U Hochschild, 2000; Parreñas, International Retirement Migration King et al., EU ibid /05/

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1 No. 18 March 2012 Searching for Care: International Retirement Migration and Medical Tourism in Malaysia among Elderly Japanese Mayumi Ono This paper explores the emerging transnational mobility among Japanese elders seeking care and the commoditization of care for guest consumer-patients in Malaysia. Elderly care, as well as medical care, has been given domestically within the nation-state of modern societies. Care, however, has been in transition and has become a transnational object of commoditization for the industry and the target of consumption for individuals in the domain of global trade. Since the late 1990s, Japanese international retirement migration to Southeast Asian countries where retirement programs for foreign retirees are available, such as in Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, and Indonesia, has been increasing. The government of Malaysia, the country which has been recognized as the most desirable destination among the Japanese, has implemented tourism policies, the Malaysia My Second Home Programme MM2H and others that focus on medical tourism, to attract affluent foreign retirees in order to stimulate the economy. Although Japanese international retirement migration is mostly conducted by healthy retirees around sixty years of age, it consequently has created a new stream of people leaving Japan to seek elderly care. This paper argues that the flow of Japanese retirement migrants generates a transnational mobility for care and therefore facilitates the Malaysian healthcare industry s catering for foreign retirees. 1. EPA: Economic Partnership Agreement 253

2 U Hochschild, 2000; Parreñas, International Retirement Migration King et al., EU ibid /05/ : 27 ibid

3 : ibid.: : : a:

4 2009: a: : EPA 24 LONGSTAY b: 8 9 ibid 2008; Ono,

5 20 3. health care : healing medical care cf Chee,

6 2008: integrated medical spa S 7 nursing care SRRV Special Resident Retiree s Visa 22, ; 2009! -O-A 50 -O ,

7 : Chee, 2007 Association of Private Hospitals of Malaysia Malaysia Healthcare Travel Council MHTC

8 16 hospital hotel hospitality hospes hospitalis 2004: Patients Beyond Borders The Malaysia Edition 2009 Mines Resort City Nineth Malaysia Plan NKEAs tourism Greater KL The Economic Planning Unit, 2010: Private Healthcare New Straits Times, 2002/02/ MM2H 260

9 MM2H , MM2H MM2H : MM2H Toyota and Ono 2011 cf

10 23 MM2H 1 53 RM MM2H MM2H 262

11 HP 26 HP MM2H 2004 A NLN NLN NLN NLN NLN MM2H 80 NLN NLN MM2H NLN NLN MM2H NLN A 1 263

12 Ono, 2008 NLN NLN NLN NLN HSC MM2H 60 NLN

13 2007 NLN MM2H 2011A Harumi Befu 2002 modern-day uba-suteyama 3 Malaysia Excellent Spa Guide

14 4 accessed on 6/November/ accessed on 10/September/ Thailand Health & Beauty Book 2007 pp O-A 50 -O accessed on 12/September, RIEI PRESS accessed on 12/March/ accessed on 10/September/ Association of Private Hospitals Malaysia APHM Persatuan Hospital Swasta Malayisa 15 accessed on 10/September/ http: // accessed on 10/September/ accessed on 12/March/ NPO pp No. 10 pp No

15 pp a b LONGSTAY 2010 No Befu, Harumi Globalization as Human Dispersal: Nikkei in the World, in Lane Ryo Hirabayashi, Akemi kikumura-yano, James A. Hirabayashi (eds), New Worlds, New Lives: Globalization and People of Japanese Descent in the Americas and from Latin America in Japan, Stanford and California: Stanford University Press. Chee, Heng Leng Medical Tourism in Malaysia: International Movement of Healthcare Consumers and the Commodification of Healthcare, Working Paper in National University of Singapore s Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series No. 83, January Hochschild, Arlie Russel Global Care Chains and Emotional Surplus Value, in Will Hutton and Anthony Giddens eds, On the Edge: Living with Global Capitalism, Jonathan Cape: London. King, Russel, Tony Warnes and Allan Williams eds Sunset Lives?: British Retirement Migration to the Mediterranean, Oxford and New York: Berg Publishing. New Straits Times. 14 February 2002 Silver Hair Programme Conditions Relaxed. Ono, Mayumi Long-stay Tourism and International Retirement Migration: Japanese Retirees in Malaysia, Senri Ethnological Reports 77, The National Museum of Ethnology, pp Parreñas, Rhacel. S Servants of Globalization: Women, Migration and Domestic Work, Stanford University Press. The Economic Planning Unit Tenth Malaysia Plan, The Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister s Department, Putrajaya Toyota, Mika and Mayumi Ono Building a temporary second home: Japanese long-stay retirees in Penang, in Johan Saravanamutte ed., Penang Outlook, Singapore: ISEAS in press. 267

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