植物科学最前線1(廣田)KN_120919チェック済み

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1 Relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in grasslands Key words: biodiversity, ecosystem respiration at community level, grasslands, photosynthesis at community level, structure of herbaceous stands Mitsuru Hirota 1, Yanhong Tang 2 1. Faculty of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Tsukuba Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan 2. Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan, COP10 CO 2 M. Hirota-1

2 植物科学最前線3 2012) 物の無機化等の個々のプロセスによるものから それらをまとめた生態系全体の生産性 や安定性といったものまで様々なものまで含む 今日の様々な生態系機能は生物多様性によって維持されると考えられており 生物多 様性と生態系機能の間には密接な関係があるとされている したがって 生物多様性と 生態系機能の関係に注目が集まるようになり これらに関する実験的および理論的検証 が 1990 年代から盛んに行われるようになってきた Loreau et al. 2002b 三木 2008 特 に 北米と欧州で行われている草原における大規模野外操作実験 Biodiversity I & II; Tilman et al. 1996, 1997, & Naeem et al. 2000, BIODEPTH; Hector et al. 1999, Loreau et al により 草原生態系においては生物多様性 種数 の増加にともなって純一次生 産が大きくなることや Tilman et al. 2002; Hooper & Dukes 2004 や 生態系の安定性が 増す Loreau et al. 2002a Tilman et al など 生物多様性と生態系機能には何らか の正の関係がみられるという報告が相次いでいる 図1 図1 北米草原での大規模野外操作実験 Diversity I II によって明らかになった播 種した種数と植物バイオマス 地上部バイオマス a 地下部バイオマス b 全バイ オマス c および土壌表層の硝酸イオン濃度の関係 1998 年から 2000 年までのデー タを年ごとに表記してある Tilman et al を一部改変 本図は Oxford University Press の転載許可を得た (c) Oxford University Press USA, All rights reserved. M. Hirota-2

3 Jiang et al Net Primary Production NPP NPP NPP 1 g d.w. C ha -1 yr -1 NPP = = + CO 2 2 NPP NPP NPP NPP Scurlock et al. 2002; 1 NPP NPP CO 2 M. Hirota-3

4 NPP Net Primary Production Scurlock et al No. 1 NPP = / BNPP NPP NPP NPP 2 NPP = 3 NPP = 4 NPP = 5 NPP = 6 NPP = / No.1 No.1 2 No.4 NO.5 exudation 5 No.1 NPP NPP NPP No.2 NPP NPP CO 2 alpine meadow Kato & Tang 2008 Chen et al cm M. Hirota-4

5 alpine meadow Hirota et al CO2 CP HS PS DPS MF EC AOC TCU 30m x 40m14 Gross Primary Production, GPP Ecosystem Respiration, ER cm 10cm 10cm 20cm m M. Hirota-5

6 GPP ER GPP ER 3 CO 2 Hirota et al CO2 14 GPPmax: ER % 2 12 AGB: sbgb:(0cm-10cm) GPP 3 3 GPP M. Hirota-6

7 GPP GPP niche complementary effect Loreau 1998 GPP ER CO2 CO2 NPP CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO M. Hirota-7

8 CO2 S BA BB829 B Chen, J., Yamamura. Y,, Hori, Y., Shiyomi, M., Yasuda, T., Zhou, H., Li, Y. & Tang, Y Small-scale species richness and its spatial variation in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Ecological Research 23: Hector, A., Schmid, B., Beierkuhnlein, C., Caldeira M.C., Diemer, M., Dimitrakopoulos, P.G., Finn, J.A., Freitas, H., Giller, P.S., Good, J., Harris, R., Högberg, P., Huss-Danell, K., Joshi, J., Jumpponen, A., Körner, C., Leadley, P.W., Loreau, M., Minns, A., Mulder, C.P.H., O'Donovan, C., Otway, S.J., Pereira, J.S., Prinz, A., Read, D.J., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Schulze, E-D., Siamantziouras, A.-S. D., Spehn E.M., Terry, A.C., Troumbis, A.Y., Woodward, F.I., Yachi, S. & Lawton, J Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands. Science 286: Hirota, M., Zhang, P., Gu, S., Shen, H., Kuriyama, T., Li, Y. & Tang, Y Small-scale variation in ecosystem CO 2 flux in an alpine meadow depends on plant biomass and species richness. Journal of Plant Research 123: Hooper, D.U. & Dukes, J Overyielding among plant functional groups in a long-term experiment. Ecology Letters 7: Jiang, L., Wan S. & Li L Species diversity and productivity: why do results of diversity-manipulation experiments differ from natural patterns? Journal of Ecology 97: Kato, T. & Tang, Y Spatial variability and major controlling factors of CO 2 sink strength in Asian terrestrial ecosystems: evidence from eddy covariance data. Global Change Biology 14: Loreau, M Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: A mechanistic model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95: Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Inchausti, P., Bengtsson, J., Grime, J.P., Hector, A., Hooper, D.U., Huston, M.A., Raffaelli, D., Schmid, B., TilmanD. & Wardle D.A Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Current knowledge and future challenges. Science 294: Loreau, M., Naeem, S. & Inchausti, P. 2002b. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, Oxford University Press, New York. M. Hirota-8

9 Loreau, M., downing, M., Emmerson, M., Gonzalez, A., Hughes, J., Inchausti, P., Joshi, J., Norberg, J. & Sala, O. 2002a. A new look at the relationship between diversity and stability. In: Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, Loreau, M, Naeem, S. & Inchausti, P. (eds.) pp Oxford University Press, New York ,,. pp CO 2.. pp Naeem, S., Knops, J. Tilman, D., Howe, K.M., Kennedy, T. & Gale, S Plant diversity increases resistance to invasion in the absence of covarying extrinsic factors. Oikos 91: Scurlock, J. M. O., Johnson, K. & Olson, R.J Estimating net primary productivity from grassland biomass dynamics measurements. Global Change Biol. 8: Tilman, D., Wedin, D. & Knops, J Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature 371: Tilman, D., Knops, J., Wedin, D., Reich, P., Ritchie, M. & Siemann, E The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science 277: Tilman, D., Knops, J., Wedin, D. & Reich, P Plant diversity and composition: effects on productivity and nutrient dynamics of experimental grasslands. In: Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, Loreau, M, Naeem, S. & Inchausti, P. (eds.) pp Oxford University Press, New York. M. Hirota-9

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