1 2 [1, 2] [3, 4] [5] [6] Dorsey 3 [7] Chen [8] Xue [9] [10] Dorsey 2 [11]
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1 ( ) ( ) Weathering Simulation based on a Single Image Youngha Chang Hayato Yoshida and Nobuhiko Mukai Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo City University {chang, mukai} vgl.cs.tcu.ac.jp Abstract Weathering affects urban scenes and forms complex patterns that vary with time, environment, and the surface of architectures such as buildings. This causes dramatic changes in the appearance. Thus, it is very important to consider weathering effects in the rendering process for virtual cities. In previous methods, artists have represented weathering effects by hand; however, it takes huge amount of time. Therefore, in recent years, many works have been proposed to generate weathering effects with simplified simulations. In this paper, we propose an image-based method to generate complex patterns caused by rain drops, which represents the aging effect by combining multiple layers representing weathering effects, and also represents the moss generated according to the amount of water attached on the wall. 76
2 1 2 [1, 2] [3, 4] [5] [6] Dorsey 3 [7] Chen [8] Xue [9] [10] Dorsey 2 [11]
3 3.1 Dorsey 3 [2] Dorsey 2 M x (p) M y (p) M x (p) = B(p x,p y ) B(p x+1,py )+B(p x 1,py ) /255 2 M y (p) = B(p x, p y ) B(p x, p y+1 ) /255 (1) p = (p x, p y ) B(p x, p y ) p (0 B(p x, p y) 255) v = (v x, v y) x y M x (p) M y (x) M y (p) x v diffuse x vy vx diffuse = brξ 1 M y (p) (2) v x = v diffuse M x (p) x v x r max r + 1 (3) v y M y (p) = g v yρ r max r + 1 (4) b r r ξ 1 [ 1, 1] r max r g ρ 1 1: m p v S w k a a D m w m w a w = k a m a (5) a w = k a m I sun a (6) t I sun 2: 2 k S k D S D S D = k S S + k D D (7) = k S S k D D + I D0 (8) I D0 k S = 1 k D 78
4 p = (p x, p y) w p i p w i p, p 8 n(p) w i n(p) w i n(p) = τw i 1 p (9) w i p = w i 1 p 8w i n(p) (10) w 0 p = w p τ i + 1 n(p) m (4), (5), (6), (9) (10) 3.2 [12] (i 1) (i) (i 1) (i) (i) (i) (i 1) Dp i 1 w p = ξ 2 w p (11) D i 1 p = ξ 2D i 1 p + I D0 (12) ξ 2 [0, 1) I D0 D p i 1 (i 1) p 3 3: 3 (i) I D0 ( (i 1) ) 3.1 (8) I D0 I D i I D i = I D0 + δk D D i 1 (13) I D0 δ (i 1) (i) δk D D i 1 (i 1) (i 1) D i 1 (i) D i 1 = D i 1 δk D D i 1 (14) (1) M(p) B(p) (1) B i (p) B i (p) = min(ε Di 1 + B i 1 (p), 255) (15) D max (i 1) ε Di 1 ( D (i 1) max (i 1)) ε Dmax i (i) [0, 1] B i (p) ( (i 1)) B i 1 (p) 0 ε B i (p) (1) [0, 255] B i (p) m i p i m i = 2lnξ 3 sin(2πξ 4 )σ + m i 1 (16) p i = 2lnξ 3sin(2πξ 4)σ + p i 1 (17) 79
5 芸術科学会論文誌 Vol. 13, No. 2, pp ただし ξ3 および ξ4 は [0,1] の一様乱数である 下 フラクタルを用いたコケの表現手法について説明 式 (16) および (17) は平均が mi 1 あるいは pi 1 標 する まず 図 4(b) に示すような山状のフラクタル 準偏差が σ の正規分布を用いた正規乱数であり レ ジェネレータを 1 つ用意し 次に 直線の基線を仮定 イヤー (i) における水滴の質量 m はレイヤー (i 1) して 繰り返し処理によってフラクタルを作成する における水滴の質量 mi 1 を平均とする正規乱数を用 しかしながら このままでは点集合ではないためコケ いて求められる なお 標準偏差 σ を用いて質量 mi の画像にはほど遠い そこで フラクタルの線分を描 と位置 pi の分布を調整する く代わりに 線分を構成する点のみを描く このよう i に フラクタルジェネレータを構成する点群の描画を 行うことで コケに類似した画像が生成できる コケの表現手法 4 複数の汚れをインタラクティブに表現するために は 計算コストの低減が課題である そこで本章では 3. で計算した表面形状の粗さマップや汚れ量などを再 利用することで 計算コストのかからないコケの付加 手法を提案する コケは水分の残留量が多く また 壁の劣化が激し い場所や汚れの多い場所に発生しやすい [13] そこ で 水汚れの生成で用いた壁面の汚れ量 D と水の吸 収量 w および垂直方向の粗さマップ My (x) による コケの発生確率を 次式を用いて求める f (p) = D 1 w ( + )My (p)γ 2 a Dmax (a) 実画像 (b) フラクタルジェネレータ と生成模様 図 4: ダイダイゴケ 本論文で対象としているダイダイゴケの色はオレ (18) ンジから黄緑まで多様であるため ダイダイゴケの代 ここで γ(0 γ 1) は定数であり γ が大きい 表的な色としてオレンジに近い RGB=(180,130,0) と ほどコケの発生確率は高くなる w/a が水分の残留量 黄緑に近い RGB=(140, 130, 80) を定め その選択 に対応した項 D/Dmax が汚れに対応した項である はユーザに任せる ただし 全てのコケが同色では立 分母にある a および Dmax は w/a および D/Dmax 体感がでないため R, G, B の各値をランダムに変更 を [0, 1] に正規化するために導入した ここで 0 することで多様性を持たせる D + Dmax ) 1 0 My (p) 1 であるため 0 γ 1 と設定することにより f (p) は [0, 1] の範 囲に収まる ある画素 p においてコケが発生するか否 かは以下の条件式によって定まる 1 w ( 2 a { 画素 p におけるコケの発生 = true if f (p) ξ5 f alse otherwise フラクタルの大きさはジェネレータの基線長を壁領 域幅の 1/40 として生成する 5 シミュレーション結果 本手法によるシミュレーション結果について述べ ここで ξ5 は [0,1] の一様乱数である 上記条件を 用いることで f (p) が高いほどコケは発生しやすい が 他の箇所にも発生するようになる る 表 1 に 図 5, 6, 7 および 8 での画像生成で用 いたパラメータ値を示す 全ての図で同じパラメータ 値を用いていたが 図 6 の ks, ka のみ 他の図とは 次に コケのレンダリング手法について述べる 本 稿では 関東地方のコンクリートによく見られるダイ 異なる値を用いた また コケの形状には図 4(b) を 利用した ダイゴケ (図 4(a)) を表現する 図 4(a) から分かるよ うに ダイダイゴケは 小さな胞子の集合体として表 現できる 始めは数点の胞子が壁面上に点在するだけ である 胞子が生長して周辺領域に新たな胞子を放つ と 着床した後に生長 胞子の排出を繰り返すことで 徐々にコケ群は生長する 生長したコケ群は 胞子が 密に存在するため 点の集合として表現することがで きる そこで本研究では コケの表現として 点を基 図 5(a) (b) (c) (d) および (e) はそれぞれ入力 画像 4 レイヤーの重畳画像 8 レイヤーの重畳画像 12 レイヤーの重畳画像および 10 レイヤーの重畳とコ ケの重畳画像である レイヤー化を行うことで 初期 には汚れの色は薄く また形状も細いが 徐々に太く また濃くなっていく様子や汚れが周辺の色と馴染んで 広がって行く様子など 汚れの変遷を表現することが できている にしたフラクタル画像の生成手法 [14] を用いる 以 80
6 1: m 0 120() I D0 0 5() n 600 k s 0.7( 6:0.3) k a 0.5( 6:0.7) r 100 δ 0.01 ϵ 0.3 σ 10 γ [10] 9(a) 9(b) [10] [15] 9(b) 9(a) 9(a) 9(b) 9(b) 9(a) 5(d) 6 (a) (b)- (d) (e) 6 7 7(a) 4 2 ( 7(b)) 7(c) 8(a) (b) 6 [1] Stéphane Merillou and Djamchid Ghazanfarpour: A Survey of Aging and Weathering Phenomena in Computer Graphics, Computers & Graphics, Vol.32, Issue 2, pp , [2] Julie Dorsey, Holly Rushmeier: Advanced Material Appearance Modeling, SIGGRAPH 2009 Courses Notes, Article No. 3, [3],, :,, Vol.37, No.12, pp ,
7 [4] Brett Desbenoit, Eric Galin, Samir Akkouche: Modeling Cracks and Fractures, The Visual Computer, Vol.21, No.8-10, pp , [5] Brett Desbenoit, Eric Galin, Samir Akkouche: Simulating and Modeling Lichen Growth, Computer Graphics Forum, Vol.23, No.3, pp , [6] Xin Yin, Tadahiro Fujimoto, Norishige Chiba: CG Representation of Wood Aging with Distortions, Cracking and Erosion, The Journal of the Society for Art and Science, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp , 2004 [7] Julie Dorsey, Hand Kϕhling Pedersen, Pat Hanrahan: Flow and Changes in Appearance, Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH, pp , Ph.D [8] Yanyun Chen, Lin Xia, Tien-Tsin WOng, Xin Tong, Hujun Bao, Baining Guo, Heung-Yeung Shum: Visual Simulation of Weathering by Gamma-ton Tracing, ACM Transactions on Graphics, Vol.24, No.3, pp , [9] Su Xue, Jiaping Wang, Xin Tong, Qionghai Dai, Baining Guo: Image Based Material Weathering, Computer Grphics Forum), Vol. 27, Issue 2, pp , [10] Yuki Endo, Yoshihiro Kanamori, Jun Mitani, Yukio Fukui: An Interactive Design System for Water Flow Stains on Outdoor Images, Proc. of Smart Graphics 2010, Vol. 6133, pp , [11] :, Vol.34, No.45, pp.1 6, [12],, :, A-1,, pp , [13],,, : 33, A-1,, pp , [14],, : Vol.31, No.59, pp.29 34, [15] : waterstain/ 82
8 芸術科学会論文誌 Vol. 13, No. 2, pp (a) 入力画像 (a) 入力画像 (b) 4 レイヤーの重畳画像 (b) 5 レイヤー重畳とコケの重畳画像 (c) 8 レイヤーの重畳画像 (c) 10 レイヤー重畳とコケの重畳画像 (d) 12 レイヤーの重畳画像 (d) 15 レイヤー重畳とコケの重畳画像 (e) 10 レイヤーの重畳とコケの重畳表示画像 (e) 実画像 図 5: シミュレーション結果例 (その 1) 図 6: シミュレーション結果例 (その 2) 83
9 芸術科学会論文誌 Vol. 13, No. 2, pp (a) 入力画像 (a) 実画像 (b) シミュレーション結果 (b) シミュレーション対象領域 図 8: シミュレーション結果例 (その 4) (a) 実画像 (c) 結果画像 図 7: シミュレーション結果例 (その 3) (b) 従来研究 [10] による結果 図 9: 実画像および従来研究による結果 84
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