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1

2 Maekawa Tatewaki Kojima ( ) ssp. (Blume) Menits., var. (Blume) Ohashi Fischer ex Ledeb. 1

3 cool temperate forest zoneboreal forest zone2 1 H met-ahti et al. (1974) temperate zone hemiboreal zone Watanabe 1979 forest forest forest forest forest 5 1 forest forest 1990 forest forest forest 3 1 forest forestshidei 1974; Ishizuka 1974; Saito 1979; Sugita 1992 thicket: Okitsu & Ito 1984, Ishizuka 1961 Ishizuka 1974; 1978 Ohno 1991 Kashimura 1974; 1986;

4 mano & Masuzawa 1998) (Shi- 1984; Tatewaki 1958; Kojima 1979; a 1987b 1943 Kojima 1979 Watanabe a 1967a 2 KO NCPR SA KA , a

5 3 1933; Yim , 1933Takeda et al forest forest 1990, 1933 Tatewaki Tatewaki1958 4

6 Table 1. Major forests and their geographical distribution in northern Japan. The symbols in the table mean; ++: abundantly occurs, +: scarcely occurs, (+): only sporadically occurs, : absent. Major forest Cool temperate forest zone forest forest forest forest forest Geografical region* ST NT SH NH Boreal forest zone forest forest** forest + (+) *: ST; southern Tohoku, NT; northern Tohoku, SH; southern Hokkaido, NH; northern Hokkaido **: Picea glehnii forest of northern Tohoku is merely an isolated small population on Mt. Hayachine (Ishizuka 1961) Table 2. Distribution of the major forests of northern Japan in the regions of northeastern Asia adjacent to northern Japan. The symbols in the table mean; +: present, (+): only scarcely present, : absent. Region* Major forest KO NC PR SA KA Cool temperate forest zone forest forest + forest forest (+) forest** (+) Boreal forest zone forest*** forest (+) forest *: KO; Korean Peninsula, NC; northeastern China, PR; Primorie, SA; Sakhalin, KA; Kamchatka Peninsula **: Pinus koraiensis replaces Abies sachalinensis in the continental region. ***: Abies nephrolepis replaces Abies sachalinensis in KO, NC, PR. 5

7 Pan-Mixed Forest Zone Tilia amurennsis spp. 1993, 1997; Okitsu Tatewaki , 1999b Watanabe Tatewaki 1957; 1967b 1967b a a Kojima 1979 Ishizuka Song 1992; Grishin

8 1993, 1999a 5 3 Grishin, S. Yu The boreal forests of north-eastern Eurasia. Vegetatio, 121: H met-ahti, L. Ahti, T. & Koponen, T A scheme of vegetation zones for Japan and adjacent regions. Annals Botanici Fennici, 11: H met-ahti, L. & Ahti, T The homologies of the Fennoscandian mountain and coastal birch forests in Eurasia and North America. Vegetatio, 19: :

9 45: Ishizuka, K A relict stand of Picea glehnii Masters on Mt. Hayachine, Iwate Prefecture. Ecological Review, 15: Ishizuka, K Mountain vegetation. In: The flora and vegetation of Japan (Numata, M.ed.), pp , Kodansha, Tokyo pp Kashimura, T Ecological study on the montane forest in the southern Tohoku district of Japan. Ecological Review, 18:1-56. Kojima, S Biogeoclimatic zones of Hokkaido Island, Japan. Journal of the College of Liberal Arts, Toyama University, Japan (Natural Science), 12: Kojima, S Classification and ecological characterization of coniferous forest phytogeocoenoses of Hokkaido, Japan. Vegetatio, 96: : Maekawa, F General geography of Japan and its relationship to the flora. In: The flora and vegetation of Japan (Numata, M. ed.), pp Kodansha, Tokyo pp : : Ohno, K A vegetation-ecological approach to the classification and evaluation of potential natural vegetation of the region in Tohoku (northern Honshu), Japan. Ecological Research, 6: a pp b pp Okitsu, S Regeneration dynamics of the -deciduous broadleaved mixed forest of Hokkaido, northern Japan with reference to its phytogeographical perspective. Geographical Reports of Tokyo Metropolitan University, 30: A:

10 1996.., 13: , 14: a 72A: b.., 16: pp Okitsu, S. & Ito, K Vegetation dynamics of the Siberian dwarf pine ( Regel) in the Taisetsu mountain range, Hokkaido, Japan. Vegetatio, 58: Okitsu, S. & Ito, K Conditions for the development of the Pinus pumila zone of Hokkaido, northern Japan. Vegetatio, 84: Saito, K A note on subalpine coniferous forests in north Honshu, Japan. Bulletin of Yokohama Phytosociological Society, Japan, 16: Shidei, T Forest vegetation zones. In: The flora and vegetation of Japan (Numata, M. ed.), pp , Kodansha, Tokyo : : Shimano, K. & Masuzawa, T Effects of snow accumulation on survival of beech ( ) seed. Plant Ecology, 134: Song, J. S A comparative phytosociological study of the subalpine coniferous forests in northeastern Asia. Vegetatio, 98: Sugita, H Ecological geography of the range of the forest in northern Honshu, Japan, with special reference to the physiographic conditions. Ecological Research, 7: pp : : Takeda, Y., Nakanishi, S. & Choe, D Phytosociological study on natural summer-green forests in Korea. Ecological Research 9: :

11 : (11): Tatewaki, M Geobotanical studies on the Kurile Islands. Acta Horti Gotoburgensis, 21: :1-5. Tatewaki, M Forest ecology of the islands of the north Pacific Ocean. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, 50: plates , : Yim, Y.-J Distribution of forest vegetation and climate in the Korean Peninsula. IV. Zonal distribution of forest vegetation in relation to thermal climate. Japanese Journal of Ecology, 27: a 8(1): b 19:8-11. Watanabe, S The subarctic summer green forest zone in the northeastern Asia. Bulletin of Yokohama Phytosociological Society, Japan, 16: Phytogeography of the major forests of northern Japan in northeastern Asia. Susumu Okitsu (Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo-City, Japan; e- mail: okitsu@midori.h.chiba-u.ac.jp) Abstract The phytogeographical relationship of the major forests of northern Japan was discussed reviewing their distribution in northeastern Asia. Two major forest zones appeared horizontally within northern Japan, the cool temperate forest zone and the boreal forest zone. The former included five major climax forest types; forest, serrata forest, forest, forest and forest. This zone covered horizontally almost all the lowland of northern Japan. The latter included three major climax forest types; forest, forest and forest. This zone occurred horizontally, however, only on the north-eastern most part of Hokkaido. Phytogeographically, the forest was distributed in the Korean Peninsula. The forest was distributed in the Korean Peninsula, northeastern China and Primorie. Those two forests could be regarded as the principal types of the cool temperate deciduous broadleaved forest in 10

12 northeastern Asia. Contrarily the forest had no distribution region outside northern Japan. It was a snow-induced, non-zonal climax one, never representing a principal forest type in northeastern Asia. The forest extended to the Korean Peninsula, northeastern China and Primorie, as did the forest, although in northern Japan this forest was restricted only to Hokkaido. It could be regarded as one of the most principal forest type of the Pan-Mixed Forest Zone, together with the forest. The Picea forest showed wide geographical distribution throughout northeastern Asia. This forest of Hokkaido composed the eastern and southern most extension of the boreal evergreen forest zone in northeastern Asia. The forest occupied the area adopted to the highly oceanic climate. The forest in Hokkaido corresponded phytogeographically to the subarctic summer green forest developing under highly oceanic climate. In conclusion, the essential forest arrangement in northern Japan, taking into consideration the forest distribution of northeastern Asia, could be summarized as ; forest, from warm to cold region. Key words: boreal forest zone, cool temperate forest zone, Asia, principal forest type, forest, northeastern 11

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