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30 The Regulation of Foreign Exchange Margin Transactions (FX Transactions) The history and present condition of FX transactions in our country Hisashi HATAKEYAMA * Yasushi HAYASHI ** Tetsuya UTASHIRO *** Abstract This paper describes the development of foreign exchange margin trading within the history of the Japanese foreign exchange system and discusses regulations concerning foreign exchange margin trading, especially leverage regulation, with the recognition that the market/trading and law have a mutually dependent relationship. Soon after the second Hashimoto Cabinet was formed in 1996, the government carried out a radical financial system reform called the Japanese Big Bang, which was similar to the British Big Bang financial reform One of the measures taken was the complete liberalization of foreign exchange transactions. Due to the liberalization of Japanese foreign exchange control, which abolished a rule that foreign exchange trading had to be conducted with a registered bank, foreign exchange margin trading (commonly called FX deal- * Professor, Faculty of Management Department, Chubu Gakuin University ** Professor, Faculty of Economics, Rissho University *** Adjunct lecturer, Doctoral student, Rissho University

31 31 ings) was then introduced. After the liberalization, there was no law or supervisory authority to directly overlook foreign exchange margin trading. Only general regulations of Japanese Civil Code and the Commercial Law were still applied. Foreign exchange margin trading allows investors to trade large positions, which are many times the size of principles by the leverage of borrowed money. This is how foreign exchange margin trading could generate much larger profits or much larger losses compared to regular trading. The absence of regulation led to insufficient explanation of products by salespersons and many investors did not fully understand the products, resulting in unjust transactions. Many troubles arose and such activities developed into lawsuits and social problems. In response to this situation, the Japanese government decided to regulate foreign exchange margin trading. The new regulation categorized foreign exchange margin trading as futures trading and brought it under control with the revised Financial Futures Trading Act. Under the new rule, foreign exchange margin trading operators were required to register with the Financial Services Agency. The Financial Futures Trading Act also introduced entrance restrictions and behavior regulation, including the obligation of clear product explanation and the prohibition of uninvited solicitation. Those contributed to investor protection to some degree. However, the Lehman shock occurred, resulting in bankruptcy of foreign exchange operators and their clients losses. Therefore, stricter rules on the classification management of margin, the loss cut rule, and the new leverage regulation were introduced. Although the classification management of margin and a loss cut rule are essentially indispensable to foreign exchange margin trading and appropriate rules, they do not influence the essence of financial products. On the other hand, leverage regulation is not exclusive to regulation of operators and their behavior as it restricts the efficiency of products and harms the essence and

32 attractiveness of margin trading. Evaluated in this paper are the restrictions concerning the essence of financial products themselves under the deregulation and liberalization of the financial system, which the Japanese Big Bang aimed to achieve. Note:This paper is the first of two parts, the next of which will appear in the autumn issue of this journal.

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