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- さゆり たけくま
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1 Biomechanical studies in horse back riding Terada, kayo
2
3
4 1
5 -1. 2
6 21 3
7
8 Leach
9 6
10 -2. Back 1993 Drevemo 1993 Buchner 1993 Barrey 1996 Weishaupt 2001 Weishaupt Berry 2002 Back 1996 van Weeren 1993 Clayton 1996 Argue 1993 Buchner 2001 Faber 2001 Licka 2001 Haussler 2001 Tokuriki
11 Galloux 1994 Schils 1993 mid stance mid swing Peham 2001 take off final push off Van den Bogert 1994 Clayton water jump take off Colborne 1995 Powers 2004 Terada
12 9
13 -3. 10
14 -4. 11
15 12
16 -1. Peham 2001 Galloux 1994 Barrey 1994 Barrey
17 1 SD SD m 2 Multi telemeter system, measurement range 25 G, Nihon Kohden Corp., Tokyo, Japan 2 3 Multi telemeter system, Nihon Kohden Corp., Tokyo, Japan 2cm 10cm 2cm VTR Handycam video Hi8, sony, Tokyo Japan 5 14
18 1KHz MemCalc system Ver. 2.5, GMC Inc., Tokyo, Japan VTR 1 / / 2 t 5 45Hz 46 80Hz 81Hz 3 5Hz 3 Nagata, ) Hz 0.98Hz 1.17Hz 1.43Hz 1.53Hz 1.82Hz
19 ) Hz 16
20
21
22 -1-2 a b c 19
23 Nagata 1993 Nagata 1993 Galloux
24 / P Sivewright / P
25 Galloux / 1 22
26 Terada
27 Peham 2001 Giovagnoli Giovagnoli
28 m 61 7kg 1.56m 508kg m 30m EMG 12 2 Rectus Abdominis Upper Trapezius Middle Trapezius Lower Trapezius Serratus Anterior Teres Major 6 2 Flexor Carpi Radialis Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Biceps Brachii Triceps Brachii Middle Deltoid Pectoralis Major Dietze cm 2 2cm Hoppenfeld cm double-differential 25
29 Farina EMG 1200Hz 5 Noraxon, Scottsdale, AZ, USA EvaRT3.2.1 Motion Analysis Corporation, Santa Rosa, CA, USA 60Hz JVC GR-DVL9800 Yokohama, Japan EMG EMG MATLAB v13 MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA EMG 10Hz Paton 1995 EMG Flight 1 Flight 2 early late 2 Stance 1 Stance 2 early mid late
30 6 SD EMG Flight 1 Stance 1 Flight 2 Stance 2 EMG 6 phase SD s s s EMG Flight1 Stance1 Flight2 Stance2 EMG flight phase mid stance early stance mid late -2-1 early stance late stance EMG early stance mid stance late -2-1 EMG 1 2 SD phase1 SD=0.8 SD=1.2 EMG Range % 33 27
31 37 Range Range -2-1 Peak 1 Peak 2 Mean ± SD Range Timing phase SD phase Muscle Peak1 Peak2 Range (% max) (phases±sd) (% max) (phases±sd) (% max) Rectus Abdominis 66±8 Mid-Stance1±0.5 77±9 Mid-Stance2± Upper Trapezius 92±8 Early-Stance1±0 71±13 Early-Stance2± Middle Trapezius 73±20 Early-Stance1±0.4 84±6 Early-Stance2±0 62 Lower Trapezius 69±21 Late-Flight1±0.5 76±11 Early-Stance2± Serratus Anterior Teres Major 68±15 Late-Stance1±0.8 70±7 Late-Stance2± Flexor Carpi Radialis 84±14 Early-Stance1±0 70±16 Early-Stance2±0 48 Extensor Carpi Ulnaris 69±22 Early-Stance1±1.2 58±12 Mid-Stance2± Biceps Brachii 83±11 Early-Stance1±0.4 67±13 Early-Stance2± Triceps Brachii 63±27 Late-Stance1±0.5 68±20 Late-Stance2± Middle Deltoid 70±12 Early-Stance1±0 77±8 Early-Stance2±0 59 Pectoralis Major 71±19 Mid-Stance1±0.8 62±16 Mid-Stance2±
32 (mv) 0.8 Rectus Abdominis (mv) 0.8 Flexor Carpi Radialls Upper Trapezius 0.8 Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Middle Trapezius 0.8 Biceps Brahii Lower Trapezius -0.8 Triceps Brachii Serratus Anterior 0.8 Middle Deltoid Teres Major -0.8 Pectoralis Major Figure1 F1 S1 F2 S2 F1 S1 F2 S2 phase phase -2-1 EMG Phases Flight 1 (F1) Stance 1 (S1) Flight 2 (F2) Stance 2 (S2) mv 29
33 (%) Rectus Abdominis (%) Flexor Carpi Radialls Upper Trapezius Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Middle Trapezius Biceps Brachii Lower Trapezius Triceps Brachii Serratus Anterior Middle Deltoid Teres Major Early Flight1 Late Flight1 Early Stance1 Mid Stance1 Late Stance1 Early Flight2 Late Flight2 Early Stance2 Mid Stance2 Late Stance phase Pectoralis Major Early Flight1 Late Flight1 Early Stance1 Mid Stance1 Late Stance1 Early Flight2 Late Flight2 Early Stance2 Mid Stance2 Late Stance2 30
34 Bauer 2001 Araujo 2000 van Woensel phase -2-1 Patla 1993 Moseley 1992 Range EMG 31
35 mid stance Tesh 1987 Looze 1999 Cresswell 1994 mid stance early stance late stance phase1 phase Range
36 Hislop stance phase mid stance early stance late stance 33
37 -3. Müller 2003 Buchner 2001 Faber 2001 Licka 2001 Haussler 2001 Galloux 1994 Holmström 1994 Mirό 1996 Schils 1993 Peham 2001 Auvinet
38 6 : 1.64 ± 0.04 m : 61 ± 7 kg : 1.56 m : 508 kg 16 hip -3-1 hip hip m 6 Falcon Real-time v3.2 software 120Hz 35
39 GR-DVL9800 camera 60Hz 3 1 MATLAB 1 50 Butterworth 15Hz hip hip hip 3 hip
40 -3-1 hip 1 2 ± 3% hip hip -3-2 hip 87 mm 121 mm hip 134 mm 102 mm hip stance 37
41 1 15% hip 1 38% ± 3 mm 37 ± 13 mm hip -3-1 stance 1 13 stance Rider's vertical movement (mm) Horse's vertical movement (mm) ( ) ( ) 38
42 25 bit to shoulder bit to wrist. 15 Distance (mm) Time (% of stride) / range mm range mm SD 10 trunk shoulder elbow stance phase Angle ( º ) Time (% of half stride) /2 6 SD range range range
43 -3-1 Vertical displacement Mean Range Max Time of max (%stride) Min Time of min (% stride) Horse s trunk (mm) ± ± 4 2 ± ± 7 32 ± 3 Riders heel (mm) ± ± 31 9 ± 6 83 ± ± 3 Riders hip (mm) ± ± 16 6 ± ± ± 2 Riders shoulder (mm) ± ± 14 5 ± ± ± 3 Riders wrist (mm) ± ± 35 7 ± ± ± 3 Distance from bit to Riders hip (mm) ± ± ± ± ± 12 Riders shoulder (mm) ± ± ± ± ± 16 Riders wrist (mm) ± ± ± ± ± 14 Riders angles Trunk (deg) 4 18 ± 5 13 ± 4 13 ± 5-5 ± 9 38 ± 3 Shoulder (deg) ± 7 2 ± 8 13 ± ± ± 5 Elbow (deg) ± ± ± ± ± 15 SD 40
44 Schils Keshner 2003 Schills 1993 Terada 2000 Stance Terada 2004 impact stance hip 41
45 hip ± 2% SD Stance hip hip SD=3 mm hip hip Terada 2004) 42
46 6 43
47 44
48 -1. Schamhardt 1991 Terada 1997 Summerley 1998 Sloet 1995 Clayton
49 Morales 1998 Clayton cm 65kg cm 45kg A B 2 500kg A B 46
50 150m 14m cm 90cm A A B B 3 8mm Handycam video Hi8, Sony 4 15m 4 4 Pompasystem, 60 fps Holmström DLT Direct Linear Transformation technique 3 47
51 A -1-1 A 48
52 m 0.86m m 1.02m m 1 A 0.72m B 0.3m 0.29m A 3 B A 17 B A B
53
54 -1-1 A B A B deg A B A B
55 -1-2 A A B B 52
56 Buchner Keegan 1997 Vorstenbosch 1997 Galloux 1994 pitching rotation
57 Bogert
58 20kg 2 Clayton % Springs kg 2 65 kg 45kg
59 -2. Schambardt 1993 take off Barrey 1997 Powers 2000 take off Ferlazzo m take off Colborne cm 110cm 140cm 56
60 2 2 20cm 1 69kg 2 500kg A 2 B A A B 60cm 110cm 140cm 100cm 2 1 A 60cm 110cm 140cm 2 B 60cm 110cm 140cm A 60cm 110cm 140cm 2 2 1/ fps 2 57
61 DLT 3 Butterworth Low-pass Filter 5Hz cm 110cm 140cm 1 A A B 3 58
62 1 1 D C A B -2-1 A B C D 59
63 A B -2-2 A 140cm 1.4m/sec 1msec m/sec 2 6.9m/sec -2-3 A 60cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm 90 60cm cm 140cm 81 60cm cm cm 22 60cm cm cm 32 60
64 B 60cm cm cm B 60cm A 60cm cm cm 49 60cm cm cm A A B cm A 61
65 cm A 62
66 -2-1 A A B cm cm cm cm A 63
67 A 60cm 110cm 140cm A 60cm 110cm 140cm B 60cm 110cm 140cm -2-3 A A B 60cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm
68 msec
69 -1 A B A B A B 66
70 A B 67
71 -3. Miro 1996 Powers 2000 take off 2 2 A 171cm 75kg B 169cm 65kg ( A ) 68
72 B 2 A A B B 110cm 100cm 4 ( 1/1000 ) 4 POMPA Remote controller 3D-8mm Video Timer Recorder ( 60fps ) 2 DLT 3 3 A 3 B -3-1 ( A ) 2 ( B ) 2 4 ( ) -3-1 A B 69
73 -3-2 A B B 60 A B 0.2sec A 0.3 sec. B 0.1sec. ( -926 deg./sec. ) 0.13sec. ( -465 deg./sec. ) ( 12m/sec. ) 0.18sec. ( -3-3B ) A -470 deg./sec -143 deg./sec -394 deg./sec ( -3-3A ) 70
74 -3-2 A B 0.2sec A A B -3-3 A B A A 0.2sec B B 0.13sec 71
75 -3-2 A ( B ) ( A ) A -3-3 take off Powers 2000 ( ) Tokuriki 1989 A Wilson
76 ( 150deg. ) ( 60deg. ) ( 0.3sec. ) ( 0.2sec. ) - 73
77 74
78 -1. 1 P 0.1 P
79 Peham phase mid late stance -3-2 Tesh 1987 Looze 1999 Cresswell
80 early stance -3-2 mid stance -3 late stance cm take off Clayton 1989 take off cm 110cm 140cm lift off Colborne 1995 take off 77
81 Wilson 2003 take off Clayton Powers 2002 take off 78
82 79
83 stance phase mid stance early stance late stance 80
84
85 -3 ( 150deg. ) ( 60deg. ) ( 0.3sec. ) ( 0.2sec. ) - 82
86 -3 83
87 Michigan State University McPhail Equine Performance Center Chair, Dr. Hilary Clayton Research Associate, Dr. David Mullineaux Mary Anne and Walter McPhail endowment Michigan State University McPhail Equine Performance Center 84
88 Terada, K.: 2000 Comparison of Head Movement and EMG Activity of Muscles Between Advanced and Novice Horseback Riders at Different Gait. Journal of Equine Science, 12(4), Terada, K., Mullineaux, D. R., Lanovaz, J., Kato K. and Clayton, H. M.: 2004 Electromyographic Analysis of the Rider s Muscles at Trot. Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology, 1(3), , : 2002., 47 2, ,,. 51, 1996.,,. 52, Terada, K., Mullineaux, D. R., Lanovaz, J., Kato K. and Clayton, H. M. : Relative motion between the rider and horse at trot. 5 th International Conference on Equine Locomotion, 2004.,,. 13, Terada, K., Nagata, A. and Kuga, A.: Motion analysis at clearance the fence during the show jumping. th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, 1997., :. 14, 1998.,,, :. 50,
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92 Giovagnili, G., Reitano, M. and Silvestrelli, M. (2002) Horse and rider interactions during canter, stops and starts. The Elite Dressage and Three-Day-Event Horse. Linder, A. (Ed.): Haussler, K. K., Bertram, J. E. A., Gellman, K. and Hermanson, J. W. (2001) Segmental in vivo vertebral kinematics at the walk, trot and canter: a preliminary study. Equine Vet. J., Suppl. 33: Hislop, H. J. and Montgomery, J. (2002) Daniels and Worthingham s Muscle Testing: Techniques of Manual Examination. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company. Holmström, M., Fredricson, I. and Drevemo, S. (1994) Biokinematic differences between riding horses judged as good and poor at the trot. Equine vet. J., Suppl. 17: Holmström, M., Magnusson, L. E. and Phipsson, J. (1990) Variation in conformation of Swedish Warmblood horses and conformational characteristics of elite sport horses. Equine Vet. J. 22: Hoppenfeld, S. (1976) Physical Examination of the Spine and Extremities. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. (1989).. 26: 1-9. (1990).. Keegan, K. G., Wilson, D. J., Wilson, D. A., Frankeny, R. L., Loch, W. E. and Smith, B. (1997) Effect of anesthesia of the palmar digital nerves on kinematic gait analysis in horses with and without navicular disease. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58(3): Keshner, E. A. (2003) Head-trunk coordination during linear anterior-posterior translations. J. Neurophysiol. 89:
93 Leach, D. H., Ormrod, K. and Clayton, H. M. (1984) Standardised terminology for the description and analysis of equine locomotion. Equine Vet. J. 16: Licka, T. Peham, C. and Zohmann, E. (2001) Range of back movement at trot in horses without back pain. Equine Vet. J., Suppl. 33: Looze, M. P., Groen, H., Horemans, H., Kingma, I. and Dieën, J. H. (1999) Abdominal muscles contribute in a minor way to peak spinal compression in lifting. Journal of Biomechanics 32: Miro, F., Morales, J. L., Garcia-Palma, G. and Galisteo, A. M. (1996) Collection in the passage and piaffe of Spanish Purebred horse. A preliminary report. Pferdeheilkunde 12: Morales, J. L., Manchado, M., Vivo, J., Galisteo, A. M., Agüera, E. and Miró, F. (1998) Angular kinematic patterns of limbs in elite and riding horses at trot. Equine Vet. J. 30(6): Moseley, J. B., Jobe, F. W., Pink, M., Perry, J. and Tibone, J. (1992) EMG analysis of the scapular muscles during a shoulder rehabilitation program. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 20: Müller, E. and Schwameder, H. (2003) Biomechanical aspects of new techniques in alpine skiing and ski-jumping. J. Sports Sci. 21: Nagata, A. (1993) The muscle and the science of the muscle - the spectrum analysis of the muscle shrinking -. 3rd, Fumido, Tokyo.,, (1984)., 21:
94 Patla, A. E. (1993) Age-related changes in visually guided locomotion over different terrains: major issues. In: Stelmach, G. E. and Hömberg, V. (Ed.) Sensorimotor Impairment in the Elderly. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kulwer Academic Publishers, pp Paton, M. E. and Brown, J. M. M. (1995) Function differentiation within latissimus dorsi. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology 35: Peham, C., Licka, T., Kapaun, M. and Scheidl, M. (2001) A new method to quantify harmony of the horse-rider system in dressage. Sports Engineering 4: Powers, P. N. R. (2000) A study on the techniques used by untrained horses during loose jumping. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 20: Powers, P. N. R. and Harrison, A. J. (2002) Effect of the rider on the linear kinematics of jumping horses. Sports Biomech. 1: Powers, P. N. R. and Harrison, A. J. (2004) Influences of a rider on the rotation of the horse-rider system during jumping. Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology. 1: Schambardt, H. C., Merkens, H. W., Vogel, V. and Willekens, Charlotte. (1993) External loads on the limbs of jumping horses at take-off and landing. Am. J. Vet. Res. 54: Schamhardt, H. C., Merkens, H. W. and Van Osch, G. J. V. M (1991) Ground reaction force analysis of horse ridden at the walk and trot. Equine Exerc Physiol 3: Schils, S. J., Greer, N. L., Stoner, L. J. and Kobluk, C. N. (1993) Kinematic analysis of the equestrian-walk, posting trot and sitting trot. Hum. Mov. Sci. 12:
95 Sivewright, M. (1979) Thinking riding. 5th ed, J. A. Allen, London. Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, M. M., Barneveld, A. and Schamhardt, H. C. (1995) Effects of weight and riding on workload and locomotion during treadmill exercise. Equine vet. J., Suppl. 18: Springs, E. and Leach, D. (1986) Standardised technique for determining the centre of gravity of body and limb segments of horses. Equine Vet. J. 18(1): Summerley, H. L., Thomason, J. J. and Bignell, W. W. (1998) Effect of rider and riding style on deformation of the front hoof wall in Warmblood horses. Equine Vet. J., Suppl. 26: Terada, K. (2000) Comparison of head movement and EMG activity of muscles between advanced and novice horseback riders at different gaits. J. Equine Sci. 11: Terada, K. and Nagata, A. (1997) The fence condition during show jumping in horse. Waseda University the annual report of physical education (Waseda Univ. The annual report of Physi. Edu.) 29: Terada, K., Mullineaux, D. R., Lanovaz, J., Kato, K. and Clayton, H. M. (2004) Electromyographic analysis of the rider s muscles at trot. Equine Compar. Exerc. Physiol. 1: Tesh K. M., Dunn, J. S. and Evans, J. H. (1987) The abdominal muscles and vertebral stability. Spine 12: Tokuriki, M. and Aoki, O. (1995) Electromyographic activity of the hindlimb muscles during the walk, trot and canter. Equine Vet. J., Suppl. 18:
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1)Malmivaara A, Hakkinen U, et al: The treatment of acute low back pain - bed rest, exercise, or ordinary activity? N Engl J Med 1995;332:251-5 2)Latash ML: Spectral analysis of the electromyogram (EMG)
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No.432008pp.287 302 Climatological Characteristics of Local Wind in the Tokachi District, Hokkaido, JAPAN Takashige KAWAI, Mai NAKAJYO, Hisashi KATO and Shuji YAMAKAWA Received September 30, 2007 Climatological