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1 九州工業大学学術機関リポジトリ Title 円形打抜き加工における製品寸法変化と楕円化に関する研究 Author(s) 松永, 尚 Issue Date URL Rights Kyushu Institute of Technology Academic Re

Issue Date 2011-02 URL http://hdl.handle.

2 2011 2

4 i

3.1............................ 12 1.3.2........................ 14 1.4............................. 17 1.4.1............................ 17 1.4.2..................... 20 1.

5 ii

5.1......................... 38 2.5.2........................... 42 2.6.......................... 44 2.6.1......................... 44 2.6.2...................... 46 2.

6 iii HyperWorks RADIOSS r ( r ) r r

5.1.......................... 80 3.5.2........................... 83 3.5.3.............................. 86 3.6 ( r )....................... 90 3.6.1 r.......................... 90 3.6.2 r.

7 iv A 125 A A B 131

6................................... 113 5 115 119 A 125 A.0.1............................ 125 A.0.2........................... 128 B 131

8 Fig ,000 kwh 57 1) 2 10) Fig. 1.2 SPCC (Fig. 1.3)

9 2 1 IT 4.7% 14.7% 9.5% 57.3% 13.6% Fig. 1.1 (2005 ) Fig. 1.2 (Fig. 1.4)

10 1.1 3 Fig. 1.3 Fig. 1.4

11 4 1 m Fig. 1.5 G y G x G y G x Fig. 1.5

12 ) 12)

13 Fig. 1.6 Fig Fig. 1.7

14 1.2 7 n Fig Fig. 1.8 M T

15 8 1 M T Fig. 1.8

16 Fig. 1.9 Fig. 1.9

17 Fig c

18 (a) Fig (b) (c)

19 Fig ) 14) Fig )

20 Fig. 1.11

21 14 1 R D Fig FEM 16 22) FEM 18, 19, 23, 24) Fig.1.13 Fig )

22 Punch Crack Die φ = 26% φ = 47% φ = 73% Fig ) CL = 5% φ = 74% CL = 10% φ = 85% Fig )

23 , 27) 28 30) 3

24 C 0.02% 4% Si 1900 R. A. Hadfield 31) Fig.1.15(a) A,B C,D,E,F,G 60Hz

25 % 78% (Fig.1.15(b)) (Fig.1.15(c)) 2 AV 32, 33)

26 D B C E 0 A F G Fig )

27 <100> (Fig.1.16(a)) <100> (Fig.1.16(b)) 2 (Fig.1.17) 7, 34)

28 a b c Fig )

29 Wh= Hdb We = t 2 f2 Bm 2 ρg r t : f : Bm: ρ: g r : Fig )

30 Si Si Si 35) 2) 36) EU RoHs 3, 9, 10)

31 Fig.1.18 G y G y G x G y G x G x = G y G x Fig SHELL

32 r 4 5

35 Fig.2.1 Goss 1.4

36 Cube orientaion {001} <100> Brass orientaion {110} <112> Copper orientaion {112} <111> Goss orientaion {110} <001> ND {111} <112> TD RD ND: nomal direction RD: rolling direction TD: transverse direction {rolling plane} <rolling direction> Fig Fig.2.2 AG-5000E JIS Fig.2.3 (Rolling Direction = R.D.) 0 (Transverse Direction = T.D.) 90 2 JIS5 Table2.1 R.D. T.D. T.D. R.D % JFE 37, 38)

37 30 第 2 章丸穴打抜き実験 Fig. 2.2 万能試験機 (島津製作所 AG-5000E)

38 R.D. sample T.D. sample Rolling Direction 90 0 Fig. 2.3 Table A270 MPa MPa % R.D T.D T.D./R.D ( :Rolling Direction :Transverse Direction)

39 Fig PILOT PIN 90 0 Fig. 2.4 Table2.2

40 Table PIN - ( : -: ) (0 ) Table Table

41 Fig2.5 35A270 t = 0.35mm 100mm φ50mm CL = 6%t 0.02mm 9%t 0.03mm 11%t 0.04mm 100spm Fig2.6 d P d D d D = mm d P 2 Fig2.6 CNC mitutoyo ULTRA QV 350H D VK-9500 Fig

42 2.4 実験方法 35 Fig. 2.5 丸穴打抜き試験金型 Punch ෆᚄᑍἲ Ph Ph Pb dp ᯈᢲࡉ ࡅ〇ရ ᡴᢤࡁ〇ရ ᢲࡉ Pc እᚄᑍἲ dd Fig. 2.6 丸穴打抜き試験概略図 Die

43 第 2 章丸穴打抜き実験 36 Fig. 2.7 工具顕微鏡 Fig. 2.8 非接触式三次元 CNC 画像測定機 (mitutoyo ULTRA QV 350H)

44 Fig D ( VK-9500)

45 , 9, 11%t Fig , 29) Fig m Fig CNC

46 Δd D, Δd P /μm (a) CL = 6%t Δd D, Δd P /μm (b) CL = 9%t Δd D, Δd P /μm (c) CL = 11%t Δd P = - Punch Δd D = - Die Fig. 2.10

47 40 2 (a) (b) Fig , 29)

48 2.5 材料異方性の結果と考察 41 㒌 ᯝᅗᙧ ࡅ〇ရࠉෆᚄ Fig CNC 画像測定機による穴あけ製品寸法変化プロファイル㒌 ᯝᅗᙧ ᡴᢤࡁ〇ရࠉእᚄ Fig CNC 画像測定機による打抜き製品寸法変化プロファイル

49 Fig.2.14 Table2.1 T.D. ε e ε p R.D R.D. 0 R.D. 0 Fig.2.15

50 σ T.D. ( 90 ) R.D. ( 0 ) ε p 0 ε e 0 ε p 90 ε e 90 ε e < ε e ε p 0 > ε p ε Fig ε e 90 ε e 90 ε p 0 ε p 0 Fig. 2.15

51 , 9, 11%t Fig.2.16 DIE

52 Δd D, Δd P /μm Δd D, Δd P /μm Δd D, Δd P /μm (a) CL = 6%t 0 90 (b) CL = 9%t 0 90 (c) CL = 11%t Δd P = - Punch Δd D = - Die Fig. 2.16

53 Fig Fig.2.18 Punch Fig Fig

54 Δd P /μm Clearance /% (a) 15 Δd D /μm Clearance /% (b) Δd P = - Punch Δd D = - Die Fig

55 第 2 章丸穴打抜き実験 48 Non-pressure mark Pressure mark (a) ᢲ ࡋ Punch (b) ᢲ ᯈᢲ Punch ࡅ〇ရ ᡴᢤࡁ〇ရ Die ᢲ Fig 打抜き製品の圧痕クリアランス 6%

56 Perpendicularity /deg Clearance / % Fig Fig )

57 50 2 Fig )

58 Table Fig.2.7 A B Fig.2.7 (A) (B) (B) (A) 0

59 Δd P /μm 0-10 (C) (A) (B) Clearance /% (a) 30 Δd D /μm (B) (A) (C) Clearance /% (b) Δd P = - Punch Δd D = - Die Fig (A) (B)

62 ) FEM -

63 56 3 r 3.2 Fig3.1 [1] [2] [3] [1] [3] 0 90

64 Punch center side Plasitc deformation area Die outer side Punch-side material (a) Before fracture ΔL Inside diameter ΔL Fracture point Die-side material Outside diameter (b) After fracture ΔL Plastic elongation Fig. 3.1 The model of dimensional change using fixed beam

65 HyperWorks RADIOSS RADIOSS Fig.3.2 R R P = R D = 0.07mm d P d D t t = 0.35mm d D = mm d P CL CL 5% 12% 3 CL 12.5 m 1 step 0.3% p 1.75 MPa 70mm 70mm JIS35A300

66 Blank Holder Punch p φd P p Workpiece R P t d P = ~ [mm] RD d D = [mm] φd D t = 0.35 [mm] 70 70mm Die R P = R D = 0.1 [mm] p = 1.75 [MPa] Fig. 3.2 Schematic view of blanking model Table3.1 3 n σ = F ε n F n 0 n 1 n Table3.1 n F 3 σ y F n r

67 60 3 Table 3.1 Material properties of 35A300 Young s modulus E / GPa 206 Poisson s ratio ν / Angle for rolling direction Yield Stress σ y / MPa F value / MPa n value r value Punch φd P p Blank Holder Workpiece R t Punch R φd D mm Die (a) Blanking model Workpiece (Shell element) (b) FEM simulation model Fig. 3.3 Analysis model of circular blanking process

68 HyperWorks RADIOSS HyperWorks RADIOSS CAE HyperWorks10.0 HyperWorks10.0 CAE HyperMesh HyperMesh HyperForm HyperView RADIOSS RASIOSS 1 1 1/100 1

69 62 3 RADIOSS RADIOSS RADIOSS SPH Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics ALE

70 LES

71 64 3 HyperWorks10.0 Fig Fig a 3D-CAD CATIA Altair HyperWorks 2 3 CAD

72 b HyperMesh Manufacturing Solution HyperForm i. ii. BT QBAT QEPH iii. Johnson-Cook Hill - iv. v.

73 66 3 vi. 1/2 1/4 vii. viii. ix. 2. RADIOSS RADIOSS Starter Engine Starter Engine 3. HyperView

74 r ε w ε t 3.1 r r = ε w ε t = ln w w 0 ln t t 0 (3.1) Fig.3.5 n ε l ε w ε t r = r 1 r 1 r 45 r 45 r 0 90 r 45 r 3.2

75 68 3 r = r 0 + r r 45 4 (3.2) 35A300 Table r 0 90 r T w 0 w T t t 0 Fig. 3.5 Hill r 11, 40) Hill Fig.3.6 r r 3.6.1

76 Fig. 3.6 Hill 2 40)

77 (FEM) 19, 41 43) 18 20) 3.3 Cockcroft & Latham 44) D = σ max dε eq (3.3) σ max ε eq D D D f D f 45, 46)

78 D f ) 1 HyperWorks n D 1 2 CL=8, 10, 12% D = 70 MPa D f D D max Fig.3.7 D max 6 3 D max x f 3.4.3

79 D max Dmax Damage value D /MPa Spline curve Df = 70 xf Distance from punch center x / mm Fig. 3.7 Distribution of damage value D and decision method of separation position x f

80 Cockcroft & Latham , 49) 1 (Cockcroft & Latham ) εf 0 σ max d ε = D f (3.4) σ max ε ε f D f 2 ( ) εf ε i (1 + σ m )d ε = b (3.5) a σ σ m a,b ε i

81 74 3 Cockcroft & Latham ) Cockcroft RADIOSS HyperWorks 3 D D = 70 MPa Cockcroft D f = 70 MPa

82 n+1 3 S n-1 (x) y n-1 y 0 S 0 (x) S 1 (x) S 2 (x) y n y 1 y 3 y2 S j (x) = a j + b j (x-x j ) + c j (x-x j ) 2 + d j (x-x j ) 3 x j < x< x j+1 h 0 h 1 h 2 h n-1 x 0 x 1 x 2 x 3 x n-2 x n Fig. 3.8 y = f(x) x 0 < x 1 < < x n y 0, y 1,, y n j = 0, 1,, n 1, S j (x) = a j + b j (x x j ) + c j (x x j ) 2 + d j (x x j ) 3 Fig.3.8 [x j, x j+1 ] S j (x) (x j, y j ) (x j+1, y j+1 ) = 1 2 = 3 4 a j, b j, c j, d j S j (x) 5 ( ) S j (x)

83 76 3 j = 0, 1,, n 2 1 S j (x j ) = y j 2 S j (x j+1 ) = S j+1 (x j+1 ) = y j+1 3 S j (x j+1) = S j+1 (x j+1) 4 S j (x j+1) = S j+1 (x j+1) 5 S 0 (0) = S n 1(x n ) = 0 a j, b j, c j, d j h j = x j+1 x j a j = y j (3.6) b j = a j+1 a j h j(c j+1 + 2c j ) h j 3 (3.7) d j = c j+1 c j 3h j (3.8) c j h 0 2(h 0 + h 1 ) h h 1 2(h 1 + h 2 ) h h n 2 0. h n 2 2(h n 2 + h n 1 ) h n c 0 c 1 c 2.. c n 2 c n 1 0

84 = 0 3(a 2 a 1 ) 3(a 1 a 0 ) h 1 h 0 3(a 3 a 2 ) 3(a 2 a 1 ) h 2 h 1. 3(a n 1 a n 2 ) 3(a n 2 a n 3 ) h n 2 h n 2 3(a n a n 1 ) 3(a n 1 a n 2 ) h n 1 h n 2 0 (3.9) 3.9

85 ?? Fig.3.9 CL = 9% (r 0 = r 45 = r 90 = 1.00) x f x f ε p r

86 Punch-side material Die-side material Plastic strain εr p Distance from punch center x / mm z z r x Fig. 3.9 Distribution of plastic strain in radius direction at 9% clearance

87 CL CL r r 0 = r 45 = r 90 = Fig.3.10 D D f φ CL = % Fig.3.10 x x = 25mm CL D f CL CL Fig.3.11 CL = 6% 11% φ CL φ CL CL

88 Separation Position Die Position Damage value D / MPa Df CL = 8% (φ = 18.8%) CL = 10% (φ = 19.2%) 20 CL = 12% (φ = 20.7%) Distance from punch center x / mm Fig Distribution of damage value D in radius direction at fracture time CL

89 CL = 6% Movement Δx e / μm CL = 11% Indentation φ / % Fig. 3.11

90 CL Fig.3.12 Fig.3.12 x x = 25 CL 0.06 Die Position 0.04 Plastic strain εr p Direction from punch center x /mm Fig Distribution of plastic strain in radius direction (CL=9% CL Fig.3.13 Fig.3.10 CL

91 84 3 CL CL Plastic strain ε r p CL = 10% (φ = 19.2%) CL = 12% (φ = 20.7%) Die Position CL = 8% (φ = 18.8%) Distance from punch center x / mm Fig Distribution of plastic strain in radius direction Fig.3.14 CL = 10% φ = 10% CL 0.3mm 0 x = x n 2 ε r ε θ ε θ > 0 ε θ < 0

92 ε θ 4e-4 2e-4 x = x = x = ε r -2e-4 x = x = e-4 x = r 0 = r 45 = r 90 = 1.00 CL = 10.0%, φ = 10.0% Fig Strain distribution in radius direction and circumferential direction

93 Fig.3.15 CL CL CL CL Fig.3.16 CL CL = 10% CL CL = 10% CL 5 CL = 10% Plastic elongation e p / μm CL = 8% CL = 12% Indentation φ / % Fig Influence of clearance on plastic elongation vs. indentation curves in radius direction

94 Plastic elongation e p / μm Clearance / % Fig Relationship between plastic elongation and clearance by isotropic model

95 88 3 Fig.3.17 (a) CL = 6% (b) 11% CL x > 25 CL = 11% CL = 6% φ = 12% φ CL CL

96 Plastic incremental strain dε p Plastic incremental strain dε p 0.03 φ = 15% 0.02 φ = 18% φ = 20% Direction form punch center x /mm (a) CL = 6% 0.03 φ = 15% 0.02 φ = 18% φ = 20% Direction form punch center x /mm (b) CL = 11% Fig Distribution of plastic incremental strain in radius direction

97 ( r ) r Fig.3.18 CL = 9% D r = Fig r r r r = 0.50 φ = 19.5% r = 1.50 φ = 18.9% φ = 18.9% r D Hill r 11, 40, 50 56) r D f

98 3.6 ( r ) 91 Damage value D / MPa Df r = 0.50 (φ = 18.9%) r = 0.50 (φ = 19.5%) Die Position r = 1.50 (φ = 18.9%) Distance from punch center x / mm Fig Distribution of damage value D in radius direction at shearing start time (CL = 9%)

99 r Fig.3.19 CL = 9 11% r CL r Fig.3.20 CL = 9% r = r D f r r r 7 Plastic elongation e p / μm CL = 11% CL = 9% r value Fig Relationship between plastic elongation and r value at fracture time (CL = 9%)

100 3.6 ( r ) 93 6 Plastic elongation e p / μm CL = 9% r = 0.50 r = Indentation φ / % Fig History of plastic elongation in radius direction (CL = 9%)

101 FEM r r

102 Table2.1 3 r 4.2 Fig.4.1 r Fig.3.19

103 r r 45 =0.55 r 45 = r 5.0 Plastic elongation e p / μm CL = 6% CL = 9% CL = 10% CL = 11% r valure / _ Fig. 4.1 r 0, r 45, r 90 = 0.83, 0.55, 1.17 Fig.4.2 CL=9% x y

104 r = 0.83 r = 1.17 σry / MPa σ rx / MPa Fig. 4.2 CL = 9% Fig CL=9% r r r Fig Fig φ CL = 6% 11% Fig. CL CL

105 Plastic strain ε p r = 0.83 r = distance from punch center x /mm Fig. 4.3 CL = 9% 600 r = 0.83 r = σ r / MPa distance from punch center x /mm Fig. 4.4 CL = 9%

106 r = 0.83 r = σ θ / MPa distance from punch center x /mm Fig. 4.5 CL = 9% CL = 11% φ = 20.1%

107 100 4 φ = 15.6% φ = 17.4% Fig. 4.6 CL = 6% X : 0, Y : 90

108 φ = 15.6% φ = 17.4% φ = 19.2% Fig. 4.7 CL = 11% X : 0, Y : 90

109 Table r Fig.4.8 CL 0 90 CL r Experimetal data e p exp / μm ( r = 1.17 ) calculated data experimetal data 0 ( r = 0.83 ) Calculated data e p cal / μm Clearance / % Fig. 4.8 Influence of plastic anisotropy on the relationship between plastic elongation and clearance by calculations and experiments

110 Fig.4.9 r 1 1 Fig Calculated data e p cal / μm r Punch-side material Die-side material Experimetal data e p exp / μm Fig. 4.9 Comparison of plastic elongation between experimental results and calculated results

111 Fg.4.8 Fig CL = 6% 90 0 CL = 9% 3%t 0.35t 10.5µm 10µm ( r = 0.83 ) Cal. Plastic elongation e p / μm ( r = 1.17 ) Cal Clearance / % Fig r Fig

112 µm µm 10µm 9 10µm Circular punch ( CL = 6%t ) Oval punch ( CL 0 = 9%t, CL 90 = 6%t ) Plastic elongation e p / μm Circular punch ( CL = 9%t ) Circular punch ( CL = 10%t ) Circular punch ( CL = 11%t ) Angle from rolling direction /deg Fig Fig.4.12 (a) CL=6%t 90 13µm

113 106 4 b 0 12µm 6µm µm

114 PUNCH /mm Product Circular punch CL = 6%t m μm Angle from rolling direction /deg (a) PUNCH /mm Product Oval punch CL 6μm Angle from rolling direction /deg (b) Fig. 4.12

115 ) Fig.?? Fig.4.14 Fig Fig Fig.4.16 CL = 9%

116 Fig Fig /4

117 110 4 Fig r

118 φ = 15.6% φ = 17.4% φ = 19.2% Fig ( CL = 9% ) X : 0, Y : 90

119 ( r = 0.83 ) Slit disc Plastic elongation e p / μm ( r = 1.17 ) Slit disc 90 ( r = 1.17 ) Circular disc 0 ( r = 0.83 ) Circular disc Clearance / % 7 Fig. 4.17

120 r 3 2. r r

121 r

122

123 Shell 2

124 117 3 FEM r r 4 45 r 3 r r 1 1

125 118 5 r

126 119 1).. Technical report, ),,., Vol. 34-3, pp , ),,., Vol. 35-1, pp. 1 6, ),,,,., ,, ),,,,., ,, ),,. JFE, Vol. 8, pp. 7 10, jun ),,,,., Vol. 31-4, pp , )., Vol. 90-1, pp , ),,., Vol. 379, pp , ),,,,., Vol. 378, pp , 2003.

127 120 11)., pp. 1 19, , ).,, 12, pp , 1992, ).., ),., p. 47.., )., pp , ),., Vol , pp , ),., Vol , pp , )., Vol , pp , ),,,,., Vol , pp , ),,,. 11, pp , ),,,,,,., Vol , pp , ),,., Vol , pp , ) Y. Song, X. Xiaolong, Z. Jie, Z. Zhen. J. Mater. Process. Technol, Vol , pp , 2007.

128 24) N. Hatanaka, K. Yamaguchi, N. Takakura. J. Mater. Process. Technol, Vol. 139, pp , ),,,. 50, pp , ),,,,. 59, pp , ),,,. 50, pp , ),,,.., Vol , pp , ),., Vol , pp , ),., Vol , pp , ). JIS, pp , )., pp , ).., Cat. No. DE ),., Vol , p. 3, ),,,. A, Vol , pp , ) , pp ( ) ( ), 2000.

129 122 37), Cat. No. De ), Cat. No. De ) T. Matsunaga, T. Kawabe, Y. Mizugaki. Steel Res. Int., Vol. Special Edition Vol. 1, pp , )., Vol , pp , ),,,,., Vol , pp , ),,,., Vol , pp , ). 13, pp , ) M.G. Cockcroft, D.J. Latham. J. Inst. Metals, Vol. 96, pp , ),,,,., Vol , pp , ),,,,., Vol. 78-3, pp , ),,,., Vol. 91-6, pp , ) V. Tvergaard. Int. J. Fract., Vol. 17, pp , ).,, 1, pp , )., Vol , pp , ),., Vol , pp , 2004.

130 123 52)., Vol , pp , ),., Vol , pp , ),,,., Vol , pp , ),,,., Vol , pp , ),,,,,., Vol , pp , ),.., ).., ).., ),,,. 2, pp , 2004.

131

132 125 A (3.4.3) 49, 60) A.0.1 Fig.A.1(a) ε p 1, εp 2, εp 3 σ 1 = σ, σ 2 = σ 3 = 0 -σ σ σ σ σ 3 2 σ Fig. A.1

133 126 A 1 ε p 1 = εp ε p 2 = εp 3 = εp /2 ε p 1 : εp 2 : εp 3 = 1 : 1/2 : 1/2 2σ/3, σ/3, σ/3 σ 1 : σ 2 : σ 3 1 : 1/2 : 1/2 Fig.A.1(b) ε p 1 : εp 2 : εp 3 = σ 1 : σ 2 : σ 3 = 1 : 1 : 2 ε p m(= (ε p 1 + εp 2 + εp 3 )/3) 0 ε p 1 ep m = ε p 1 εp 1 λ - ε p 1 σ 1 = εp 2 σ 2 = εp 3 σ 3 = λ (A.1) Hencky - (A.1) ε p 1 = 2 3 λ{σ (σ 2 + σ 3 )} ε p 2 = 2 3 λ{σ (σ 3 + σ 1 )} (A.2) ε p 3 = 2 3 λ{σ (σ 1 + σ 2 )}

134 (A.2) ν λ (A.2) (ε p 1 εp 2 ) = (σ 1 ε 2 )λ (ε p 2 εp 3 ) = (σ 2 ε 3 )λ (A.3) (ε p 3 εp 1 ) = (σ 3 ε 1 )λ σ eq σ 2 eq = 1 2 {(σ 1 σ 2 ) 2 + (σ 2 σ 3 ) 2 + (σ 3 σ 2 ) 2 } (A.4) (A.2) σ 2 eq = 1 2 ( 1 λ ) 2{(ε p 1 εp 2 )2 + (ε p 2 εp 3 )2 + (ε p 3 εp 1 )2 } (A.5) {} (9/2)ε 2 eq ε eq : σ 2 eq = 1 2 ( 1 λ ) ε2 eq (A.6) λ = 3 2 ε eq σ eq (A.7) Fig.A.2 ε eq σ eq ε eq /σ eq OB

135 128 A (ε eq ) E: OA (A.2) ε p 1 : εp 2 : εp 3 σeq E σeq dεeq σeq B σeq B A σeq/εeq A σeq/dεeq O εeq εeq O εeq εeq Fig. A.2 ε eq σ eq A.0.2 (a) dε p 1 dεp 2 dεp 3 (2/3) dλ(= dε eq/σ eq ) Fig.A.2(b) (A.2)

136 129 dε p 1 = 2 3 dλ{σ (σ 2 + σ 3 )} dε p 2 = 2 3 dλ{σ (σ 3 + σ 1 )} (A.8) dε p 3 = 2 3 dλ{σ (σ 1 + σ 2 )} (A.1) dε p 1 σ 1 = dεp 2 σ 2 = dεp 3 σ 3 = dλ (A.9) dε p x σ x = dεp y σ y = dεp z σ z = dεp yz τ yz = dεp zx τ zx = dεp xy τ xy = dλ (A.10) (A.10) Reuss (incremental strain theory flow theory) dλ (A.7) (A.11) (A.10) dλ = 3 2 dε eq σ eq (A.11)

137

138 131 B B m [Wb m 2 ] CL [% %t] CL θ θ [% %t] D [MPa] d D [mm] D f [MPa] D max [MPa] D max [MPa] d P [mm] dε eq [-] dε p [-] E [MPa]

139 132 B e p [µm] e p cal [µm] e p exp [µm] F F [MPa] f [Hz] g r [-] G i i [µm] H [A m 1 ] M [N m] n n [-] p [MPa N mm 2 ] P b [N] P c [N] P h [N] r r [-] R D [mm] R P [mm]

140 133 r θ θ r [-] S j (x) T [N] t [mm] t 0 [mm] [mm] w [mm] W e [W kg 1 ] W h [W kg 1 ] x [mm] x f [mm] d D [mm µm] d P [mm µm] L [mm µm] ε ε eq [-] ε e [-] ε p [-]

141 134 B ε f [-] ε i [-] ε [-] ε p [-] ε p ( ) [-] ε p m ( ) [-] ε p r [-] ε r [-] ε t [-] ε w [-] ε θ [-] ν [-] ρ [Ω] σ [MPa] σ σ eq [MPa] σ m [MPa] σ max [MPa]

142 135 σ r [MPa] σ ri i [MPa] σ y [MPa] σ θ [MPa] φ [%]

143

144

145

146 (2007) pp Research on Dimensional Change in Silicon Steel Blanking Matsunaga, T., Kawabe, T. and Mizugaki, Y. Steel Res. Int. 79 (2008), Special Edition, Vol. 1, (2009) pp

J. Jpn. Inst. Light Met. 65(6): 224-228 (2015)

J. Jpn. Inst. Light Met. 65(6): 224-228 (2015) 65 62015 224 228 ** Journal of The Japan Institute of Light Metals, Vol. 65, No. 6 (2015), 224 228 2015 The Japan Institute of Light Metals Investigation of heat flow behavior on die-casting core pin with