vol. 324, No May 29, 2009 ; Heather A. Conley, The colder war: U.S., Russia and others are vying for control of Santa s back yard, The Washington Post, Dec. 23, Page Wilson, Asia Eyes the Arctic, The Diplomat, Aug. 26, Trude Pettersen, 46 vessels through Northern Sea Route, Barents Observer, Nov. 23, 2012; Le Mière, Arctic Doublespeak? p AC: Arctic Council hyougikai.html ; Brooks B. Yeager, The Ilulissat Declaration: Background and Implications for Arctic Governance, Nov. 5, 2008, prepared for the Aspen Dialogue and Commission on Arctic Climate Change BP 16 Trude Pettersen, Russia to establish military forces for the Arctic, Barents Observer, March 29, Siemon T. Wezeman, Military Capabilities in the Arctic, SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Background Paper, March 2012, pp. 9 10; Conley and Kraut, U.S. Strategic Interests in the Arctic, p No

2010, p. 1; Dag Claes, Oyvind Osterud, and Oistein Harsem, The New Geopolitics of the High North, paper presented at the annual meeting of the Theory vs. Policy?

10 20 Conley, The colder war ; Thomas Nilsen, Russia warns against missile-interceptors in the Barents Sea, Barents Observer, Dec. 3, 2010; Le Mière, Arctic Doublespeak? p Greenpeace: Russia Expels Our Ship, Threatens to Shoot, RIA Novosti, Aug. 26, 2013; Rob Huebert, Canadian Arctic Maritime Security: The Return to Canada s Third Ocean, Canadian Military Journal, Summer 2007, pp pp Canada s Northern Strategy: Our North, Our Heritage, Our Future pdf 29 Wezeman, Military Capabilities in the Arctic, pp National Security Presidential Directive 66/Homeland Security Presidential Directive 25, Washington, National Security Strategy, Washington, May 2010, p Garrett W. Brass, ed., Arctic Ocean Climate Change, US Arctic Research Commission Special Publication, No , Arlington; Bob Freeman, Navy Releases Roadmap for Future Arctic Operations, NAVY.COM, Nov. 24, ; QDR documents/usn_artic_roadmap.pdf 35 Roger Howard, Cold War in the Arctic, as the ice retreats, the territorial claims of the Arctic Five are hotting up, The Times, Sept. 4, Rob Huebert, The Newly Emerging Arctic Security Environment, Canadian Defence & Foreign Affairs Institute, March 2010, p Wezeman, Military Capabilities in the Arctic, p Borgerson, The Coming Arctic Boom: As the Ice Melts, the Region Heats Up, p Le Mière, Arctic Doublespeak? p Office of the Norwegian Prime Minister, The Soria Moria Declaration on International Policy, Feb. 4, Wezeman, Military Capabilities in the Arctic, p Thomas Nilsen, Builds new Arctic Coast Guard icebreaker, Barents Observer, Aug. 27, Wezeman, Military Capabilities in the Arctic, pp. 7 8; Le Mière, Arctic Doublespeak? p Russia, Norway border agreement opens Arctic up to exploration, New Europe, Sept. 19, 2010; Linda Jakobson, China Prepares for an Ice Free Arctic, SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security, No. 2010/2 No

26, 2013; 2013 10 6 23 24 Rob Huebert, Canadian Arctic Maritime Security: The Return to Canada s Third Ocean, Canadian Military Journal, Summer 2007, pp. 9 11. 25 pp. 11 13. 26 http://pm.gc.

11 March 2010, p Borgerson, The Coming Arctic Boom: As the Ice Melts, the Region Heats Up, p Igor Alexeev, Russia s Arctic, NATO and Norway: a post- Kirkenes political landscape, Barents Observer, June 18, Conley and Kraut, U.S. Strategic Interests in the Arctic, p Alex Boyd, Arctic Council heads to Kiruna next week, Barents Observer, May 8, Patricia Zengerle, China granted observer seat on Arctic governing council, Reuters, May 15, EU EU EU WTO Conley and Kraut, U.S. Strategic Interests in the Arctic, p. 13; O Rourke, Changes in the Arctic, p. 35; Arctic Council HP Yeager, The Ilulissat Declaration: Background and Implications for Arctic Governance. 61 The Ilulissat Declaration, Arctic Ocean Conference, Ilulissat, Greenland, May 27 29, Borgerson, The Coming Arctic Boom: As the Ice Melts, the Region Heats Up, p Charlene Porter, Arctic Nations Plan for Spills, Environmental Change, May 10, 2013, International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State. 64 Matthew Willis, The Arctic Council: Underpinning Stability in the Arctic, RUSI Royal United Service Institute Newsbrief, March 8, UUmZwTfFk6I Wezemwn, Military Capabilities in the Arctic, p Le Mière, Arctic Doublespeak? pp navcol-c1edu@inet.msdf.mod.go.jp No

52 2 3 53 Alex Boyd, Arctic Council heads to Kiruna next week, Barents Observer, May 8, 2013.

627†i’¼„³”††j

627†i’¼„³”††j 1 Nishimoto Koji 1 2 Arctic Issues 3 4 5 6 Arctic Coastal States No. 627 2013 12 5 NWP NEP 7 8 9 2010 40 2010 4 9 10 2 11 12 2 13 AC: Arctic Council 1 1 No. 627 2013 12 6 EEZ 17 28 12 55 75 200 EEZ 76