How to write your own thesis tutorial with LaTeX2e

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1 LATEX ( ) \begin{titlepage}% \parindent=\z@ \let\footnotesize\small \let\footnoterule\relax \let\footnote\thanks \null\vskip 2\Cvs {\Huge\gtfamily\sffamily\@title}% \par\vskip\fboxsep \hrule height 1ex \par\vskip\tw@\fboxsep {\Large\@date}% \par\vskip\cvs\vfill \hb@xt@\fullwidth{% \includegraphics*{images/mytitle}\hss}% \ifx\@contact\@empty\@thanks\vfill\null \else\vfill\begin{large}\@contact\end{large}% \par\vskip 2\Cvs\fi \end{titlepage}% FUNNIST

2 Copyright 2003, 2004 FUNNIST Copyright 2003, 2004 GNU 1.1 GNU Free Documentation License AGNU

3 i L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX FUNNIST Future University- Hakodate Network and Information System Tutorial Future Univeristy-Hakodate FUN (Tutorial) Network Information System Future University-Hakodate Network and Information System Tutorial FUNNIST

4 ii dvipdfm dvipdfm dvipdfm dvipdfm dvipdfm 3.19 dvipdfm 3.21 dvipdfm dvipdfm dvipdfm dvipdfm The length of a pen should be comrotable to write with: too long and it makes him tired; too short and it\ldots. The length of a pen should be comrotable to write with: too long and it makes him tired; too short and it.... which perl $ platex file.tex $ jbibtex file.tex $ dvipdfmx -S -o out.pdf input.dvi $ Alt Ctrl + Alt + Delete Ctrl Alt Delete Ctrl + x Ctrl + s Ctrl + x Ctrl + s

5 iii L A TEX TEX Donald Knuth L A TEX Leslie Lamport L A TEX 2ε Frank Mittelbach Johannes Braams David Carlisle Michael Downes Alan Jeffery Sebastian Rahtz Chris Rowley Rainer Schöpf TEX Windows ptex dviout BIBTEX Oren Patashnik MakeIndex Pehong Chen Nelson Beebe dvipdfm Mark Wicks Dvipdfmx Cho Jin-Hwan PostScript PDF Adobe TEX

6 iv L A TEX L A TEX 2ε FUNNIST L A TEX 2ε α 250 L A TEX L A TEX 1 L A TEX FUNNIST L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX 2ε version version version 0.2a version version 0.3a L A TEX

7 v i iii TEX WYSIWYG L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX

8 vi L A TEX

9 vii JBIBTEX DVI PostScript PDF DVI PS dvipsk DVI PDF Dvipdfmx

10 viii L A TEX

11 ix L A TEX EPS EPS L A TEX URL YaTeX WinShell latexmk

12 x A GNU Free Documentation License APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS VERBATIM COPYING COPYING IN QUANTITY MODIFICATIONS COMBINING DOCUMENTS COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS TRANSLATION TERMINATION FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

13 1 1 1 L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX

14 2 1 The length of a pen should be comrotable to write with: too long and it makes him tired; too short and it\ldots.\par When I was a young---a foolish boy---the pen was too long! So I used to break it. The length of a pen should be comrotable to write with: too long and it makes him tired; too short and it.... When I was a young a foolish boy the pen was too long! So I used to break it. em-dash \, Stop! the man said. \par Prof.~Albert Einstein ( ) was born in German (see fig.~3).\par His famous equation $ E = mc^2 $ is written in the theory. Stop! the man said. Prof. Albert Einstein ( ) was born in German (see fig. 3). His famous equation E = mc 2 is written in the theory en-dash 3 (see fig. 3) fig. 3 ~ = $$ agenda \leftarrow office $$ $$ \mathit{agenda} \leftarrow \mathit{office}$$ agenda office agenda office agenda office \mathit a, g, e, n, d, a o, f, f, i, c, e L A TEX

15 1.4 TEX 3 L A TEX OpenOffice.org Microsoft Office L A TEX I L A TEX TEX TEX [12] Donald Knuth TEX τ ɛ χ 1.5 WYSIWYG WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get TEX WYSIWYG 1.6 TEX 1.7 L A TEX TEX

16 4 1 Leslie Lamport L A TEX [13] L A TEX HTML <CENTER> </CENTER> <CENTER> </CENTER> HTML L A TEX \begin{center} \end{center} HTML TEX L A TEX TEX TEX/L A TEX TEX L A TEX ptex pl A TEX 1.8 Leslie Lamport L A TEX 2ε [13] [3, 4, 2]L A TEX 2ε [21] [9] Another Manual [23, 22, 1] L A TEX L A TEX

17 5 2 2 LATEX L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX DVI *1 1. L A TEX Emacs Unix OS $ emacs file.tex & Emacs XEmacs *1 LATEX PDF pdf LATEX

18 6 2 L A TEX latex latex platex $ platex file.tex file.tex file.dvi L A TEX Unix OS $ xdvi file.dvi & & dviout Windows L A TEX Emacs first.tex \documentclass{jarticle} \begin{document} \LaTeX!! \end{document} Unix OS Emacs Emacs Emacs [ ]J.: Emacs: first.tex (LaTeX) [L1 All [ ] CTRL Y= [ ] [ ] *2 [ ] *2 Shift + Space

19 2.1 7 / Windows Unix OS L A TEX Windows [][] command OK Windows 2 $ platex file.tex This is ptex Version p3.0.4 (sjis) (Web2C 7.3.9) platex2e (based on LaTeX2e <2001/06/01> patch level 0) (1) (./file.aux) ) Output written on file.dvi (1 page 236 bytes). Transcript written on file.log. file.dvi file.log file.tex hoge.log ls Windows dir $ ls file.* file.aux file.dvi file.log file.tex L A TEX file.tex file.aux file.dvi file.tex DVI file.log file.tex file.tex L A TEX

20 8 2 L A TEX # $ % & _ { } ~ ^ \ L A TEX 3 < > 13 \# \$ \% \& \_ \{ \} # $ % & _ { } \textasciitilde \textasciicircum \textbackslash \textbar \textless \textgreater ~ ^ \ < > Windows Windows OS 2.2 Unix OS mkdir cd dir move copy del help mkdir cd ls mv cp rm help man command /? [] [ ] Windows

21 L A TEX Unix OS command --help less less man command info command info less info Unix OS 2 $ emacs file.tex & $ platex file.tex $ xdvi file.dvi & Unix OS Windows mv move ls dir / Y= $ echo message1 >> file.txt $ echo message2 >> file.txt $ mkdir anydir $ cd anydir $ mv../hoge.txt./ $ ls $ more file.txt $ ls../ anydir file.txt anydir file.txt

22 10 2 L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX? 2.2 error.tex \documentclass{jarticle} \begin{document} Hello & Goodbye! Give me $100! Give me 100%! Under_bar is stranger. Is sharp sing #? No its \#. Hello \& Goodbye!! \end{document} error.tex platex error! Misplaced alignment tab character &. 1.3 Hello & Goodbye! Give me $100! Give me 100%?? 3 & Enter! You can t use macro parameter character # in math mode. l.4 Under_bar is stranger. Is sharp sing #? # 1 Enter! Missing $ inserted. <inserted text> $ l.6 \end{document}? $ Hello \& Goodbye! Give me \$100! Give me 100%! Under_bar is stranger. Is sharp sing \#? No its \#. Hello \& Goodbye!! 3 & $ 4 # \

23 2.1 11! Missing $ inserted. <inserted text> $ l.4 Under_ bar is stranger. Is sharp sing \#?? 2 $ 4 _ $ Enter! Missing $ inserted. <inserted text> $ l.6 \end{document}? Overfull \hbox ( pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 3--6 []\OT1/cmr/m/n/10 Hello & Good-bye! Give me $100! Give me 100Under$[]\OML/cmm/m/it/10 arisstranger:issharpsing \OT1/cmr/m/n/10 #?\OML/cmm/m/it/10 Noits[]\OT1/cmr/m/n/10 # \OML/cmm/m/it/10 :Hello\OT1/cmr/m/n/10 &\OML/cmm/m/it/10 Goodbye\OT1/cmr/m/n/10!!$ Overfull \hbox DVI error.dvi <inserted text> $ L A TEX $ b r Give me 100Under b %! Under error.tex Hello \& Goodbye! Give me \$100! Give me 100\%! Under\_bar is stranger. Is sharp sing \#? No its \#. Hello \& Goodbye!! L A TEX?? Type <return> to proceed, S to scroll future error messages,

24 12 2 L A TEX R to run without stopping, Q to run quietly, I to insert something, E to edit your file, 1 or... or 9 to ignore the next 1 to 9 tokens of input, H for help, X to quit.?? Enter S R Q L A TEX Enter Q I H X X Enter * Enter * (Please type a command or say \end ) $ \end{verbatim*} OS Windows dviout Unix OS xdvi Red Hat pxdvi file.dvi Windows dviout Unix OS xdvi hoge.dvi xdvi $ xdvi hoge&

25 Unix OS & 2.2 DVI dviout xdvi xdvi xdvi Quit Abort Quit Reread First Prev Next xdvi file.dvi

26 14 2 L A TEX Last View PS File PostScript DVI Quit L A TEX ( ) \documentclass[,... ]{ }[ ] () \begin{document} ( ) \end{document} \documentclass document document L A TEX Windows \alpha \maketitle \begin{ } \end{ } \begin{center} \end{center} { } \section{} [ ] \documentclass[]{jbook}

27 2.2 L A TEX L A TEX 2 file.tex input.foo output.bar 2.2 L A TEX L A TEX..dtx 1.cls 2.cls,... n.cls.dtx.sty.ins classes.dtx.sty

28 16 2 L A TEX.cls.clo.fd.tex.bib.bst.eps L A TEX BIBTEX Adobe PostScript L A TEX.log L A TEX.aux 1.dvi L A TEX.toc.lof.lot.bbl BIBTEX thebibliography.blg BIBTEX.jpg.bmp Windows OS.png Dvipdfm.bb L A TEX ebb CrateBB.mp MetaPost 2.3 L A TEX

29 \documentclass \documentclass[,... ]{ }[ ] YYYY/MM/DD jarticle \documentclass[11pt,a4j]{jarticle}[2003/12/31] L A TEX Warning \usepackage \usepackage[,... ]{ }[ ] \usepackage \documentclass L A TEX Dvipdfmx \usepackage[dvipdfm]{graphicx}[2001/01/01] graphicx \documentclass[10pt,a4paper,twocolumn]{article} 10pt a4paper twocolumn,

30 18 2 L A TEX graphicx amsmath makeidx \usepackage{graphicx,amsmath,makeidx} \documentclass[10pt,a4paper,oneside]{jarticle} \usepackage[dvipdfm]{graphicx} \usepackage[dvipdfm,usenames]{color} \begin{document}. \end{document} \documentclass[dvipdfm,10pt,a4j]{jarticle} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage[usenames]{color}

31 L A TEX L A TEX 3.1 (document) (title) (\author) (\date) (\title) (contents) (headline) (paragraph) (indentation) 1 (punctuation) (note) (word) (character) (sentence) (paragraph) (section) (chapter) (part) (letter)

32 letter word sentence paragraph section chapter part L A TEX 3.2 (title) (author) (date) \title{ } \author{ } \date{ } L A TEX \begin{document} \maketitle \documentclass{jarticle} \title{ \LaTeX} \author{ } \date{ } \begin{document} \maketitle {\LaTeX} \end{document} L A TEX L A TEX...

33 (sectioning) (contents) (nested sections) (abstract) L A TEX 3.2 \section 3.2 L A TEX \part[ ]{ } \chapter[ ]{ } \section[ ]{ } \subsection[ ]{ } \subsubsection[ ]{ } \paragraph[ ]{ } \subparagraph[ ]{ } article jarticle (serial number) [ ] L A TEX \chapter{ } \section{ } \chapter{ } \section{ } \subsection{} L A TEX (part) (chapter) (section) (subsection) (subsubsection) (paragraph) (subparagraph)

34 \part -1 0 \chapter 0 \section 1 \subsection 2 \subsubsection 3 \paragraph 4 \subparagraph 4 (j)article (j)article L A TEX \tableofcontents (contents) \listoffigures (List of Figures) \listoftables (List of Tables) tocdepth 3.3 jsbook \chapter \setcounter{tocdepth}{0} (j)book (j)report 2 (j)article 3 jsbook secnumdepth secnumdepth 3.3 \subsection \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2}

35 (abstract) (j)article abstract abstract \maketitle \maketitle \maketitle \begin{abstract} \end{abstract} (j)report \chapter* \chapter * \chapter*{}\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{} (j)book \frontmatter \chapter \begin{document} \frontmatter% \chapter{} \mainmatter% \chapter{} 3.6 (indentation) L A TEX

36 *1 \par \par \par \par L A TEX L A TEX \parindent \parindent=3em \indent \noindent \indent \noindent jreport indentfirst %\section{ } \indent \indent \par \noindent *

37 \baselinestretch 3 \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2} doublespace \usepackage{doublespace} L A TEX \parindent=0pt pt L A TEX 3.4 jsclasses 10pt 3.4 L A TEX in 1 in = 25.4 mm = pt cm 1 cm = 10 mm = 28.3 pt mm 1 mm = 2.83 pt pt 1 pt = 0.35 mm em M ex x zw true cm truecm

38 SI 3.6 *2 3.5 SI length l m meter mass m kg kilogram time t s second amount of substance n mol mole electric current I A ampere thermodynamic temperature T K kelvin luminous intensity I cd candela n 10 n T G M k m µ n p * tera giga mega kilo milli micro nano pico * (µ) textcomp \textmu 3\,mkg 3 3\,mkg ( ) 3\,g 3 mkg 3 3 mkg ( ) 3 g 3.8 (punctuation) * (Y Z P T G M k m µ n p f a z y)

39 The length of a pen should be comrotable to write with: too long and it makes him tired; too short and it\ldots.\par Prof.~Albert Einstein ( ) was born in German (see fig.~3). The length of a pen should be comrotable to write with: too long and it makes him tired; too short and it.... Prof. Albert Einstein ( ) was born in German (see fig. 3) (note) L A TEX 2 \footnote \marginpar \footnote \footnote{ } L A TEX \footnote *3 \footnote{fourier Translation} \ldots a... a Fourier Translation 3.10 (underline) (emphasis) L A TEX \emph \emph{english Emphasize} \emph{} English Emphasize *3

40 * fontenc T1 3.8 i j 3.7 \i \j 3.7 å \aa ø \o \dag Ð \DJ «\guillemotleft Å \AA Ø \O \ddag ŋ \ng» \guillemotright æ \ae ı \i \pounds Ŋ \NG \guilsinglleft Æ \AE j \j! þ \th \guilsinglright œ \oe ß \ss? Þ \TH \quotedblbase Œ \OE ß \SS ð \dh \quotesinglbase ł \l \S Ð \DH " \textquotedbl Ł \L \P đ \dj 3.8 ü \"u ā \={a} à \ {a} ạ \d{a} ǎ \v{a} o \r{o} é \ {e} a \H{a} ā \b{a} ǫ \k{o} ñ \~{n} ȧ \.{a} ô \^{o} ç \c{c} ĭ \u{ı} oo \t{oo} J\"org {mu\ss} ein Gel\"ande f\"ur seine Fabrik erwerben. Jörg muß ein Gelände für seine Fabrik erwerben L A TEX (white space)

41 % (comment out) % comment Victor Eijkhout comment 3 %\usepackage{comment} % \begin{comment} \end{comment} 3.14 (verbatim) \verb+ + verbatim \begin{verbatim} \end{verbatim} \verb #include<stdio.h> \ldots \begin{verbatim} int main( void ){ printf("hello, World!\n"); } \end{verbatim} #include<stdio.h>... int main( void ){ printf("hello, World!\n"); } \verb verbatim \verb * \verb 134, \verb+456+, \verb9 () 9.\par \verb* 1 3 5, \verb*9ok? ok?9.\par \begin{verbatim*} int main( void ){ printf("hello, World!\n"); } \end{verbatim*} 134, 456, () , ok? ok?. int main( void ){ printf("hello, World!\n"); }

42 quote quotation 2 Shift 7 L A TEX Shift + 2 " Word L A TEX 1 quote quotation quote quotation \begin{quote} quote \end{quote} \begin{quotation} quotation \end{quotation} " " " " quote \begin{quote} quotation \end{quote} quote quotation

43 \,FUN: Future University-Hakodate FUNNIST FUNNIST FUN FUN: Future University-Hakodate FUNNIST FUNNIST FUN \emph \emph{ article s Name } 2004 \emph{natural} 2004 Natural en-dash em-dash en-dash - okumacro 3.9 When I was a dog---a big dog---i could read about books in a day. This is a just fairy-tale. \par When I was a dog a big dog I could read about books in a day. This is a just fairy-tale.

44 en-dash -- em-dash --- \ \ - - $-$ 1 {\TeX} \mbox{for-each} Perl \mbox{foreach} \mbox{x-ray} Future \mbox{university-hakodate} \mbox{if-then} TEX for-each Perl foreach X-ray Future University-Hakodate if-then (line break) \ Windows Y= \\ 3.15 \\*[ ] \newline \par \newline \\ \par \verb \\ \\ \\[1cm] \par \newline \\

45 (space) TEX (ligature) (kerning) The files were found in a folder and were shuffled by anyone.\par The f{}iles were found in a folder and were shuf{}f{}led by anyone. The files were found in a folder and were shuffled by anyone. The files were found in a folder and were shuffled by anyone. fl ffl My name is Thor. L A TEX I want to be a Mr. Right and go to N.Y. I wish I could. D.~E. Knuth means Donald Ervin Knuth. I want to be a Mr. Right and go to N.Y. I wish I could. D. E. Knuth means Donald Ervin Knuth. Mr. Right N.Y. I N.Y. D. E. \ \@ I want to be a Mr. Right and go to N.Y. Let me do.\par I want to be a Mr.\ Right and go to N.Y\@. Let me do. I want to be a Mr. Right and go to N.Y. Let me do. I want to be a Mr. Right and go to N.Y. Let me do.

46 34 3 L A TEX (letter space) (word space) \ (sentence space) \@ (leading) (paragraph skip) \par ~ Mr.~Sato read page~10 and looked at figure~3 and table~2 in the book. Mr. Sato read page 10 and looked at figure 3 and table 2 in the book. Hello is a greeting and I always say Hello. \par \, Hello is a greeting and I always say Hello. \, Hello is a greeting and I always say Hello. Hello is a greeting and I always say Hello TEX 4 1 \mbox English \par \mbox{}english\mbox{} English English L A TEX TEX TEX

47 \LaTeX \TeX \\ \LaTeX\ \TeX \\ {\LaTeX}{\TeX} \\ {\LaTeX} {\TeX}\\ L A TEX TEX L A TEX TEX L A TEX TEX L A TEX TEX 3 \TeX and {\LaTeX}are very famous.\\ {\TeX} and {\LaTeX} are very pupular. TEXand L A TEXare very famous. TEX and L A TEX are very pupular. \TeX \TeX 3.17 (itemization) itemize enumerate 1 (a) i A description \item (nest) itemize \item itemize \item[\#] \begin{itemize} \item. \item[*]. \begin{itemize} \item. \end{itemize} \end{itemize}. *..

48 36 3 \begin{enumerate} \item. \item. \begin{description} \item[ 1] 1. \item[ 2] 2. \end{description} \end{enumerate} file.tex 2 \documentclass[a4j]{jsarticle} \title{ \LaTeX}% \author{ }% \date{\today}% \begin{document}% \maketitle% \tableofcontents% \section{}% \verb \section \subsection{ }% \verb \subsection % \section{ } \subsection{} \begin{quote} \verb quotation \emph{ }\verb quotation \end{quote} \subsection{} \begin{description} \item[ ] \item[ ] \item[ ] \end{description} \end{document} 3.1

49 L A TEX \section 1.1 \subsection quotation quotation

50 (flushing) flushleft \raggedright center \centering flushright \raggedleft (centering) center 1 (flushright) flushright (flushleft) flushleft \begin{flushleft} \\ \end{flushleft} \begin{center} \\ \\ \end{center} \begin{flushright} \\ flushright \end{flushright} flushright \begin{flushright} \\ \end{flushright} \begin{flushleft} \end{flushleft} \begin{flushright} \\ \end{flushright} \begin{center}

51 \end{center} 2004 \begin{flushright} \end{flushright} (character) (typeface) L A TEX L A TEX 3.11 {\ }

52 \tiny \scriptsize \footnotesize \small \normalsize \large \Large \LARGE \huge \Huge 3.12 \ 10 pt 11 pt 12 pt \tiny 5 pt 6 pt 6 pt \scriptsize 7 pt 8 pt 8 pt \footnotesize 8 pt 9 pt 10 pt \small 9 pt 10 pt 11 pt \normalsize 10 pt 11 pt 12 pt \large 12 pt 12 pt 14 pt \Large 14 pt 14 pt 17 pt \LARGE 17 pt 17 pt 20 pt \huge 20 pt 20 pt 25 pt \Huge 25 pt 25 pt 25 pt 1 {\scriptsize } {\Large } \kyocho

53 \newcommand{\kyocho}[1]{{\large#1}} \newcommand{\kyocho}[1]{{\large#1}} \kyocho{ } \Kyocho{} L A TEX \textrm \rmfamily ABCabc \textsf \sffamily ABCabc \texttt \ttfamily ABCabc \textmd \mdseries ABCabc \textbf \bfseries ABCabc \textit \itshape ABCabc \textsl \slshape ABCabc \textsc \scshape ABCabc \textsf{\textbf{typeface}} {\sffamily\bfseries Typeface} Typeface Typeface \texttt{\textit{typewriter bold extended?}} \textsc{small Caps}. \textit{\textbf{bold italic}}. {\ttfamily \itshape typewriter bold extended.} Typewriter bold extended? Small Caps. Bold italic. typewriter bold extended.

54 42 3 {\Large\textbf Large Bold?} \\ {\textbf\large Bold Large?} Large Bold? Bold Large? 3.14 pl A TEX 3.14 \textmc \mcfamily \textgt \gtfamily \textgt{} {\gtfamily } 3.20 L A TEX 4 1 L A TEX ptex 1 [6] [20, 19, 11] 1

55 L A TEX classpackage L A TEX L A TEX \documentclass[,... ]{ } \usepackage[,... ]{ } 11 \documentclass[twocolumn,11pt]{jarticle} \usepackage{color} \usepackage{graphicx} 2 twocolumn 11pt \documentclass[twocolumn,11pt]{jarticle} \usepackage[dvips]{graphicx,color}.cls.sty L A TEX pl A TEX classes.dtx classes.ins article report slides proc

56 44 3 jarticle jreport jbook jarticle jreport jbook jclasses \documentclass 10pt 11pt 12pt 10pt a4paper a5paper b5paper letterpaper b4paper a4j a5j b4j b5j geometry jsclasses landscape oneside twoside onesidetwoside onecolumn twocolumn onecolumn twocolumn titlepage notitlepage titlepage notitlepage fleqn leqno draft final draft final final openright openany (j)report (j)book openright openany(j)report openany (j)book openright jsclasses jsarticle jsbook jspf

57 jclasses *4 jsarticle jsbook jspf jsclasses L A TEX 3 \usepackage[ ]{ } $ platex filename.dtx filename.dvi DVI filename.dtx Windows Unix OS find L A TEX $texmf/tex/latex/base L A TEX AMS-L A TEX American Mathematical Society AMS-TEX TEX L A TEX AMS-L A TEX amsmath babel L A TEX graphicx color tools L A TEX3 L A TEX L A TEX 2ε L A TEX3 tools $texmf/tex/latex/tools array calc array tabular tabular* L A TEX *4 (j)classes

58 46 3 dcolumn delarray hhline longtable tabularx afterpage bm enumerate ftnright indentfirst layout multicol showkeys theorem varioref verbatim xr xspace tabular \clearpage \afterpage enumerate 2 jarticle jreport \chapter\section \label \ref \cite keys indind verbatim

59 L A TEX 4.1 (references) Oren Patashnik BIBTEX JBIBTEX thebibliography \bibitem JBIBTEX file.bib JBIBTEX \cite

60 thebibliography \bibitem[ ]{ } thebibliography \begin{thebibliography}{ } \bibitem[ ]{ } \end{thebibliography} \cite ~\cite[ ]{ } ~\cite{kk1981} \begin{thebibliography}{9} \bibitem{kk1981} \bibitem{ay1991} Ada Young. \emph{the Art of awk programming}. \textbf{5}. Angus Univ.~Press \end{thebibliography} [1] [1] [2] Ada Young. The Art of awk programming. 5. Angus Univ. Press thebibliography 9 \begin{thebibliography}{9} 2 \begin{thebibliography}{99}

61 thebibliography \bibitem[ ]{ }..., \bibitem[mirai 1999]{MT1999}. 1999,. Taro Mirai \begin{thebibliography}{watanabe 2000} \bibitem[hokkai 1997]{HM1997a} Michiko Hokkai. \emph{going My Way}. 1997, Future. \bibitem[hokkai 1999]{HM1999a} ,. \bibitem[watanabe 2000]{NN2000a} , NNN. \end{thebibliography} [Hokkai 1999] [Watanabe 2000] [Hokkai 1997] Michiko Hokkai. Going My Way. 1997, Future. [Hokkai 1999] ,. [Mirai 1999]. 1999,. [Watanabe 2000] , NNN. Michiko Hokkai 2 [][ ]

62 L A TEX JBIBTEX [14, 24] JBIBTEX L A TEX.bib {, 1 ={ 1 }, 2 ={ 2 }, author = { }, yomi = {Taro Mirai}, title = {}, publisher = {}, year = {2004}, note = book book

63 TM2004a author yomi title publisher year note yomi 4 file.bib \cite L A TEX \bibliography \bibliographystyle{ } \bibliography{ }.bib.bib \documentclass{jsarticle} \begin{document} ~\cite{tw2004a} \bibliographystyle{jplain} \bibliography{ref} \end{document} JBIBTEX $ platex file.tex $ jbibtex file $ platex file.tex $ platex file.tex JBIBTEX This is JBibTeX, Version 0.99c-j0.33 (Web2C 7.5.2) The top-level auxiliary file: file.aux

64 52 4 The style file: jplain.bst Database file #1: ref.bib file.bbl 1 JBIBTEX 2 file.aux3 jplain.bst ref.bib JBIBTEX JBIBTEX file.blg \cite \nocite \nocite{ } \nocite 3 1 JBIBTEX file.bbl 3 Make latexmk \bibliographystyle{ } \bibliography{,... } \bibliographystyle jplain \bibliography 1 book 4.1 author title publisher year

65 article book booklet inbook incollection inproceedings manual masterthesis phdthesis misc 4.2 address annote author booktitle chapter crossref edition editor howpublished journal key month note number organization pages publisher school series title volume year

66 article book booklet inbook incollection inproceedings manual masterthesis misc phdthesis author title journal year volume number pages month note author title publisher, year volume series address edition month note title author howpublished adddress month year note author title chapter pages publisher year volume series type note address edition month booktitle author title year publisher editor volume series type month note address edition author title booktitle year editor volume series pages address month organization publisher note title author address edition month year note organization author title school year type address month note author title howpublished month year note author title school year type address month note author author={ and and } and author editor author={ and others} jplain et al.

67 BIBTEX jplain plain alpha abbrv unsrt 4 jplain jalpha jabbrv junsrt WWW 4 jplain [1], NNN. jalpha 3 key [NG 2000], NNN. jabbrv [1], NNN. junsrt [1],, NNN (author) (title) (publisher) (year) (volume) (series) (edition) 2004 [ 3 ] L A TEX author = { }, yomi = {Haruhiko Okumura}, title = {[ 3 ] \LaTeXe\ }, publisher = { }, year = {2004}, note = {021.49/Ok}, } (yomi) 4.2 (author) (title) (journal) (year)

68 56 4 (volume) (number) (pages) The RoboCup Synthetic Agent Challenge author = {Eiichi Osawa and others}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence: IJCAI-97}, title = {The RoboCup Synthetic Agent Challenge~97}, volume = 1, pages = {24--29}, year = 1997, } (conference) (proceeding) inproceedings JBIBTEX file.bbl \begin{thebibliography}{9} \bibitem{ho2004}. \newblock [ 3 ] \LaTeXe\. \newblock, \newblock /Ok. \bibitem{eo1997} Eiichi Osawa, et~al. \newblock The robocup synthetic agent challenge~97. \newblock In {\em Proceedings of the 15th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence: IJCAI-97}, Vol.~1, pp.~24--29, \end{thebibliography} file.bbl [1]. [ 3 ] L A TEX 2ε., /Ok. [2] Eiichi Osawa, et al. The robocup synthetic agent challenge 97. In Proceedings of the 15th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence: IJCAI- 97, Vol. 1, pp , et al. en-dash

69 [3,2,5,1] [1-3,5] Donald Arseneau cite hyperref [1-3,5] cite nospace space nosort \usepackage[space]{cite} cite \citeform \citepunct \citeleft [ \citeright ] \citemid \cite mycite.tex \documentclass[12pt]{jsarticle} \usepackage{cite} \begin{document} ~\cite[p.~130]{first,second,third,sixth,fifth} \begin{thebibliography}{9} \bibitem{first} First Name. \emph{ }. 1991,. \bibitem{second} Second Name. \emph{}. 1992,. \bibitem{third} Third Name. \emph{ }. 1993,. \bibitem{forth} Forth Name. \emph{}. 1995,. \bibitem{fifth} Fifth Name. \emph{ }. 1994,.

70 58 4 \bibitem{sixth} Sixth Name. \emph{ }. 1990,. \end{thebibliography} \end{document} [1 3,5,6; p. 130] \cite p. 130 \usepackage \renewcommand\citemid{; } \renewcommand\citeleft{ } \renewcommand\citeright{ } \renewcommand\citepunct{,} 1 3,5,6; p. 130 \citeform \renewcommand\citeform[1]{\romannumeral 0#1} i iii,v,vi; p GUI Morten Alver Nizar Batada JabRef

71 L A TEX 5.1 L A TEX DVI DVI Device Independent DVI DVI DVI file.dvi.dvi PostScript Adobe 1.3 Unix OS PostScript PostScript PS.ps file.ps.gz PostScript PostScript EPS Encapsulated PostScript PDF PDF Portable Document Format Adobe PostScript 1.5 L A TEX PDF pdfl A TEX

72 60 5 HTML HTML HyperText Markup Language Hyper Link HTML HTML XHTML L A TEX L A TEX DVI DVI DeVice Independent L A TEX DVI platex L A TEX $ platex filename.tex filename.tex filename.dvi DVI DVI DVI Windows dviout Unix OS xdvi pxdvi PostScript DTP Adobe PostScript PostScript PostScript L A TEX PostScript PostScript Ghostscript PDF Adobe PDF PDF Portable Document Format PDF

73 5.2 DVI PS dvipsk DVI PS dvipsk Tomas Rokicki Karl Berry Kpathsearch dvipsk DVI PS dvipsk Windows dvipsk Unix OS dvips Red Hat pdvips $ dvips filename.dvi 5.dvi dvipsk -D dpi -o -t a0 a8 b0 b8 letter -T, 21cm,27cm \AtBeginDvi{\special{papersize=210mm,270mm}} -p L A TEX -l L A TEX -pp L A TEX 11, P config.ps config.pdf $ dvipsk -Ppdf filename Type1 DVI EPS $ dvipsk -E -Pdl -pp14 -o outp14.eps input EPS outp14.eps EPS

74 DVI PDF Dvipdfmx Mark Wicks Dvipdfm [28] DVI PDF Dvipdfm Cho Jin-Hwan Dvipdfmx project team Dvipdfmx Dvipdfm Dvipdfmx Dvipdfmx PDF HyperTEX Tpic JPEG PNG EPS EPDF PDF Dvipdfmx -o file.dvi file.pdf -p. a4 letter a6 a5 a4 a3 b5 b5 b4 b3 b5var -s -s 3-5, PDF -s r PDF 600dpi -V PDF 2 5 -z v DVI PDF $ dvipdfmx -s o output.pdf input.dvi.dvi PDF Adobe Reader Acrobat Reader dvipdfm DVI ** ERROR ** Unable to open output.pdf 1 PDF

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81 L A TEX L \newcommand{\h@ge}[2]{#1 #2} 6 \def\makeatletter{\catcode \@11\relax} \def\makeatother{\catcode \catcode \documentclass{jsarticle} \makeatletter \newcommand{\h@ge}[2]{#1 #2} \newcommand{\hoge}{\h@ge} \makeatother \begin{document} \hoge{}{} \makeatletter \makeatother

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83 TEX/L A TEX 2 L A TEX \ttfamily \itshape \normalfont 6 roman {\ttfamily tt {\itshape it} tt \normalfont it} roman roman tt it tt it roman \ttfamily L A TEX roman \texttt{ tt \textit{it} tt \normalfont it} roman roman tt it tt it roman \normalfont \normalfont roman {\ttfamily tt {\normalfont \itshape it} tt} roman\par roman \texttt{tt {\normalfont \textit{it}} tt} roman roman tt it tt roman roman tt it tt roman 6.4 center \begin{center} \end{center}

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89 \newcommand*{\chapref}[1]{ ~\ref{chap:#1}~ }% \newcommand*{\seclab}[1]{\label{sec:#1}}% \newcommand*{\secref}[1]{\ref{sec:#1}~ }% \newcommand*{\figlab}[1]{\label{fig:#1}}% \newcommand*{\figref}[1]{ ~\ref{fig:#1}}% \newcommand*{\tablab}[1]{\label{tab:#1}}% \newcommand*{\tabref}[1]{ ~\ref{tab::#1}}% \newcommand*{\equlab}[1]{\label{equ:#1}}% \newcommand*{\equref}[1]{ ~\ref{equ::#1}}% \section{}\seclab{addmixcolor} $i$ $c_i$ \eqref{addmixcolor} \begin{equation} c_i = r_i + g_i + b_i\eqlab{addmixcolor} \end{equation} \tabref{addmixcolor} \begin{table}[htbp] % \caption{}\tablab{addmixcolor} \end{table} \figref{addmixcolor} \begin{figure}[htbp] % \caption{}\figlab{addmixcolor} \end{figure} \section{}\seclab{submixcolor} \secref{addmixcolor}(\pageref{sec:addmixcolor}~ ) 6 1 \secref{addmixcolor}(\pageref{sec:addmixcolor}~ ) sec: \newcommand*{\fullchapref}[1]{ \ref{chap:#1} (\pageref{chap:#1} )} \newcommand*{\fullsecref}[1]{\ref{sec:#1}~ (\pageref{sec:#1} )} \newcommand*{\fullfigref}[1]{ ~\ref{fig:#1} (\pageref{fig:#1} )} \newcommand*{\fulltabref}[1]{ ~\ref{tab::#1} (\pageref{tab:#1} )} \newcommand*{\fullequref}[1]{ ~\ref{equ::#1} (\pageref{equ:#1} )} \section{}\seclab{submixcolor} \fullsecref{addmixcolor}

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91 79 7 L A TEX TEX L A TEX L A TEX math italic equation eqnarray

92 80 7 $$ \(\) \begin{math}\end{math} \(\) math math $a$ 2 $b$ 2 $c$ 2 \( a^2 + b^2 = c^2 \) {\LaTeX} \begin{math} a^2 + b^2 = c^2 \end{math} a 2 b 2 c 2 a 2 + b 2 = c 2 L A TEX a 2 + b 2 = c 2 ^ a x + y L A TEX \( a^x+y \neq a^{x+y} \) a x + y a x+y L A TEX L A TEX 3 $$$$ \[\] \begin{displaymath} \end{displaymath} fleqn \[\] displaymath \[ c^2 = a^2 + b^2 \] c 2 = a 2 + b 2

93 \begin{displaymath} a^2 + b^2 = c^2 \end{displaymath} a 2 + b 2 = c equation \begin{equation} \label{ } \end{equation} 7 equation \begin{equation} a^2 + b^2 = c^2 \label{eq:equ} \end{equation} ~(\ref{eq:equ}) $c^2$ $a^2+b^2$ a 2 + b 2 = c 2 (7.1) (7.1) c 2 a 2 + b \begin{eqnarray*} & (=) & \\ & (=) & \end{eqnarray*} = eqnarray* 3 1 & \\ \begin{eqnarray*} f(x) & = & x^2 \\ f (x) & = & 2x \end{eqnarray*} f(x) = x 2 f (x) = 2x eqnarray eqnarray*

94 \\ \nonumber \begin{eqnarray} f(x) &=& x^2 \label{eq1}\\ f (x) &=& 2x \label{eq2}\\ \int f(x)dx&=& x^3/3+c\nonumber \end{eqnarray} ~(\ref{eq1}) ~(\ref{eq2}) f(x) = x 2 (7.2) Z f (x) = 2x (7.3) f(x)dx = x 3 /3 + C (7.2) (7.3) \mathnormal ABCabc \mathrm ABCabc \mathsf ABCabc \mathtt ABCabc \mathbf ABCabc \mathit ABCabc \mathcal ABC \begin{displaymath} \int f(x)dx \neq \int f(x)\mathrm{d}x \end{displaymath} Z Z f(x)dx f(x)dx amssymb amsmath \text 7.2

95 amssymb \mathfrak ABCabc \mathbb ABC \text $$ x\in\mathbf{r} \neq x\in\mathbb{r}$$ $$ f(x)=1/(1+g(x)), (x=3\text{ })$$ x R x R f(x) = 1/(1 + g(x)), (x = 3 ) L A TEX 7.3 dx 7.3 dx dy dxdy \, dx\, dy dx dy \: dx\: dy dx dy \; dx\; dy dx dy \ dx\ dy dx dy \quad dx\quad dy dx dy 2 \qquad dx\qquad dy dx dy \! dx\!dy dxdy \[ \int\int f(x)dxdy \neq \int\!\!\!\int f(x)\ dx\ dy \] Z Z ZZ f(x)dxdy f(x) dx dy L A TEX

96 84 7 ^{ } _{ } x^{a+b} x a+b {}^{a+b}x a+b x x_{a+b} x a+b {}_{a+b}x a+bx x^{a+b}_{c+d} x a+b c+d {}^{a}_{b}x a b x x^{a^{b}} x ab {}_{a}x_{b} ax b 7.4 \( {}^{a+b}_{x+y}a^{a+b}_{x+y} \) a+b x+ya a+b x+y ^ _ \sp \sb \( A^4_3 \neq A\sp4\sb3 \) A 4 3 A 4 3 Harald harders leftidx \leftidx{ }{ }{ } \ltrans{ } \ltrans \begin{eqnarray*} {}_a^b\left(\frac{x}{y}\right)_c^d & \neq& \leftidx{_a^b}{ \left( \frac{x}{y} \right) }{_c^d}\\ {}^\mathrm{t} A &\neq& \ltrans{a} \end{eqnarray*} b a «d x y c b a t A t A «d x y c d d

97 L A TEX arccos \arccos cot \cot exp \exp lim inf \liminf sec \sec arcsin \arcsin coth \coth gcd \gcd lim sup \limsup sin \sin arctan \arctan csc \csc hom \hom log \log sinh \sinh arg \arg deg \deg inf \inf max \max sup \sup cos \cos det \det ker \ker min \min tan \tan cosh \cosh dim \dim lim \lim Pr \Pr tanh \tanh \[ cos^2x+sin^2x \neq \cos^2x+\sin^2x \] cos 2 x + sin 2 x cos 2 x + sin 2 x 7 \bmod \bmod{ } (2 ) \pmod{ } \( \mathrm M\bmod{\mathrm N} \neq \mathrm M\pmod{\mathrm N} \) M mod N M (mod N) \frac{ }{ } \sqrt{ } \sqrt[ ]{ } \int^{ }_{ } \sum^{ }_{ } \begin{displaymath} \int^b_a f(x)dx \neq \sqrt{\frac{1}{f(x)}} \end{displaymath} Z b a s 1 f(x)dx f(x)

98 86 7 \begin{displaymath} \sqrt{\frac{1}{g(x)}+\sqrt{\int f(x)dx}} \end{displaymath} v s u Z t 1 g(x) + f(x)dx \begin{displaymath} \frac{1}{g(x)} + \frac{1}{5x^2+8x+5} \end{displaymath} 1 g(x) + 1 5x 2 + 8x + 5 \sum \int \limits \nolimits \limits \nolimits \limits \nolimits \begin{eqnarray*} \sum\nolimits^n_{k=0}k &\neq& \sum^n_{k=0}k\\ \int^b_a dx &\neq&\int\limits^b_a dx \end{eqnarray*} X n k X n k k=0 Z b dx a a k=0 Z b dx \begin{eqnarray*} \lim\nolimits_{n\rightarrow0}n &\neq& \lim_{n\rightarrow0} n \\ \prod^n_{i=1}n &\neq& \prod\nolimits^n_{i=1}n \end{eqnarray*} lim n 0 n lim n n 0 ny n Y n i=1 i=1 n L A TEX ( ) \left \right \begin{displaymath} \left[ \Big(x+y\Big) \right] \end{displaymath} h i x + y 7.7 L A TEX \left

99 ( ( \rfloor \updownarrow { \lbrace ) ) \lfloor \Uparrow \rceil [ [ \arrowvert \Downarrow \lceil ] ] \Arrowvert \Updownarrow \lmoustache { \{ \Vert \ \backslash \rmoustache } \} \vert \rangle \lgroup \uparrow \langle \rgroup \ \downarrow } \rbrace \bracevert 7 \right \left \right 7.7 \begin{displaymath} \left( \frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{1+x}} \right) \end{displaymath}! x \[ \left\lmoustache \left\{ \left(\frac{1}{x}+1\right) +\left(\frac{1}{x^2}+2\right) \right\} \right\rmoustache \] 8 «>;j 1 1 x «ff9> x + 2 : 2 \begin{displaymath} \left\uparrow \int f(x)dx \right. +\left\lgroup \int g(x)dx \right\rgroup \end{displaymath} xz? 8Z f(x)dx + >: 9 g(x)dx >; 7.8 \begin{displaymath} \Biggl\ \Biggl( \int f(x) dx \Biggr) \Biggm/ \Biggl( \int g(x) dx \Biggr) \Biggr\ \end{displaymath} Z f(x)dx!, Z g(x)dx! 7.8 \big \Big \bigl \bigm

100 / ( ) \ / ( ) \big/ \bigl( \bigr) \bigm \bigm\ / ( ) \Big/ \Bigl( \Bigr) \Bigm \Bigm\ / ( ) \bigg/ \biggl( \biggr) \biggm \biggm\ / ( ) \Bigg/ \Biggl( \Biggr) \Biggm \Biggm\ \bigr \big \big \left \right \[ \left\ \left( \int f(x) dx \right) \Biggm/ \left( \int g(x) dx \right) \right\ \] Z «, Z f(x)dx g(x)dx«. \[ \left( \left\uparrow \int f(x)dx + \int g(x)dx \right. \right) \] x??? Z Z f(x)dx + «g(x)dx L A TEX array array math \[\] $$ array \begin{array}{} a 11 &... & a 1n \\. &... &. \\ a m1 &... & a mn \end{array} m n & \\ \begin{array}{ } 4

101 \begin{array}{lc cr} l c r array 7.9 array 7.9 array l 1 c 1 r 1 1 p{} *{}{} 7 \[ \left( \begin{array}{cc} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} \right) \] a b c d «array \[ \left( \begin{array}{*{2}{c}} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} \right) \left( \begin{array}{c} m \\ n \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{c} am+bn \\ cm+dn \\ \end{array} \right) \] a b c d «m n «= am + bn cm + dn «array \[ f(x)= \left\{ \begin{array}{cl} x & (x > 0)\\ 0 & (x = 0)\\ -x & (x < 0) \end{array} \right. \] 8 < x (x > 0) f(x) = 0 (x = 0) : x (x < 0)

102 90 7 \hline \vline array \hline \hline\hline \vline \cline{ } \multicolumn{ }{ }{ } 2 \begin{displaymath} \begin{array}{llc} \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{f(x)} \\ \hline g(x) & h(x) & i(x) \\ \cline{2-2} j(x)+k(x)+l(x)+m(x)+ & o(x) & p(x)\\ \end{array} \end{displaymath} f(x) g(x) h(x) i(x) j(x) + k(x) + l(x) + m(x)+ o(x) p(x) array \matrix \pmatrix \matrix \bordermatrix \matrix \pmatrix amsmath matrix pmatrix \[ \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} a & b & c \end{pmatrix} \] «x `a b c y \bordermatrix \& \cr \[ A=\ \bordermatrix{ & 1 & 2 \cr 1 & a & b \cr 2 & c & d } \] 7.6 A = 1 2 «1 a b 2 c d a b a b 7.11 a b a/b

103 a b a \displaystyle b \textstyle \scriptstyle a b \scriptscriptstyle a b a b \(f(x)\) \(\int f(x)dx\) \(\displaystyle \int f(x)dx\) {\LaTeX} $\frac{a}{b}$ $a/b$ f(x) R Z f(x)dx f(x)dx L A TEX a a/b b 7 \[ \frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{1+x}}} \neq \frac{1}{\displaystyle 1+ \frac{1}{\displaystyle 1+ \frac{1}{1+x}}} \] x x \( \int^b_a f(x)dx \neq {\displaystyle\int^b_a g(x)dx} \) Z R b b f(x)dx g(x)dx a a 7.7 \( \)! Missing $ inserted α \alpha η \eta ν \nu τ \tau β \beta θ \theta ξ \xi υ \upsilon γ \gamma ι \iota o o φ \phi δ \delta κ \kappa π \pi χ \chi ɛ \epsilon λ \lambda ρ \rho ψ \psi ζ \zeta µ \mu σ \sigma ω \omega

104 92 7 o o \o LaTeX Warning: Command \o invalid in math mode on input line 30. \begin{eqnarray*} \cos^2\theta+\sin^2\theta &\neq& \cos^2x + \sin^2x \end{eqnarray*} cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ cos 2 x + sin 2 x 7.13 ε \varepsilon ϑ \vartheta ϖ \varpi ϱ \varrho ς \varsigma ϕ \varphi 7.14 A \mathrm{a} H \mathrm{h} N \mathrm{n} T \mathrm{t} B \mathrm{b} Θ \Theta Ξ \Xi Υ \Upsilon Γ \Gamma I \mathrm{i} O \mathrm{o} Φ \Phi \Delta K \mathrm{k} Π \Pi X \mathrm{x} E \mathrm{e} Λ \Lambda P \mathrm{p} Ψ \Psi Z \mathrm{z} M \mathrm{m} Σ \Sigma Ω \Omega \O LaTeX Warning: Command \O invalid in math mode on input line 40. A B E Z H I K M N O P T X \mathrm \begin{eqnarray*} A & \neq & \mathrm A \\ F(x)+C & \neq & F(x)+ \mathrm C\\ \mathit{diff}& \neq & \mathrm{diff} \end{eqnarray*} A A F (x) + C F (x) + C diff diff

105 \not \le \in \sqsupseteq \neq. \prec / \notin \dashv = \doteq \preceq \ge \ni \propto \ll \succ \equiv = \models \subset \succeq \sim \perp \subseteq \gg \simeq \mid \sqsubseteq \supset \asymp \parallel \vdash \supseteq \approx \bowtie \smile \frown = \cong ± \pm \cdot \ \setminus \ominus \mp \cap \wr \otimes \times \cup \diamond \oslash \div \uplus \bigtriangleup \odot \ast \sqcap \bigtriangledown \bigcirc \star \sqcup \triangleleft \dagger \circ \vee \triangleright \ddagger \bullet \wedge \oplus \amalg 7.17 \sum \oint \bigvee \bigoplus \prod \bigcup \bigwedge \bigotimes \coprod \bigcap \bigodot \int \bigsqcup \biguplus \( \vec{a}+\vec{b}\neq \vec{a+b} \neq \overrightarrow{a+b} \) a + b a + b a + b

106 â \hat{a} ǎ \check{a} ă \breve{a} á \acute{a} à \grave{a} ã \tilde{a} ā \bar{a} ȧ \dot{a} ä \ddot{a} a \vec{a} 7.19 m + M { }} { \overline m + M \overbrace m + M \underline m + M } {{ } \underbrace m + M \overleftarrow m + M \widehat m + M \overrightarrow m + M \widetilde \begin{displaymath} \overbrace{a+b+c+d+e+f+g}^{h+i+j+k}+ \underbrace{l+m+n}_{o+p+q} \end{displaymath} h+i+j+k z } { a + b + c + d + e + f + g + l + m + n {z } o+p+q 7.20 \leftarrow \longrightarrow \leftrightarrow \Leftarrow = \Longrightarrow \Leftrightarrow \hookleftarrow \longmapsto \rightleftharpoons \leftharpoonup \hookrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow \leftharpoondown \rightharpoonup \updownarrow \longleftarrow \rightharpoondown \Updownarrow = \Longleftarrow \uparrow \nearrow \rightarrow \Uparrow \swarrow \Rightarrow \downarrow \searrow \mapsto \Downarrow \nwarrow \begin{displaymath} (p\rightarrow r)\vee (q\rightarrow s) \end{displaymath} (p r) (q s) \[ \forall{x}\forall{y}( P(x,y)\vee(f(x)\wedge g(x))) \] x y(p (x, y) (f(x) g(x)))