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1 ! "17, NZ # $ / NZ / NZ # $ NISHIMURA Fumiko 93

2 94! "! 1 " Beebe et al Gass & Houck Gass & Houck

3 95! "! " Beebe et al Excuse reason explanation Beebe et al Gass & Houck 1999 Nelson et al Goffman 1971! virtual offence "! remedial work " 1! "! "! " p. 109! accounts "! apologies "! requests " 3! 2 " p. 114 Goffman ! "! "

4 96 / 1 2-3! " A B 3 xx

5 ! "! " Mackey & Gass ! " DCT NZ 32 NZ NZ ! " NZ! "

6 98 B A 4 B TV 5 2 A B B A B B 3-3 Schiffrin ! / " 1 1 A! "! " 4 NZ 5

7 ! " A NZ /NZ 1 2! " 7 A B 3! " NZ ! "! "! " 1 NZ 1! " A A B! " A NZ 4 A 1 B! " A! " 1 B A! "! "! " B A! " A 1 B

8 100 A I was thinking about doing something tonight Come on come on come on B Are you.5 Um actually.5 B Ah so:rry I already I already have something planned well 4! " 1 A B 1 B 5! " NZ 13 A We want to go to the pub. What do you reckon 1 B U:m no I m a bit tired 6! " 31 A xx B 7! " NZ 5 A I really wanted to go out tonight, eh B Oh I ve actually I m quite busy tonight I ve actually got pilates tonight 8! " 14 A.5.5 B.2 9! " NZ 12 A I was wondering if you wanted to go out tonight B Oh 1 oh no I ve still got assignments and stuff so

9 101 10! " 17 A B 11! " NZ 1 A We should go out tonight to a pub or something for some drinks.2 B Um.2 um I really kind of wanted a nice night home 12! " 10 A B 13! " NZ 4 A We should go out tonight B Oh yeah u::m I could but I don t really have any money eh NZ B NZ A 3 B 14 5 A.2

10 102 3 B NZ B It would be great /32 19/30 B.5.2 A B!B "!A "!B "!A " 7 NZ 1! "! " NZ!are you sure" 15 NZ 6 A Heya what are you up to tonight Oh have you B Oh, I ve got to work on an assignment Yeah it s due in and I ve got to get it done Um Yep absolutely A Oh You ve got to get it done Are you sure A!what are you up to tonight" 7! "! "! " 7 15 are you sure You ve got to get it done B 2005

11 103!B "!A "! " B! " NZ B 16 NZ 23 A I just want to forget about it tonight feel like going out B A tonight Yeah yeah no What are you doing B Well I m actually going to stay I ll actually go home.2 and um.2 you know just A have some time out. I just really need to be B just have a quiet night at home Yeah You know.2 get to bed early and yep A Um.5 ah 1 okay 2 what about some a couple of xxxx after campus A A B! "! "! "!it would be great"!b great " NZ 3 NZ!B "! " NZ 4-1 NZ! "! "! "! "! "! " 6 A A NZ

12 104 4 B A B A NZ NZ NZ NZ NZ NZ 5 3 * 4 2 # B It would be great ! " 2 1! "!B " B NZ 8 11 NZ 10 NZ 3 A! " B B A 10 NZ ! " B! "! "! " 8 NZ 1 1 B A A B Kawate-Mierzejewska 2002

13 105 5 A B NZ A

14 106! "! " A! "NZ!are you sure" yes! "!B "!A "!B " NZ 1 A B NZ 5 B NZ 5-1! "! " 4 A 1! " 2! "! " 3 NZ! " Gudykunst and

15 107 Nishida 1983 NZ! " NZ! "! "! " 5-1-2! " ! "!! " "! "! "! "! " 5-1-3! " NZ! " 2 4! "! "! " NZ! " 5-2! "! " NZ B B A! "

16 108 B # $ # $ # $ # $ NZ 1993 # $ # 38S! "! "! " S $ NZ 5-3 # $ # $ NZ 2 # $ # $ NZ #are you sure$ # $ # $ 3 # $ # $ # $ 11 NZ 6 5 # $ 16 NZ 10 # / $ # $ 21 NZ 11 Watanabe NZ A # B $ B

17 109 NZ! "! " Gudykunst and Nishida, 1983 NZ! "! "! "! "! " 9 A 3 B 5 A B! " A B B A 9 1! "

18 110 B A B # $# $ NZ 1982 # $ # $ NZ NZ NZ #! " $ NZ # $ 6 NZ # $ # $

19 111 #No$ # $ # 1 $ NZ 1993 #! " $! " # $! " #! " $! " # I $! " # II $! " ! " 1998 # $! " # $! 16 " J.V. 1982! " D.C. 1979! " 1996 # $! " #! " $! " # $! " #! "! " $! " #! " $! " #! " $!

20 112! Beebe, Leslie M., Tomoko Takahashi, and Robin Uliss-Weltz 1990 Pragmatic transfer in ESL refusals. In Scarcella, Robin C., Elaine S. Anderson, and Stephen D. Krashen eds. Developing communicative competence in a second language. Boston, Mass.: Heinle & Heinle Publishers Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson 1987 Politeness: Some universal in language usage. New York: Cambridge University Press. Gass, Susan M. and Noel Houck 1999 Interlanguage refusals. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Goffman, Erving 1971 Relations in public. London: Allen Lane The Penguin Press. Gudykunst, William B. and Tsukasa Nishida 1983 Social penetration in Japanese and American close friendships, Communication yearbook vol. 7. New Brunswick, N.J.: International communication Association, Kawate-Mierzejewska, Megumi 2002 The interface of initiations/re-initiations on refusal sequences in conversational discourse, AILA 2002 Abstracts, 135. Mackey, Alison and Susan M. Gass 2005 Second language research: Methodology and design. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Nelson, Gayle L., Joan Carson, Mahmoud Al Batak, and Waguida El Bakary 2002 Cross-cultural pragmatics: Strategies use in Egyptian Arabic and American English refusal. Applied linguistics vol. 2, no. 2, Schiffrin, Deborah 1994 Approaches to discourse. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell. Tannen, Deborah 1984 The pragmatics of cross-cultural communication, Applied linguistics vol. 5, no. 2, Thomas, Jenny 1983 Cross-cultural pragmatics failure, Applied linguistics vol. 4, no. 2, Watanabe, Suwako 1993 Cultural differences in framing: American and Japanese group discussions. In Tannen, Deborah ed. Framing in discourse. NewYork: Oxford University Press

1. interlanguage 1970 (phonology) morphology syntax Hymes 1972 (communicative competence) Interlanguage Pragmatics Blum- Kulka, House, & Kasper, 1989

1. interlanguage 1970 (phonology) morphology syntax Hymes 1972 (communicative competence) Interlanguage Pragmatics Blum- Kulka, House, & Kasper, 1989 1. interlanguage 1970 (phonology) morphology syntax Hymes 1972 (communicative competence) Interlanguage Pragmatics Blum- Kulka, House, & Kasper, 1989 2 socio-cultural norm pragmatic transfer 3, 1985 1

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