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1 On the Burqa Ban in the City of Lleida: Judgment of the Supreme Court of Spain of February 14, 2013 AOTO Seiichi On October 8, 2010, the Catalan City of Lleida approved a local ordinance banning the use of integral veils such as the burqa, niqab, and other full-face masks or helmets in public spaces. The Watani Association for Liberty and Justice Asociación Watani para la Libertad y La Justicia, plaintiff/appellant filed an administrative lawsuit in the High Court of Catalonia against Lleida City, arguing the prohibition of the full-face veil violated the protection of human rights. The High Court dismissed the plaintiff s appeal, holding that the ban was in conformity with the local autonomous entity s lawmaking right. The plaintiff appealed the Catalan High Court s judgment to the Supreme Court of Spain. The Supreme Court quashed the original judgment and annulled the ordinance. Such a ban should be stipulated by law because it constitutes a limitation of the freedom to express religious beliefs. In Spain, however, such a law does not yet exist, so that it is not acceptable that fundamental human rights are restricted by ordinances because ordinances are subordinated to laws. The violation of the maintenance of public order, public safety, and the right of the others must correspond to the purpose of the ban. 135
2 Lleida Asociación Watani por la Libertad y La Justicia, Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Catalunya /
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4 pp pp Sherbert 1963 compelling governmental interest 1 Free Exercise Clause neutral, generally applicable regulatory law 138
5 Smith 1990 peyote Smith pp Establishment Clause Lemon test 3 Lemon Kurtzman
6 pp The European Convention on Human Rights 2013 p p. 377 The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities 1994 Council of Europe
7 2010 Recommendation laïcité 2009 p
8 ostentatoire Financial Times Conseil d État 9 laiklik Leyla Sahin
9 Ahmet Arslan
10 b p Leyla Sahin Kervanci Ahmet Arslam Artículo 16.3 Libertad ideológica y religiosa Ninguna confesión tendrá carácter estatal. Los poderes públicos tendrán en cuenta las creencias religiosas de la sociedad española y mantendrán las consiguientes relaciones de cooperación con la Iglesia Católica y las demás confesiones
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17 1 hiyab niqab burqa 2 Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia Cataluña 489/2011, de 7 de junio. 3 Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo, Sala de lo Contencioso, STS 693/ la necesaria para el mantenimiento del orden público protegido por la ley #axzz2nbuo0hhn a: The Case of Leyla Sahin v. Turkey, Judgment, the European Court of Human Rights Fourth Section, Strasbourg, 29 June, L affaire Ahmet Arslan et autres c. Turquie, Arrêt, la Cour européenne des droits de l homme deuxième section, Strasbourg, 23 février,
18 : Affaire Ahmet Arslan et autres c. Turquie, Requête n o 41135/ b Carazo Liébana Carazo Liébana, 2011, p Jefe del Estado símbolo de su unidad y permanencia El Tribunal Constitucional Communication No. 931/2000, United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Human Rights Committee, January 18,
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20 COE GEMC a b I Carazo Liébana, María José El derecho a la libertad religiosa como derecho fundamental, Universitas. Revista de Folosofía, Derecho y Política, n o 14,
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