Size: px
Start display at page:

Download ""

Transcription

1 2007 3

2 i

3 A 85 A A A B 90 B B ii

4

5 [22] % 36.5% % 49.8% 9.1% 36.8% 3.9% 70% 10km 20km 30km 40km 43.7%, 44.5%, 54.2% 60.2% 60.9%

6 Kaneko [8] 2 2 3

7 Waldman [20] 4

8 1.3 Böhm-Bawerk [17] 1 Böhm-Bawerk 3 20 Neumann-Morgenstern [18] Böhm-Bawerk Shapley-Shubik [16] Böhm-Bawerk Shapley-Shubik [16] Shapley-Shubik [16] 5

9 Kaneko [7] Shapley-Shubik Kaneko [7] Shapley-Shubik Kaneko [7] Kaneko [8] Kaneko [8] Kaneko [8] Kaneko [8] Kaneko-Ito-Osawa [9] [9] Ricardo [15] Ricardo [15] 3 Gerber [5] Kaneko [8] 6

10 Ricardo Thünen [19] Ricardo [15] Thünen Thünen [19] Ricardo Thünen 20 Thünen [19] Alonso [1] Thünen Thünen central business district: CBD CBD Alonso [1] Muth [14] Mills [12] Fujita [3] Fujita-Krugman-Venables [4] 4 Braid [2] Braid [2] CBD 7

11 Böhm-Bawerk [17] Kaneko [8] Ricardo [15] Kaneko-Ito-Osawa [9] 4 Ito [6]

12 1.1: 9

13 CBD k = 1,..., T k 1 1 p 1,..., p T k Gk I Gk f T r f r = r 1,..., r f Ricardo [15] JR

14 k I Gk, r k k ÎĜk ˆr k 3.2 ÎĜk I Gk ˆr k r k ÎĜ1 I G1 ÎĜ2 I G2 ÎĜf 1 I Gf ÎĜk I Gk ˆr 1 r 1,, ˆr f 1 r f ÎĜ1 I G1 ÎĜ2 I G2 ÎĜf 1 I Gf h k + gc

15 h k k gc c 1.3 c k h k ĥk r = r 1,..., r f 4.2 k h k ĥk k r = r 1,..., r f r = r 1,..., r f 4 k k r k ˆr k k k 1,..., 1 r 1 r k 1 r k r k+1 r f ˆr 1 ˆr k 1 ˆr k ˆr k+1 ˆr f 1.2: k I Gk ÎĜk k 1.2 k k r k ˆr k 1.2 k 4 t > k k 12

16 k 1,..., 1 k k k 1,..., r 1 r k 1 r k r k+1 r T ˆr 1 ˆr k 1 ˆr k ˆr k+1 ˆr T 1.3: k 4.5 k k k k r 1,..., r T T k=1 d p k d r k

17 1.4 p k d k p k d k d 1.4 r k d p k d r k 2 U t, s, c = αt + βs + γ c t s c α β γ 1.5 α β γ JR p k d p k d p k 2 k = 1,... T T k=1 d R a = p k d r k d p k d p k 2 T k=1 p k k 1 w k wk d=1 p k d w k k 1.6 R a r 1,..., r T

18

19 JR M, N M M = {1,..., m}, N N = {1,..., n } i M j N T 2 CBD 16

20 A B A B 2.5 j N Ω := { e 0, e 1,,e T } R + { e 0, e 1,,e T } T e 0 e k k = 1,..., T R + e k k 1 k 1 e k e 0 Ω i x i, c I i > 0 i M k p k, x i = e k I i p k i M A-1 A-2 u i : Ω R A-1 i M, u i x i, c c A-2 i M k = 1,..., T u i e 0, I i > ui e k, 0 A-1 A A-1 A-2 M, N A-1 A-2 B

21 j C j 0 = 0 < C j 1 C j : Z + R + C j y j B j N k k = 1,..., T y j Z + C j y j + 1 C j y j C j y j + 2 C j y j + 1 Z + C j y j j y j C j y j y j y j C j 0 = 0 < C j 1 1 C j y j + 1 C j y j y j + 1 j 1 B 2 1 k 1 j k N = {1,..., n } N = {1,..., T } N k k k = 1,... T j N N N = N 1 N T N k {C j } j Nk k 2 18

22 j N k y j C k : Z + R + { C k y k = min C j Nk jy j : } y j Nk j = y k and y j Z + for all j N k 2.1 k N = {1,..., T } k N k 2.1 M, N p R T + x { e 0, e 1,,e T } m y Z T + p, x, y 2.1 p, x, y i M I i px i 0 I i px i 0 x i { e 0, e 1,,e T } u i x i, I i px i u i x i, I i px i k = 1,..., T p k y k C k y k p k y k C ky k i M x i = T k=1 y ke k. px i = T k=1 p kx ik x ik x i k T T e k y k p x { e 0, e 1,,e T } m y Z T + p, x, y p M, N Shapley-Shubic[16] u i 1 Kaneko [7] Kaneko-Yamamoto [10] M, N 19

23 2.2 M, N p, x, y M, N p p p p M, N Shapley-Shubic[16] Kaneko [8] Miyake [13] 2.3 M, N p. A.1 p p p M, N 3 I 1 I 2 I m

24 A-1 A-2 u i : Ω R C i, i M u i, = u i, CBD JR 2.5 CBD C C E 2.2 u i i u D u x i, c > u x i, c δ > 0 u x i, c = u x i, c + δ E u x i, c = u x i, c c < c δ > 0 u x i, c + δ > u x i, c + δ D E 2 x i, c x i, c x i x i c < c δ x i D δ > 0 21

25 ux i, c δ < ux i, c δ F 1,..., T F u e 1, 0 > u e 2, 0 > > u e T, 0 2.3a F 0 u e T, 0 k = 1,..., T F 1 T B D E F c 0 u e 1, c > u e 2, c > > u e T, c 2.3b A-1 F u e t, c u e t, 0 > u e t+1, 0 D δ > 0 u e t, 0 = u e t+1, δ E u e t, c u e t+1, δ + c A-1 u e t+1, δ + c > u e t+1, c u e t, c u e t+1, δ + c > u e t+1, c u e t, c > u e t+1, c F 2.3b CBD M, N p = p 1,..., p T M, N p, x, y M, N 22

26 p, x, y 1 i M x i = e k k < k p k > p k 2 x i = e k, x i = e k I i > I i k k. k < k i M x i = e k p k p k A-1 2.3b u e k, I i p k > u e k, I i p k u e k, I i p k i xi = e k 2 I i > I i k > k p k > p k i u e k, I i p k u e k, I i p k D δ 0 u e k, I i p k = u e k, I i p k + δ p k > p k δ 0 I i p k < I i p k I i p k + δ I i I i = δ > 0 E u e k, I i p k + δ > u e k, I i p k + δ + δ u e k, I i p k + δ = u e k, I i p k + I i I i = u e k, I i p k u e k, I i p k + δ + δ = u e k, I i p k + δ + I i I i = u e k, I i p k + δ u e k, I i p k > u e k, I i p k + δ u e k, I i p k A-1 i x i = e k k k 0 p k > p k G G f p, x, y f T k = 1,..., f y k > 0, k = f + 1,..., T y k = 0 Ricrdo G

27 1 p 1 > p 2 > > p f 1 > p f I 1 I m Gk k = 1,..., T k Gk = y t k = 1,..., T. 2.5 t=1 G k f Gk k k > f Gk 1 Gk k Gk I Gk k 2.1 Gk I Gk u e f 1, I Gf 1 r f 1 = u e f, I Gf 1 r f u e f 2, I Gf 2 r f 2 = u e f 1, I Gf 2 r f 1. u e 1, I G1 r 1 = u e 2, I G1 r

28 2.1: Gk k = 1,..., f r 1,..., r f 2.6 k 1 e k k e k+1 Gk k = 1,..., f f 1 Gf 1 f 1 1 r f 1 Gf 1 1 Gf 1 f 1 r f 1 Gf 1 f 1 1 f 2 Gf 2,..., G1 1 r f 1 r f 1 r f 1 Gf 1 f 1 f 1 1 r f f Gf 1 r f 1 r f f f 1 r f 1 Gf

29 r f 2 r f 3,..., r 1 Gf 3,..., G1 2.6 u e 1, 0 < u e f, I Gf 1 rf rf 2.6 r 1,..., r f 1, r f = r f r 1 > > r f 1 > r f = r f. A r 1 > > r f 1 > r f = r f 1.3 Ricardo r 1 > > r f 1 > r f = r f r f r 1,..., r f 1, r f r f r f r 1,..., r f 3 r = r 1,..., r f p = p 1,..., p T 26

30 2.8 p, x, y 1 2 r f = p f r 1,..., r f = p f p 1,..., p f 1 k = 1,..., f 1 I Gk = I Gk+1. 2 k = 1,..., f 1 p k < C k y k + 1 C k y k.. A p f p, x, y C k y k C k y k 1 p k C k y k + 1 C k y k 2 p k C k y k + 1 C k y k < k = 1,..., f 1 y k k = 1,..., f 1 y k + 1 p k B 2.1 y k A.3 Kaneko-Ito-Osawa [9] 27

31 B M, N 2.3 CBD JR 400km CBD 5m 2 25m 2 25m 2 45m 2 45m 2 65m 2 2.2: JR 28

32 2.1: m k h k w k = m 2, 25 45m 2, 45 65m 2 15, 35, 55m 2 T = 4 3 = k, h k w k u : Ω = { e 0, e 1,,e 12} R + R U u : Ω R + R U U t, s, c = 2.1t + 3.2s + 80 c

33 t 18, 28, s 15, 35, 55 c U 2.3 u t, s k e k u U u U t + 3.2s t = 18 s = 55 m 2 h 1 = = h 1 12 h k k s = 55 4 t = 18 s = 35 k = 0, 1,..., 12 u e k, c = h k + 80 c, 2.8 k 1 h k = 2.1t + 3.2s h 0 A i k u e k, I i p k p k I i 2.7 U s, t, I i p ks,t = 2.1t + 3.2s + 80 c,

34 p ks,t I i kt, s t, s A-1 A-2 C-F 80 c E 2.1 w k Yahoo! a k y k y k w k C k y k = L y k w k a k k 1 a k < p k k = 1,..., f L I k w k a k p k w k w k + 1 w k w k 2.1 f k=1 w k = 6388 I 1,..., I m m = I 1 = 850 I 6388 = r = r 1,..., r a k k 31

35 2.2: m k r k p k r f=12 = p k Yahoo! 1 p 1 = 1 w d=1 p 1d p 1d k = 1,..., 12 r k p k 2.6 M, N M, N M, N M, N 1 M, N 5 r f 5 32

36 2.3: 33

37 CBD M, N M, N 34

38 3 3.1 M, N M, N r = r 1,..., r f 2.6 ˆM, ˆN ˆM, ˆN M, N M, N A-1 F M, N ˆM, ˆN C0 1,..., T u, 35

39 C1 M = {1,..., m} ˆM = {1,..., ˆm} C2 I 1,..., I m Î1,..., Î ˆm C3 C k Ĉk k = 1,..., T C4 f ˆf r f ˆr ˆf C5 I Gk ÎĜk C5 M, N m ˆM, ˆN ˆm < m k ˆM, ˆN k M, N I Gk ÎĜk I Gk 3.1 r ˆr M, N ˆM, ˆN k 1 k minf, ˆf 1 ÎĜk I Gk ˆr k r k ˆr k r k ˆr k+1 r k , >, <, = 3.1 k ÎĜk I Gk ˆr k r k k k ÎĜk ˆr k I Gk r k ˆr k ˆr k+1 r k r k k I Gk r k ˆM, ˆN k k + 1 r k r k+1 36

40 ˆM, ˆN r k r k+1 k k k 3.2 E k u e k, I Gk r k = u e k+1, I Gk r k ˆr k r k ˆr k+1 r k+1 ÎĜk I Gk ˆr k r k ÎĜk I Gk > ˆr k r k ˆr k r k > ˆr k+1 r k+1 ÎĜk I Gk > ˆr k r k δ = ÎĜk I Gk ˆr k r k > 0 M, N u e k, I Gk r k = u e k+1, I Gk r k+1 E u e k, I Gk r k + δ > u e k+1, I Gk r k+1 + δ u e k, ÎĜk ˆr k = u e k+1, ÎĜk ˆr k+1 > u e k+1, I Gk r k+1 + δ ˆM, ˆN A-1 ÎĜk ˆr k+1 > I Gk r k+1 +δ = ÎĜk r k+1 ˆr k r k ˆr k r k > ˆr k+1 r k+1 ÎĜk I Gk ˆr k r k ˆr k r k ˆr k+1 r k+1 ÎĜk I Gk ˆr k r k ÎĜk ˆr k I Gk r k δ = I Gk r k ÎĜk ˆr k 0 ˆM, ˆN u e k, ÎGk ˆr k = u e k+1, ÎGk ˆr k+1 E u e k, ÎGk ˆr k + δ u e k+1, ÎGk ˆr k+1 + δ u e k, I Gk r k = u e k+1, I Gk r k+1 u e k+1, ÎGk ˆr k+1 + δ M, N A-1 I Gk 37

41 r k+1 ÎGk ˆr k+1 + δ = ˆr k+1 + ˆr k + I Gk r k ˆrk r k ˆr k+1 r k M, N M, N ˆM, ˆN r = r 1,..., r f ˆr = ˆr 1,..., ˆr ˆf f ˆf Gk k f Ĝk k ˆf f ˆf 3.2 ÎĜ1 I G1 ÎĜ2 I G2 ÎĜf 1 I Gf 1, 3.3 ÎĜ1 I G1 ÎĜ2 I G2 ÎĜf 1 I Gf M, N k = 1,..., f 1 1,..., f 1 ÎĜ1 I G1, ÎĜ2 I G2,, ÎĜf 1 I Gf 1 38

42 k {ÎĜ1 I G1,, ÎĜl1 I Gl 1 }, {ÎĜl1+1 I Gl 1 +1,, ÎĜl2 I Gl 2 },. {ÎĜlk 1+1 I Gl k 1+1,, ÎĜlk I Gl k }, 3.5 l 1, l 2..., l k t = 1,..., k 1 ÎĜlt 1 +1 I Gl t 1 +1 < < ÎĜl t I Gl t ÎĜl t +1 I Gl t +1 ÎĜl t+1 I Gl t+1 ÎĜlt 1 +1 I Gl t 1 +1 ÎĜl t I Gl t ÎĜl t +1 I Gl t +1 < < ÎĜl t+1 I Gl t < < ÎĜ1 I G1 ÎĜ2 I G2 1 ÎĜ1 I G1 <... < ÎĜl 1 I Gl 1 2 ÎĜl 1 +1 I Gl 1 +1 ÎĜl 2 I Gl 2 ÎĜ1 I G1, ÎĜ2 I G2,, ÎĜf 1 I Gf k k

43 3.2 r ˆr M, N ˆM, ˆN k 1 k f a ˆr k+1 r k+1 < ˆr k r k ˆr k r k < ˆr k 1 r k 1 < < ˆr 1 r 1 ; b ˆr k r k < ˆr k+1 r k+1 ˆr k+1 r k+1 < < ˆr f r f a ˆr k r k > ˆr k+1 r k+1 ˆr k+1 r k+1 > > ˆr f r f ; b ˆr k+1 r k+1 > ˆr k r k ˆr k r k > ˆr k 1 r k 1 > > ˆr 1 r a b 3.3 a k k + 1 ˆr k+1 r k+1 < ˆr k r k < b ˆr k+1 r k+1 > ˆr k r k > a l k l f 1 ˆr l r l > ˆr l+1 r l+1 ˆr l+1 r l+1 > ˆr l+2 r l+2 ˆr l r l > ˆr l+1 r l ÎĜl+1 I Gl+1 ÎĜl I Gl > ˆr l r l > ˆr l+1 r l+1 ÎĜl+1 I Gl+1 > ˆr l+1 r l ˆr l+1 r l+1 > ˆr l+2 r l+2 2 b l 2 l k 1 ˆr l +1 r l +1 > ˆr l r l ˆr l r l > ˆr l 1 r l 1 ˆr l +1 r l +1 > ˆr l r l ÎĜl 1 I Gl 1 ÎĜl I Gl < ˆr l r l ÎĜl 1 I Gl 1 < ˆr l r l δ = ˆr l r l ÎĜl 1 I Gl 1 > 0 M, N u e l 1, I Gl 1 r l 1 = u e l, I Gl 1 r l 40

44 I Gl 1 r l 1 < I Gl 1 r l δ > 0 E u e l 1, I Gl 1 r l 1 δ < u e l, I Gl 1 r l δ = u e l, ÎĜl 1 ˆr l ˆM, ˆN u u e l 1, I Gl 1 r l 1 δ < u e l 1, ÎĜl 1 ˆr l 1 e l 1, ÎĜl 1 ˆr l 1 A-1 I Gl 1 r l 1 δ < ÎĜl 1 ˆr l 1 ˆr l 1 r l 1 < ˆr l r l r ˆr M, N ˆM, ˆN. 1 : 3.3 k 1 k 2 1 k 1 k 2 f a ˆr 1 r 1 > > ˆr k1 r k1 ; b ˆr k1 r k1 = = ˆr k2 r k2 ; c ˆr k2 r k2 < < ˆr f r f. 2 : 3.4 k 1 k 2 1 k 1 k 2 f a ˆr 1 r 1 < < ˆr k1 r k1 ; b ˆr k1 r k1 = = ˆr k2 r k2 ; c ˆr k2 r k2 > > ˆr f r f. 2.5 r ˆr ˆr k r k k = 1,..., f k 1 k 2 k 1 = k 2 = k 1 = k 2 = f b 41

45 . 2 1 ˆr 1 r 1 ˆr 2 r 2 k 1 = 1 ˆr 1 r 1 < < ˆr k r k k k 1 ˆr k1 r k1 = = ˆr k r k k k 2 k 2 k 2 = k 1 k 2 = f k 1 k 2 a b k 2 ˆr k2 r k2 > ˆr k2 +1 r k2 +1 ˆr k2 r k2 < r k2 +1 r k a c b r k2 r k2 > r k2 1 r k2 1 > > r 1 r 1 k 1 k JR M, N ˆM, ˆN ˆr M, N ˆM, ˆN r ˆr M, N k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 25 r f=12 = % ˆr f=12 = U t, s, c = 2.1t + 3.2s + 80 c ˆM, ˆN k = 1,..., f = 12 2 M, N 12 k=1 w k = = 125 ˆM, ˆN 12 k=1 ŵk = = 6263 ŵ 1 = 244, ŵ 2 = 242, ŵ 3 = 235, ŵ 4 = 736, ŵ 5 = 159 k = 6,..., 12 ŵ k = w k M, N ˆM, ˆN 3 42

46 3.1: 1,000 I Gk ÎĜk ÎĜk I Gk r k ˆr k ˆr k r k ÎĜk I Gk ÎĜ1 I G1 < ÎĜ2 I G2 < < ÎĜ5 I G ÎĜ6 I G6 > ÎĜ7 I G7 > > ÎĜ12 I G k = 2 ˆr 3 r 3 = > ˆr k=2 r k=2 = b ˆr k=2 r k=2 = > ˆr 1 r 1 43

47 ˆr 1 r 1 = 4.98 k = 3 ˆr k=3 r k=3 = > ˆr 4 r 4 = a ˆr 4 r 4 = 4.99 > ˆr 5 r 5 ˆr 5 r 5 = l 1 = 5,..., l 2 = f = ÎĜk I Gk ˆr k r k k = 1,..., k = 3 k = k 1 k 2 k 1 = k 2 = 3 k 1 = k 2 = M, N M, N ˆM, ˆN

48 3.1:

49 2 M, N 46

50 M, N M, N ˆM, ˆN A-1 F M, N ˆM, ˆN 47

51 u : Ω R u e k, c = h k + gc h k k = 1,..., T k h 1 > h 2 > > h T g : R + R gc c 4.1 e k, c h k gc g c lim c + gc = + h 0 + gi m > h 1 + g0 1 h 0 e A-1 F h k k h k h k ĥk h k ĥk 4.1 h k gc M, N ˆM, ˆN M, N k M, N h 8 = 10.2 ĥ8 = 24.0 ˆM, ˆN M, N 8 1 h 0 + gi m > h 1 + g0 A-2 h 1 > > h T I 1 I m g i M k = 1,..., T h 0 + gi i > h k + g0 48

52 4.1: 8 m k h k w k ˆM, ˆN 8 CS1 ˆf = f ˆr ˆf = r f CS2 t f 1 ÎĜt = I Gt CS3 ĥk > h k t k t f 1 ĥt = h t CS1 f r f CS2 t f 1 CS3 k k h k ĥk ĥ k 1 = h k 1 > ĥk > h k 49

53 4.1: k 4.1 CS1 CS2 CS3 i t = k + 1,..., f 1 ˆr t = r t, ii ˆr k > r k, iii t = 1,..., k 1 ˆr t r t, iv t = 1,..., k 2 0 ˆr t r t ˆr t+1 r t+1. I Gk 1 > I Gk iii iv M, N ˆM, ˆN r ˆr i k t = k + 1,..., f ˆr t = r t 1 ii k iii k t = 1,..., k iv k 1 t = 1,..., k 2 r t ˆr t > 0 50

54 4.1 k t = 1,..., k i ˆM, ˆN k ˆM, ˆN Gk 1 k k 1 ˆr k 1 k 1 r k 1 ˆr k 1 k k 1 k 1 E k 4.2 k CS2 CS3 CS2 CS3 CS2 ÎĜk > I Gk t k t f 1 ÎĜt = I Gt CS3 t f 1 ĥt = h t 4.1 k k I Gk ÎĜk k 51

55 4.2: k t f 1 h t f CS1 CS2 CS3 i t = k + 1,..., f 1 ˆr t = r t, ii ˆr k > r k, iii t = 1,..., k 1 ˆr t > r t, iv t = 1,..., k 2 0 < ˆr t r t < ˆr t+1 r t k ii k 1,..., k iii iv 4.2 ˆM, ˆN 52

56 t = 1,..., k 1 ˆr t > r t iv t = 1,..., k 1 k 1 t = 1,..., k 2 ˆr t r t > k r k u e k, I Gk r k = u e k+1, I Gk r k+1 r k Gk k r k k + 1 r k+1 ˆM, ˆN k + 1,..., f k k k M, N Gk e k, I Gk r k e k+1, I Gk r k+1 ˆM, ˆN ˆr k Ĝk k k + 1 ˆM, ˆN k Ĝk ÎĜk = I Gk ˆr k r k ÎĜk = I Gk ˆr k+1 = r k+1 k + 1 ˆM, ˆN Gk ˆr k > r k k 1 Gk M, N e k, I Gk r k ˆM, ˆN ê k, I Gk ˆr k ê k 53

57 ˆr k Gk 1 Gk 2 E Gk 1 M, N e k, I Gk 1 r k ˆM, ˆN ê k, I Gk 1 ˆr k Gk 1 ˆM, ˆN M, N Gk 1 e k, I Gk 1 r k e k 1, I Gk 1 r k 1 Gk 1 ˆM, ˆN ê k, I Gk 1 ˆr k M, N e k 1, I Gk 1 r k 1 k 1 Gk 1 ê k, I Gk 1 ˆr k e k 1, I Gk 1 ˆr k 1 Gk 1 ˆr k 1 < r k 1 1,..., k 2 k k M, N Gk e k, I Gk r k e k+1, I Gk r k+1 ˆM, ˆN Ĝk Gk k k +1 Ĝk e k, ÎĜk r k e k+1, ÎĜk r k+1 ˆM, ˆN e k, ÎĜk ˆr k e k+1, I Gk r k+1 e Ĝk k, ÎĜk r k e k, ÎĜk ˆr k k ÎĜk ˆr k ÎĜk r k ˆr k > r k k 1 Gk 1 e k, ÎĜk 1 ˆr k ˆr k Gk 1 ÎĜk 1 = I Gk 1 ˆM, ˆN e k 1, ÎĜk 1 ˆr k 1 e k, ÎĜk 1 ˆr k Gk 1 M, N ˆr k 1 > r k 1 2 I Gk 1 > I Gk 54

58 C0 M, N ˆM, ˆN CS1 M, N ˆM, ˆN h t + g I Gt r t = ht+1 + g I Gt r t+1 t = 1,..., f 1; 4.2 ĥ t + gîĝt ˆr t = ĥt+1 + gîĝt ˆr t+1 t = 1,..., f CS3 t k t f 1 ĥt = h t CS2 t f 1 ÎĜt = I Gt t k t f 1 g I Gt ˆr t g IGt r t = g IGt ˆr t+1 g IGt r t i t = f CS1 ˆr f = r f g I Gf 1 ˆr f 1 g IGf 1 r f 1 = g IGf 1 ˆr f g IGf 1 r f = 0. g I Gf 1 ˆr f 1 = g IGf 1 r f 1 g IGf 1 ˆr f 1 = I Gf 1 r f 1 ˆr f 1 = r f 1 t = f 2,..., k + 1 t = k + 1,..., f 1 ˆr t = r t ii t = k CS3 ĥ k+1 = h k+1 CS2 ÎĜk = I Gk i ˆr k+1 = r k+1 ĥ k + gi Gk ˆr k = h k + g I Gk r k 4.5 CS3 ĥk > h k gi Gk ˆr k < g I Gk r k g I Gk ˆr k < I Gk r k ˆr k > r k iii ˆr k 1 r k 1 δ = I Gk 1 I Gk 0 g 55

59 4.5 ĥk + gi Gk ˆr k + δ h k + g I Gk r k + δ δ ĥ k + gi Gk 1 ˆr k h k + g I Gk 1 r k 4.6 t = k 1 ˆM, ˆN 4.3 t = k 1 M, N ĥ k 1 + gi Gk 1 ˆr k 1 h k 1 + g I Gk 1 r k CS3 ĥk 1 = h k 1 gi Gk 1 ˆr k 1 g I Gk 1 r k 1 g IGk 1 ˆr k 1 I Gk 1 r k 1 ˆr k 1 r k g I Gk 2 ˆr k 2 g IGk 2 r k 2 = g IGk 2 ˆr k 1 g IGk 2 r k 1 0 g ˆr k 2 r k 2 t = 1,..., k 1 ˆr t r t iv CS2 iii ÎĜ1 I G1 = 0 ˆr 1 r ˆr 1 r 1 ˆr 2 r 2 CS2 ÎĜ2 I G2 = 0 ˆr 2 r ˆr 2 r 2 ˆr 3 r 3 t = 1,..., k 2 0 ˆr t r t ˆr t+1 r t+1 iii δ = I Gk 1 I Gk iii g 4.2 ii 4.2 i iii iv 4.1 ii ii M, N 4.2 t = k h k + g I Gk r k = hk+1 + g I Gk r k

60 CS2 δ = ÎĜk I Gk > 0 r k > r k+1 I Gk r k < I Gk r k+1 g 4.8 h k + gi Gk r k + δ > h k+1 + gi Gk r k+1 + δ δ h k + gîĝk r k > h k+1 + gîĝk r k CS3 ĥk = h k ĥk+1 = h k ĥk + gîĝk r k ĥk+1 + gîĝk r k+1 = ĥk+1 + gîĝk ˆr k+1 i r k+1 = ˆr k+1 ĥ k + gîĝk r k > ĥk+1 + gîĝk ˆr k+1 = ĥk + gîĝk ˆr k 4.10 ˆM, ˆN 4.3 gîĝk r k > gîĝk ˆr k g ÎĜk r k > ÎĜk ˆr k ˆr k > r k CS h 10 = 10.8 ĥ10 = h 7 = 25.9 ĥ 7 = h 5 = 64.7 ĥ5 =

61 4.2: 10, 7, 5 m k h k w k M, N h = h 1, h 2,..., h 12 h 10 ĥ10 h 2 h = h 1,..., ĥ10, h 11, h h 7 ĥ7 h 3 h 3. h 5 ĥ5 h 4 ĥ 4.3 h h h ĥ 4.1 r ˆr h 10 ĥ M, N r 10 r 1,..., r h 7 ĥ ,..., 6 1 M, N r 1,..., r

62 4.3: 4.1 r 7 h 5 ĥ5 M, N r = r 1,..., r 12 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, U t, s, c = 2.1t + 3.2s + 80 c , 7, = 12.6 M, N r = r 1,..., r 12 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 59

63 4.4: l 1 h t CS3 k h t t = k, k + 1,..., k + l 1 l 1 CS3 4.4 CS3 r f I Gt CS1 CS2 CS3 t = k, k + 1,..., k + l 1 l 1 ĥt > h t t t t f 1 ĥt = h t 4.4 k ˆr k > r k ˆr k r k k k 1 ˆr k 1 r k 1 t = k 2,..., iii k k ˆr k 1 < r k 1 60

64 4.3 CS1 CS2 CS3 ˆr t > r t, t = k,, k + l 1, 1 l l ˆr k+l r k+l ˆr k 1 < r k l l k + l k l = 2 C0 M, N ˆM, ˆN CS1 M, N ˆM, ˆN h t + g I Gt r t = ht+1 + g I Gt r t+1 t = 1,..., f 1; 4.11 ĥ t + gîĝt ˆr t = ĥt+1 + gîĝt ˆr t+1 t = 1,..., f t = k CS2 ÎĜk 1 = I Gk 1 CS3 ĥk 1 = h k g I Gk 1 ˆr k 1 g IGk 1 r k 1 = { g } 4.13 I Gk 1 ˆr k g IGk 1 r k + ĥ k h k t = k CS2 ÎĜk = I Gk ĥ k h k = { g } I Gk ˆr k+1 g IGk r k+1 { g } I Gk ˆr k g IGk r k + ĥk+1 h k+1 t = k + 1 ĥ k+1 h k+1 = { g } I Gk+1 ˆr k+2 g IGk+1 r k+2 { g } I Gk+1 ˆr k+1 g IGk+1 r k+1 + ĥk+2 h k+2 61

65 4.13 ĥk h k ĥk+1 h k+1 2 g I Gk 1 ˆr k 1 g IGk 1 r k 1 = { g } { } I Gk 1 ˆr k g IGk 1 r k g IGk ˆr k g IGk r k + { g } { } I Gk ˆr k+1 g IGk r k+1 g IGk+1 ˆr k+1 g IGk+1 r k+1 +g I Gk+1 ˆr k+2 g IGk+1 r k+2 + ĥ k+2 h k ˆr k > r k ˆr k+1 > r k+1 g I Gk 1 I Gk I Gk { g IGk 1 ˆr k g IGk 1 r k } { g IGk ˆr k g IGk r k } 0 { g IGk ˆr k+1 g IGk r k+1 } { g IGk+1 ˆr k+1 g IGk+1 r k+1 } 0 ˆr k+2 r k+2 g g I Gk+1 ˆr k+2 g IGk+1 r k+2 0 CS3 ĥk+2 h k+2 > g I Gk 1 ˆr k 1 g IGk 1 r k 1 > 0 g ˆrk 1 < r k 1 l g I Gk 1 ˆr k 1 g IGk 1 r k 1 l 1 { } { } = g IGk+s 1 ˆr k+s g IGk+s 1 r k+s g IGk+s ˆr k+s g IGk+s r k+s s=0 + g I Gk+l 1 ˆr k+l g IGk+l 1 r k+l + ĥ k+l h k+l 4.15 CS3 ˆr k+l r k+l ĥk+l h k+l > g ˆr k 1 < r k

66 4.4 CS1 CS2 CS3 i t = k + l,..., f 1 ˆr t = r t, ii ˆr k+l 1 > r k+l 1, iii t = 1,..., k 1 ˆr t r t, iv t = 1,..., k 2 0 ˆr t r t ˆr t+1 r t+1.. i ii iv 4.1 i ii iv iv r k 1 r k g I Gk 1 ˆr k 1 g IGk 1 r k 1 = { g } I Gk 1 ˆr k g IGk 1 r k + ĥ k h k ĥk > h k ˆr k r k g I Gk 1 ˆr k 1 g IGk 1 r k 1 > 0 ˆr k 1 < r k 1 ˆr k > r k k + 1 t k + l 1 t ˆr t r t 4.3 ˆr k 1 < r k 1 k + 1 t k + l 1 t ˆr t > r t g I Gk 1 ˆr k 1 g IGk 1 r k 1 l 1 { } { } g IGk+s 1 ˆr k+s g IGk+s 1 r k+s g IGk+s ˆr k+s g IGk+s r k+s s=0 + g I Gk+l 1 ˆr k+l g IGk+l 1 r k+l + ĥ k+l h k+l i ˆr k+l = r k+l g I Gk+l 1 ˆr k+l g IGk+l 1 r k+l = 0 ĥ k+l h k+l = 0 g I Gk 1 ˆr k 1 g IGk 1 r k 1 > 0 ˆr k 1 < r k 1 63

67 4.3: 1,000 m k r k ˆr k h 8 = 10.2 ĥ8 = 24.0 CS3 CS1 CS ˆr 8 = 83.0 > r 8 = ii 4.3 iii 7 1 t = 1,..., 6 ˆr t r t ˆr t+1 r t+1 ˆr 1 r 1 = > ˆr 2 r 2 = > ˆr 3 r 3 = 1.154, ˆr 3 r 3 = > ˆr 4 r 4 = > ˆr 5 r 5 = 1.170, ˆr 5 r 5 = > ˆr 6 r 6 = > ˆr 7 r 7 = iv

68 4.5 r t r t ˆr t r t 1, : r

69

70 5 5.1 M, N Yahoo! M, N M, N 2.5 U t, s, c = 2.1t + 3.2s + 80 c 2.7 M, N 3 4 M, N 2 M, N

71 U t, s, c = 2.1t + 3.2s + 80 c 2.7 U t, s, c = αt + βs + γ c 5.1 α β γ 5.1 t s c 5.1 r f=12 r 1,..., r 11, r 12 r f=12 α β γ r 12 r 1,..., r 11, r 12 p k d 12 k=1 d p k d r k p k d k d p k d d = 1 d = Yahoo! 5.2 p k d r k d p k d r k 2 k = 1,..., 12 α β γ r 12 α β γ r 12 r 1,..., r 11, r

72 5.1: 2.5 U t, s, c = 2.1t + 3.2s + 80 c r 12 = min r k 12 k=1 p k d r k d 5.3 r 1,..., r 12 = p 1,..., p 12 p k k p k = w k d=1 p k d 12 k=1 p k d p k 2 d 12 k=1 p k d r k d p k d p k 2 k = 1,..., r 1,..., r 12 d 69

73 5.1: Kaneko-Ito-Osawa[9] m k r k p k R a R a = 12 k=1 d 12 k=1 p k d r k p k d p k 2 d 2.5 U t, s, c = 2.1t + 3.2s + 80 c r 12 = 49.0 R a = = % R a 5.1 Kaneko- Ito-Osawa[9] m 2 85m =

74 U t, s, c = 2.2t + 3.1s + 80 c r 20 = 49.6 R a R a = 20 k=1 d 20 k=1 d p k d r k 2 = p k d p k R a 5.2 U t, s, c = 2.1t + 3.2s + 80 c r 12 = 49.0 R a R a U t, s, c = αt+βs+γ c 5.1 t s t s R a B [21] 71

75 Yahoo! r = αs β r s m 2 5 U t, s, c = αt + βs + γ c m t t = 7, 15, lns-lnr r = αs β lnr = α + β lns 5.6 r 1 β = dr/r ds/s

76 5.2: t 7 lnr = lns lnr = lns lnr = lns lnr = lns β Yahoo! % , 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 m k r k w k t 73

77 5.3: m : m : m : m : k r k w k 74

78 5.2: 7 t 5.3: 15 t 75

79 5.4: 21 t 5.5: 35 t 76

80 , 20.0,..., 60.0 m 2 lns-lnr 9 15 m M, N % m m m 2 77

81

82 Ricardo 79

83

84

85 2 C CBD JR 2 C 1 U t, s, c = 2.1t + 3.2s + 80 c 5 M, N 5 C 1 Kleiber-Kotz[11] 82

86 83

87 84

88 A A p, x, y k = 1,..., T p k k p k p k, x k, y k T p 1, x 1, y 1,, p T, x T, y T A.1 k, l = 1,..., T p k k > pl k pl l > pk l x k i = ek x l i = el i M A.1 i M x k i = ek x l i = el p k k = pl k pl l = pk l A.1. p k p l p k k pl k pl l pk l i x k i = ek x l i = el p k, x k, y k i u i e k, I i p k k u ie l, I i p k l pl l pk l A-1 u i e l, I i p k l u ie l, I i p l l u i e k, I i p k k u ie l, I i p l l A.1 p l, x l, y l i u i e l, I i p l l u i e k, I i p l k A.1 u i e k, I i p k k u ie l, I i p l l u ie k, I i p l k A.2 p k k > pl k A-1 u ie k, I i p l k > u ie k, I i p k k A.2 u i e k, I i p k k > u ie k, I i p k k p k k = pl k pl l > pk l A-1 u ie l, I i p k l > u ie l, I i p l l 85

89 p l, x l, y l i p l l = pk l A.1 T p 1, x 1, y 1,, p T, x T, y T k, l = 1,..., T p k k = pl k pl l = pk l pk, x k, y k = p l, x l, y l T p 1, x 1, y 1,, p T, x T, y T p k 2 k T p 1 p k k = p1 k p1 1 = pk 1 p1, x 1, y 1 p k, x k, y k k = 2,..., T k = 1 l = 1,..., T p k 3 k T p 2 p k k = p2 k p 2 2 = pk 2 p2, x 2, y 2 p k, x k, y k k = 1, 2 l = 1,..., T k = 1 l = 1,..., T p 1, x 1, y 1 = p 2, x 2, y 2 p 1, x 1, y 1 p 2, x 2, y 2 k = 1, 2 l = 1, 2,..., T p 1, x 1, y 1,, p T, x T, y T A.1 p 1, x 1, y 1,, p T, x T, y T i M x k i = ek p, x, y k = 1,..., T p k = pk k, i M x i = e k k x k i = ek, e 0 k N k = 1,..., T y k = yk k. 86

90 p, x, y 1 p, x, y A.1 i k x k i = e k x, y k x k, y k p, x, y i x i = e 0 x i = e k p k x i pk, x k, y k l k l u i x i, I i p x i = u i x k i, I i p k x k i ui e l, I i p k e l p l l pk l A-1 u i e l, I i p k e l u i e l, I i p l e l = u i e l, I i p e l l k l u i x i, I i p x i u i e l, I i p e l k p k pk, x k, y k A F u e f, I Gf 1 rf D δ > 0 u e f, I Gf 1 rf = u e f 1, δ > u e 1, 0 > > u e f 1, 0 A-1 δ I Gf 1 δ = r f 1 r f A.3 = r f 2.6 1, A-1, F u e f 1, I Gf 2 r f 1 u e f 1, I Gf 1 r f 1 = u e f, I Gf 1 rf > u e 1, 0 > > u e f 2, 0 D δ > 0 u e f 1, I Gf 2 r f 1 = u e f 2, δ A.4 A-1 δ I Gf 2 δ = r f 2 r f = r f r 1,..., r f 1, r f = r f F u e f 1, 0 > u e f, 0 D b > 0 u e f 1, 0 = u e f, b E u e f, I Gf 1 rf = u e f 1, I Gf 1 r f 1 > u e f, I Gf 1 r f 1 + b A.5 87

91 A.3 A.5 A-1 I Gf 1 r f > I Gf 1 r f 1 + b > I Gf 1 r f 1 r f 1 > r f b > 0 r 1 > > r f 1 > r f = r f A A.2 p, x, y k = 1,..., f 1 x i = e k I i = I Gk i M,x i = e k+1 I i = I Gk+1 i M. i i i M I i = I Gk, x i = e l l > k, I i = I Gk, x i = e l l < k x i = e t t k i M I i > I i = I Gk Gk x i = e t t k i M I i < I i = I Gk Gk 2.8. A.2 k = 1,..., f 1 x i = e k I i = I Gk i,x i = e k+1 I i = I Gk+1 i u e k, I Gk p k u e k+1, I Gk p k+1 u e k+1, I Gk+1 p k+1 u e k, I Gk+1 p k I Gk = I Gk+1 2 u e k, I Gk p k = u e k+1, I Gk p k k = 1,..., t 1 u e k, I Gk p k = u e k+1, I Gk p k+1 88

92 u e t, I Gt p t > u e t+1, I Gt p t+1 t 1 t f 1 p t, p t 1,..., p 1 p t, p t 1,..., p 1 p k < C k y k + 1 C k y k, A.6 u e k, I Gk p k = u e k+1, I Gk p k+1 k = 1,..., t 1, u e t, I Gt p t > u e t+1 A.7, I Gt p t+1 A.2 1 k f 1 k x i = e k I i = I Gk i M e k, I i p k A-2 u e k, I i p k u e 0, I i > u e k, 0 I i p k > 0 p t, p t 1,..., p 1 A.6 A.7 p p k = p k k t p k k > t A.8 p x, y p, x, y x, y p A.8 A.6 i x i = e k k > t i p p x i = e k k > t i x i = e k k t i E k < k k > k u e k, I i p k u e k +1, I i p k +1 u e k, I i p k u e k +1, I i p k +1 x i = e k k t 89

93 B B.1 B.1 2 1, 2 3 u x, c = h k + c k = 1, 2, 3 h 1 = 10, h 2 = 7, h 3=f = 0 I 1 = 100, I 2 = 52 p 1 = 51, p 2 = u e 1, I 1 p 1 = = 17 > u e 2, I 1 p 2 = = 15.66, u e 2, I 2 p 2 = = > u e 1, I 2 p 1 = = 11. B.1 B.2 2 1, u e 1, I 1 p 1 = u e 2, I 1 p 2 B.1 B.2 Ut, s, c t s 5.1 Ut, s, c = α 1 t + α 2 + β 1 s + β 2 + γ c B.3 α 1 α 2 β 1 β 2 γ α 1 t + α

94 5.2 U t, s, c = αt + βs + γ c 5.1 c B.3 t s B B.3 α 2 β R a Kaneko-Ito-Osawa[9] 5.1 B.3 R a α 1 α 2 β 1 β 2 γ B.4 Ut, s, c = 400t s c B.4 B.4 B.3 α 1 = 400 α 2 = β 1 = 1800 β 2 = γ = 80 B.4 α 2 β 2 R a B.4 R a R a = = r 12 p 12 = 51.5 R a B.4 α Ut, s, c = 400t s c R a R a = = α R a B.1 B.1 α 2 R a B.1 R a 2.5 U t, s, c = 2.1t + 3.2s + 80 c R a = B.1 t s B

95 B.1: α 2 R a α 2 β 12 2 k=1 d p k d r k 2 R a r k p k d 5.2 α 2 β 2 B.2 α 2 B β B.2 α 2 β 2 R a B.3 α 2 β 2 α 1 t + α 2 β 1 s + β 2 t s R a B.4 400t Ut, s, c = 1.9t s c R a = = Ut, s, c = 1.9t + 3.2s + 80 c 92

96 B.2: β 2 R a α 2 β 12 2 k=1 d p k d r k 2 R a R a = = R a t s 93

97 [1] Alonso, William. Location and Land Use. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, [2] Braid, Ralph M. The short-run comparative statics of a rental housing market. Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 10, pp , [3] Fujita, Masahisa. Urban Economic Theory: Land Use and City Size. Cambridge University Press, New York, [4] Fujita, Masahisa, Krugman, Paul, and Venables, Anthony. J. The Spatial Economy : Cities, Regions, and International Trades. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, [5] Gerber, Robert I. Existence and description of housing market equilibrium. Regional Science and Urban Economics, pp , [6] Ito, Tamon. Effects of quality changes in rental housing markets with indivisibilities. Regional Science and Urban Economics. to appear. [7] Kaneko, Mamoru. The central assignment game and the assignment markets. Journal of Mathematical Economics, Vol. 11, pp , [8] Kaneko, Mamoru. Housing market with indivisibilities. Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 13, pp , [9] Kaneko, Mamoru, Ito, Tamon, and Osawa, Yuichi. Duality in comparative statics in rental housing markets with indivisibilities. Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 59, pp ,

98 [10] Kaneko, Mamoru and Yamamoto, Yoshitsugu. The existence and computation of competitive equilibria in markets with an indivisible commodity. Theory, Vol. 38, pp , Journal of Economic [11] Kleiber, Christian and Kotz, Samuel. Statistical Size Distributions in Economics and Actuarial Sciences. John Wiley, New York, [12] Mills, Edwin S. Studies in the Structure of the Urban Economy. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, [13] Miyake, Mitsunobu. Comparative statics of assignment markets with general utilities. Journal of Mathematical Economics, Vol. 23, pp , [14] Muth, Richard F. Cities and Housing. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, [15] Ricardo, David. The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. J. M. Dent and Sons, London, : original. [16] Shapley, Lloyd S. and Shubik, Martin J. Assignment game I: the core. International Journal of Game Theory, Vol. 1, pp , [17] von Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen. Positive Theory of Capital. Books for Libraries Press, New York, : original, translated by William A. Smart. [18] von Neumann, John and Morgenstern, Oskar. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton University Press, Princeton, [19] von Thünen, Johann Heinrich. Die Isolierte Staat in Beziehung auf Landwirtshaft und Nationalökonomie. Pergamon Press, New York, : original, translated by Carla M. Wartenberg, edited with an introduction by Peter Hall. [20] Waldman, Michael. Durable goods theory for real world markets. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 17, pp , [21].., [22]

131 はじめに エコノミア 第 64 巻第 1 号 (2013 年 5 月 ), 頁 [Economia Vol. 64 No.1(May 2013),pp ]

131 はじめに エコノミア 第 64 巻第 1 号 (2013 年 5 月 ), 頁 [Economia Vol. 64 No.1(May 2013),pp ] 131 はじめに 2011 3 11 2 3.11 3.11 3.11 2 3.11 3.11 3.11 エコノミア 第 64 巻第 1 号 (2013 年 5 月 ),131--143 頁 [Economia Vol. 64 No.1(May 2013),pp.131-143] 132 1. 地域経済学研究と現実からの乖離 (1)2 つの地域経済学 NAFTA EU 2 1990 2007 2008

More information

Title Author(s) Kobe University Repository : Kernel 世界の雑貨卸売市場 : 中国義烏市の発展のメカニズム (The World Goods Wholesale Market : The Growing Mechanism of Yi-Wu City in China) 伊藤, 宗彦 / 浜口, 伸明 Citation 国民経済雑誌,204(5):15-30

More information

商学 63‐3☆/6.山本

商学 63‐3☆/6.山本 193 W. A. 1 2 3 1 2 WTO FTA TPP D. P. P. W. A. 194 2 3 Lewis 1954 1982, 1987 1999 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 A B 1987 119 1985 Krugman and Obstfeld 2009 19742006 3 W. A. 195 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 A a1 a2 * * i ai i 1, 2

More information

shuron.dvi

shuron.dvi 01M3065 1 4 1.1........................... 4 1.2........................ 5 1.3........................ 6 2 8 2.1.......................... 8 2.2....................... 9 3 13 3.1.............................

More information

Title 最適年金の理論 Author(s) 藤井, 隆雄 ; 林, 史明 ; 入谷, 純 ; 小黒, 一正 Citation Issue Date Type Technical Report Text Version publisher URL

Title 最適年金の理論 Author(s) 藤井, 隆雄 ; 林, 史明 ; 入谷, 純 ; 小黒, 一正 Citation Issue Date Type Technical Report Text Version publisher URL Title 最適年金の理論 Author(s) 藤井, 隆雄 ; 林, 史明 ; 入谷, 純 ; 小黒, 一正 Citation Issue 2012-06 Date Type Technical Report Text Version publisher URL http://hdl.handle.net/10086/23085 Right Hitotsubashi University Repository

More information

19世紀の物価動向―コンドラチェフによる物価長波の検討を通じて―*

19世紀の物価動向―コンドラチェフによる物価長波の検討を通じて―* 19 GDP 1814 1815 1849 1846 1 2 61 2002 1 1991167 2 334 1 3 4 5 19 13 1823-1851 1884-1896 1884-1896 2 1823-1851 1884-1896 2 1 11 19 12 34 3 4 5 2 1 1789-1814-1849 1849-1873-1896 1896-1920-1940 2 6 Mitchell1998

More information

(2004 ) 2 (A) (B) (C) 3 (1987) (1988) Shimono and Tachibanaki(1985) (2008) , % 2 (1999) (2005) 3 (2005) (2006) (2008)

(2004 ) 2 (A) (B) (C) 3 (1987) (1988) Shimono and Tachibanaki(1985) (2008) , % 2 (1999) (2005) 3 (2005) (2006) (2008) ,, 23 4 30 (i) (ii) (i) (ii) Negishi (1960) 2010 (2010) ( ) ( ) (2010) E-mail:fujii@econ.kobe-u.ac.jp E-mail:082e527e@stu.kobe-u.ac.jp E-mail:iritani@econ.kobe-u.ac.jp 1 1 16 (2004 ) 2 (A) (B) (C) 3 (1987)

More information

2015 : (heterogenous) Heterogeneous homogeneous Heterogenous agent model Bewley 1 (The Overlapping-Generations Models:OLG) OLG OLG Allais (1

2015 : (heterogenous) Heterogeneous homogeneous Heterogenous agent model Bewley 1 (The Overlapping-Generations Models:OLG) OLG OLG Allais (1 2015 : 27 6 13 1 (heterogenous) Heterogeneous homogeneous Heterogenous agent model Bewley 1 (The Overlapping-Generations Models:OLG) OLG OLG Allais (1947) 2 Samuelson(1958) 3 OLG Solow Ramsey Samuelson

More information

untitled

untitled c 645 2 1. GM 1959 Lindsey [1] 1960 Howard [2] Howard 1 25 (Markov Decision Process) 3 3 2 3 +1=25 9 Bellman [3] 1 Bellman 1 k 980 8576 27 1 015 0055 84 4 1977 D Esopo and Lefkowitz [4] 1 (SI) Cover and

More information

Auerbach and Kotlikoff(1987) (1987) (1988) 4 (2004) 5 Diamond(1965) Auerbach and Kotlikoff(1987) 1 ( ) ,

Auerbach and Kotlikoff(1987) (1987) (1988) 4 (2004) 5 Diamond(1965) Auerbach and Kotlikoff(1987) 1 ( ) , ,, 2010 8 24 2010 9 14 A B C A (B Negishi(1960) (C) ( 22 3 27 ) E-mail:fujii@econ.kobe-u.ac.jp E-mail:082e527e@stu.kobe-u.ac.jp E-mail:iritani@econ.kobe-u.ac.jp 1 1 1 2 3 Auerbach and Kotlikoff(1987) (1987)

More information

デフレ不況下の金融政策をめぐる政治過程

デフレ不況下の金融政策をめぐる政治過程 1991 2003 GDP....................................... http://www.stat.go.jp/ http://www.boj.or.jp/ GDP http://www.esri.cao.go.jp/ GDP - - - inflation targeting Krugman a IS-LM liquidity trap Krugman b Krugman

More information

90 COE 2006 6 8....................................... 8....................................... 12....................................... 15 I 19 1 21....................................... 21 1.1.........................

More information

CVMに基づくNi-Al合金の

CVMに基づくNi-Al合金の CV N-A (-' by T.Koyama ennard-jones fcc α, β, γ, δ β α γ δ = or α, β. γ, δ α β γ ( αβγ w = = k k k ( αβγ w = ( αβγ ( αβγ w = w = ( αβγ w = ( αβγ w = ( αβγ w = ( αβγ w = ( αβγ w = ( βγδ w = = k k k ( αγδ

More information

_Œkž−01

_Œkž−01 25 40 1 Hojo Yusaku 2 In this small article, by entitling it The System of the Theory of Neo-Economic Geography I deal with, first of all, the summary of the theory system of Joseph Alois Schumpeter, secondly,

More information

橡同居選択における所得の影響(DP原稿).PDF

橡同居選択における所得の影響(DP原稿).PDF ** *** * 2000 13 ** *** (1) (2) (1986) - 1 - - 2 - (1986) Ohtake (1991) (1993) (1994) (1996) (1997) (1997) Hayashi (1997) (1999) 60 Ohtake (1991) 86 (1996) 89 (1997) 92 (1999) 95 (1993) 86 89 74 79 (1986)

More information

競売不動産からみた首都圏地価の動向

競売不動産からみた首都圏地価の動向 E-mail : yumi.saita@boj.or.jp http://bit.sikkou.jp STYLE m m LancasterRosen Suzaki and Ohta Nagai, Kondo and Ohta i P i n lnp i = + jln X ij + k D ik + TD i + i. m j =1 k =1 X ij j D ik k TD i

More information

4. ϵ(ν, T ) = c 4 u(ν, T ) ϵ(ν, T ) T ν π4 Planck dx = 0 e x 1 15 U(T ) x 3 U(T ) = σt 4 Stefan-Boltzmann σ 2π5 k 4 15c 2 h 3 = W m 2 K 4 5.

4. ϵ(ν, T ) = c 4 u(ν, T ) ϵ(ν, T ) T ν π4 Planck dx = 0 e x 1 15 U(T ) x 3 U(T ) = σt 4 Stefan-Boltzmann σ 2π5 k 4 15c 2 h 3 = W m 2 K 4 5. A 1. Boltzmann Planck u(ν, T )dν = 8πh ν 3 c 3 kt 1 dν h 6.63 10 34 J s Planck k 1.38 10 23 J K 1 Boltzmann u(ν, T ) T ν e hν c = 3 10 8 m s 1 2. Planck λ = c/ν Rayleigh-Jeans u(ν, T )dν = 8πν2 kt dν c

More information

04-04 第 57 回土木計画学研究発表会 講演集 vs

04-04 第 57 回土木計画学研究発表会 講演集 vs 04-04 vs. 1 2 1 980-8579 6-6-06 E-mail: shuhei.yamaguchi.p7@dc.tohoku.ac.jp 2 980-8579 6-6-06 E-mail: akamatsu@plan.civil.tohoku.ac.jp Fujita and Ogawa(1982) Fujita and Ogawa Key Words: agglomeration economy,

More information

p *2 DSGEDynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium New Keynesian *2 2

p *2 DSGEDynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium New Keynesian *2 2 2013 1 nabe@ier.hit-u.ac.jp 2013 4 11 Jorgenson Tobin q : Hayashi s Theorem : Jordan : 1 investment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 *1 *1 93SNA 1 p.180 1936 100 1970 *2 DSGEDynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium New Keynesian

More information

商学 68-5・6☆/3.高橋

商学 68-5・6☆/3.高橋 507 1 2 23 2015 GAS- TROPOLIS KOBE 2020 6 3 1 2015 27 209 http : //www.maff.go.jp/ 2017 1 9 27 66.4 http : //www.maff.go.jp/ 2017 1 9 508 4 cf. 2013 1 2015 1 2015 3 2015 1 3 cf. 2016 1 3 18 2016 509 1

More information

早稲田大学現代政治経済研究所 ダブルトラック オークションの実験研究 宇都伸之早稲田大学上條良夫高知工科大学船木由喜彦早稲田大学 No.J1401 Working Paper Series Institute for Research in Contemporary Political and Ec

早稲田大学現代政治経済研究所 ダブルトラック オークションの実験研究 宇都伸之早稲田大学上條良夫高知工科大学船木由喜彦早稲田大学 No.J1401 Working Paper Series Institute for Research in Contemporary Political and Ec 早稲田大学現代政治経済研究所 ダブルトラック オークションの実験研究 宇都伸之早稲田大学上條良夫高知工科大学船木由喜彦早稲田大学 No.J1401 Working Paper Series Institute for Research in Contemporary Political and Economic Affairs Waseda University 169-8050 Tokyo,Japan

More information

アロー『やってみて学習』から学習:経済成長にとっての教訓 Learning from `Learning by Doing': Lessons for Economic Growth

アロー『やってみて学習』から学習:経済成長にとっての教訓 Learning from `Learning by Doing': Lessons for Economic Growth Learning from Learning by Doing : Lessons for Economic Growth M *1 * 2 1997 2004 10 1-2013 12 29 Version1.0 2014 3 2 *1 c 2010 MIT *2 c 2004-2013 i 1993 40 MIT 1991 ii R.M.S. * 1 *1 iii i 1 1 2 15 3 27

More information

untitled

untitled 1 3 23 4 ... 1 2... 3 3... 6 4... 10 4.1... 10 4.2... 14 4.2.1... 14 4.2.2... 16 4.2.3... 17 4.2.4 WASEDA / REINS... 19 4.3... 22 5... 25 5.1... 25 5.2... 26 5.3 S&P/... 29 5.4... 32 5.5... 32 5.6... 33

More information

Winter 図 1 図 OECD OECD OECD OECD 2003

Winter 図 1 図 OECD OECD OECD OECD 2003 266 Vol. 44 No. 3 I 序論 Mirrlees 1971 Diamond 1998 Saez 2002 Kaplow 2008 1 700 900 1, 300 1, 700 II III IV V II わが国の再分配の状況と国際比較 OECD Forster and Mira d Ercole 2005 2006 2001 Winter 08 267 図 1 図 2 2000 2

More information

1 Abstract 2 3 n a ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) (1) ( x + b ) 2 = b2 4ac 2a 4a 2 D = b 2 4ac > 0 (1) 2 D = 0 D < 0 x + b 2a = ± b2 4ac 2a b ± b 2

1 Abstract 2 3 n a ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) (1) ( x + b ) 2 = b2 4ac 2a 4a 2 D = b 2 4ac > 0 (1) 2 D = 0 D < 0 x + b 2a = ± b2 4ac 2a b ± b 2 1 Abstract n 1 1.1 a ax + bx + c = 0 (a 0) (1) ( x + b ) = b 4ac a 4a D = b 4ac > 0 (1) D = 0 D < 0 x + b a = ± b 4ac a b ± b 4ac a b a b ± 4ac b i a D (1) ax + bx + c D 0 () () (015 8 1 ) 1. D = b 4ac

More information

X G P G (X) G BG [X, BG] S 2 2 2 S 2 2 S 2 = { (x 1, x 2, x 3 ) R 3 x 2 1 + x 2 2 + x 2 3 = 1 } R 3 S 2 S 2 v x S 2 x x v(x) T x S 2 T x S 2 S 2 x T x S 2 = { ξ R 3 x ξ } R 3 T x S 2 S 2 x x T x S 2

More information

S I. dy fx x fx y fx + C 3 C dy fx 4 x, y dy v C xt y C v e kt k > xt yt gt [ v dt dt v e kt xt v e kt + C k x v + C C k xt v k 3 r r + dr e kt S dt d

S I. dy fx x fx y fx + C 3 C dy fx 4 x, y dy v C xt y C v e kt k > xt yt gt [ v dt dt v e kt xt v e kt + C k x v + C C k xt v k 3 r r + dr e kt S dt d S I.. http://ayapin.film.s.dendai.ac.jp/~matuda /TeX/lecture.html PDF PS.................................... 3.3.................... 9.4................5.............. 3 5. Laplace................. 5....

More information

Robert B Ekelund Jr and Edward O Price III The Economics of Edwin Chadwick: Incentives Matter Cheltenham UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar 2012 xi 2

Robert B Ekelund Jr and Edward O Price III The Economics of Edwin Chadwick: Incentives Matter Cheltenham UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar 2012 xi 2 Robert B Ekelund Jr and Edward O Price III The Economics of Edwin Chadwick: Incentives Matter Cheltenham UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar 2012 xi 246 pp 18 19 19 R R Follett Evangelicalism, Penal Theory

More information

2003 12 11 1 http://www.sml.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp/members/nabe/lecture2003 http://www.sml.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp/members/nabe/lecture2002 nabe@sml.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp 2 1. 10/ 9 2. 10/16 3. 10/23 ( ) 4. 10/30 5. 11/ 6

More information

i Version 1.1, (2012/02/22 24),.,..,.,,. R-space,, ( R- space),, Kahler (Kähler C-space)., R-space,., R-space, Hermite,.

i Version 1.1, (2012/02/22 24),.,..,.,,. R-space,, ( R- space),, Kahler (Kähler C-space)., R-space,., R-space, Hermite,. R-space ( ) Version 1.1 (2012/02/29) i Version 1.1, (2012/02/22 24),.,..,.,,. R-space,, ( R- space),, Kahler (Kähler C-space)., R-space,., R-space, Hermite,. ii 1 Lie 1 1.1 Killing................................

More information

1

1 email:funaki@mn.waseda.ac.jp 1 2 (N;E;d) : N =f1; 2;:::;ng : E : d = (d 1 ;d 2 ;:::;d n ) : D = P j2nd j >E f(n;e;d) = (x 1 ;x 2 ;:::;x n ) : P x i ï 0 8i2N; j2n x j =E h i (N;E;d) = E D d i 3 =)!! =)

More information

導入

導入 CIRJE-J-120 2004 10 CIRJE http://www.e.u-tokyo.ac.jp/cirje/research/03research02dp_j.html ** *** ** okazaki@e.u-tokyo.ac.jp *** masaki@econ.osaka-u.ac.jp - 1 - History of Production Organizations Abstract

More information

Hi-Stat Discussion Paper Series No.248 東京圏における 1990 年代以降の住み替え行動 住宅需要実態調査 を用いた Mixed Logit 分析 小林庸平行武憲史 March 2008 Hitotsubashi University Research Unit

Hi-Stat Discussion Paper Series No.248 東京圏における 1990 年代以降の住み替え行動 住宅需要実態調査 を用いた Mixed Logit 分析 小林庸平行武憲史 March 2008 Hitotsubashi University Research Unit Hi-Stat Discussion Paper Series No.248 東京圏における 1990 年代以降の住み替え行動 住宅需要実態調査 を用いた Logit 分析 小林庸平行武憲史 March 2008 Hitotsubashi University Research Unit for Statistical Analysis in Social Sciences A 21st-Century

More information

CHUO UNIVERSITY 3

CHUO UNIVERSITY 3 2 CHUO UNIVERSITY 3 4 CHUO UNIVERSITY 5 6 CHUO UNIVERSITY 7 8 Journal of Economic Behavior and Orgnanization Games and Economic Behavior Journal of Comparative Economics CHUO UNIVERSITY 9 10 CHUO UNIVERSITY

More information

bottleneckjapanese.dvi

bottleneckjapanese.dvi 1 M&A Keywords:,. Address: 742-1, Higashinakano, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-09,Japan fax:+81 426 74 425 E-mail: yangc@tamacc.chuo-u.ac.jp ; yasuokaw@tamacc.chuo-u.ac.jp 1 Yang and Kawashima(2008) 1 2 ( MVI

More information

Riemann-Stieltjes Poland S. Lojasiewicz [1] An introduction to the theory of real functions, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, 1988.,,,,. Riemann-S

Riemann-Stieltjes Poland S. Lojasiewicz [1] An introduction to the theory of real functions, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, 1988.,,,,. Riemann-S Riemnn-Stieltjes Polnd S. Lojsiewicz [1] An introduction to the theory of rel functions, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, 1988.,,,, Riemnn-Stieltjes 1 2 2 5 3 6 4 Jordn 13 5 Riemnn-Stieltjes 15 6 Riemnn-Stieltjes

More information

商学論叢 第52巻 第1号

商学論叢 第52巻 第1号 S Richard Cantillon Adam SmithJean B. Say SJohn Stuart Mill Peter F. Drucker 1) entrepreneur 2) 3) 1) Drucker [1985], p.26. 38 2) 1730 34 Higgs [1931], Introduction, p. 3) Cantillon [1987], p.75. 40 1755

More information

三石貴志.indd

三石貴志.indd 流通科学大学論集 - 経済 情報 政策編 - 第 21 巻第 1 号,23-33(2012) SIRMs SIRMs Fuzzy fuzzyapproximate approximatereasoning reasoningusing using Lukasiewicz Łukasiewicz logical Logical operations Operations Takashi Mitsuishi

More information

60 Vol. 44 No. 1 2 準市場 化の制度的枠組み: 英国 教育改革法 1988 の例 Education Reform Act a School Performance Tables LEA 4 LEA LEA 3

60 Vol. 44 No. 1 2 準市場 化の制度的枠組み: 英国 教育改革法 1988 の例 Education Reform Act a School Performance Tables LEA 4 LEA LEA 3 Summer 08 59 I はじめに quasi market II III IV V 1 II 教育サービスにおける 準市場 1 教育サービスにおける 準市場 の意義 Education Reform Act 1988 1980 Local Education Authorities LEA Le Grand 1991 Glennerster 1991 3 1 2 3 2 60 Vol. 44

More information

わが国企業による資金調達方法の選択問題

わが国企業による資金調達方法の選択問題 * takeshi.shimatani@boj.or.jp ** kawai@ml.me.titech.ac.jp *** naohiko.baba@boj.or.jp No.05-J-3 2005 3 103-8660 30 No.05-J-3 2005 3 1990 * E-mailtakeshi.shimatani@boj.or.jp ** E-mailkawai@ml.me.titech.ac.jp

More information

遺産相続、学歴及び退職金の決定要因に関する実証分析 『家族関係、就労、退職金及び教育・資産の世代間移転に関する世帯アンケート調査』

遺産相続、学歴及び退職金の決定要因に関する実証分析 『家族関係、就労、退職金及び教育・資産の世代間移転に関する世帯アンケート調査』 2-1. (2-1 ) (2-2 ) (2-3 ) (Hayashi [1986]Dekle [1989]Barthold and Ito [1992] [1996]Campbell [1997] [1998]Shimono and Ishikawa [2002]Shimono and Otsuki [2006] [2008]Horioka [2009]) 1 2-1-1 2-1-1-1 8 (1.

More information

2 G(k) e ikx = (ik) n x n n! n=0 (k ) ( ) X n = ( i) n n k n G(k) k=0 F (k) ln G(k) = ln e ikx n κ n F (k) = F (k) (ik) n n= n! κ n κ n = ( i) n n k n

2 G(k) e ikx = (ik) n x n n! n=0 (k ) ( ) X n = ( i) n n k n G(k) k=0 F (k) ln G(k) = ln e ikx n κ n F (k) = F (k) (ik) n n= n! κ n κ n = ( i) n n k n . X {x, x 2, x 3,... x n } X X {, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} X x i P i. 0 P i 2. n P i = 3. P (i ω) = i ω P i P 3 {x, x 2, x 3,... x n } ω P i = 6 X f(x) f(x) X n n f(x i )P i n x n i P i X n 2 G(k) e ikx = (ik) n

More information

3 5 18 3 5000 1 2 7 8 120 1 9 1954 29 18 12 30 700 4km 1.5 100 50 6 13 5 99 93 34 17 2 2002 04 14 16 6000 12 57 60 1986 55 3 3 3 500 350 4 5 250 18 19 1590 1591 250 100 500 20 800 20 55 3 3 3 18 19 1590

More information

2017 : (heterogenous) Heterogeneous homogeneous Heterogenous agent model Bewley 1 exante (The Overlapping-Generations Models:OLG) OLG OLG Al

2017 : (heterogenous) Heterogeneous homogeneous Heterogenous agent model Bewley 1 exante (The Overlapping-Generations Models:OLG) OLG OLG Al 2017 : 29 5 24 1 (heterogenous) Heterogeneous homogeneous Heterogenous agent model Bewley 1 exante (The Overlapping-Generations Models:OLG) OLG OLG Allais (1947) 2 Samuelson(1958) 3 OLG Solow Ramsey 1

More information

BB 報告書完成版_修正版)040415.doc

BB 報告書完成版_修正版)040415.doc 3 4 5 8 KW Q = AK α W β q = a + α k + βw q = log Q, k = log K, w = logw i P ij v ij P ij = exp( vij ), J exp( v ) k= 1 ik v i j = X β αp + γnu j j j j X j j p j j NU j j NU j (

More information

untitled

untitled 1 (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) 10 11 12 2 2520159 3 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 103 59529 600 12 42 4 42 68 53 53 C 30 30 5 56 6 (3) (1) 7 () () (()) () ()

More information

,398 4% 017,

,398 4% 017, 6 3 JEL Classification: D4; K39; L86,,., JSPS 34304, 47301.. 1 01301 79 1 7,398 4% 017,390 01 013 1 1 01 011 514 8 1 Novos and Waldman (1984) Johnson (1985) Chen and Png (003) Arai (011) 3 1 4 3 4 5 0

More information

2 (cf. 1995) (1) (Call Externality) (2) (Network Externality) / 2 Leibenstein (1950) Rohlfs(1974) 1.1 Leibenstein(1950) (Morgenstern 1948) (Von Neuman

2 (cf. 1995) (1) (Call Externality) (2) (Network Externality) / 2 Leibenstein (1950) Rohlfs(1974) 1.1 Leibenstein(1950) (Morgenstern 1948) (Von Neuman (1999 10 ) 00.3.8 (7) ( ) 1767 1773 ( ) ( ) (cf. 1997) Leibenstein (1950), Rohlfs (1974), Katz & Shapiro(1985, 1986a), Farrell & Saloner (1985, 1986) 1 2 (cf. 1995) (1) (Call Externality) (2) (Network

More information

卒論本文(最新)

卒論本文(最新) 40 1 1996-2012 30 20 10 0 1996-2000 2000-2003 2003-2005 2005-2009 2009-2012 40.00 2 1958-1990 30.00 20.00 10.00 0 1958-1960 1963-1967 1969-1972 1976-1979 1980-1983 1986-1990 15.00 3 11.25 7.50 3.75

More information

untitled

untitled 17 5 13 1 2 1.1... 2 1.2... 2 1.3... 3 2 3 2.1... 3 2.2... 5 3 6 3.1... 6 3.2... 7 3.3 t... 7 3.4 BC a... 9 3.5... 10 4 11 1 1 θ n ˆθ. ˆθ, ˆθ, ˆθ.,, ˆθ.,.,,,. 1.1 ˆθ σ 2 = E(ˆθ E ˆθ) 2 b = E(ˆθ θ). Y 1,,Y

More information

I II III IV V

I II III IV V I II III IV V N/m 2 640 980 50 200 290 440 2m 50 4m 100 100 150 200 290 390 590 150 340 4m 6m 8m 100 170 250 µ = E FRVβ β N/mm 2 N/mm 2 1.1 F c t.1 3 1 1.1 1.1 2 2 2 2 F F b F s F c F t F b F s 3 3 3

More information

I ( ) 1 de Broglie 1 (de Broglie) p λ k h Planck ( Js) p = h λ = k (1) h 2π : Dirac k B Boltzmann ( J/K) T U = 3 2 k BT

I ( ) 1 de Broglie 1 (de Broglie) p λ k h Planck ( Js) p = h λ = k (1) h 2π : Dirac k B Boltzmann ( J/K) T U = 3 2 k BT I (008 4 0 de Broglie (de Broglie p λ k h Planck ( 6.63 0 34 Js p = h λ = k ( h π : Dirac k B Boltzmann (.38 0 3 J/K T U = 3 k BT ( = λ m k B T h m = 0.067m 0 m 0 = 9. 0 3 kg GaAs( a T = 300 K 3 fg 07345

More information

untitled

untitled 3 1 2 1 21 1 1941 11 15 1988 586 2 1984 127 1928 3 1931 1933 1936 4 1940 搪 3 1997 53-54 4 1994 249-251 128 5 (Cordell Hull) 1936 1937 6 1939 1940 5 1987 70-72 6 Stephen E. Pelz, Race to Pearl Harbor: The

More information

Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Title Sub Title Author 都市政策の経済分析におけるGISと空間データの活用法 Methods of the use of GIS and spatial data in economic analysis of urban policy 河端, 瑞貴 (Kawabata, Mizuki) 金本, 良嗣 (Kanemoto,

More information

inkiso.dvi

inkiso.dvi Ken Urai May 19, 2004 5 27 date-event uncertainty risk 51 ordering preordering X X X (preordering) reflexivity x X x x transitivity x, y, z X x y y z x z asymmetric x y y x x = y X (ordering) completeness

More information

2) 3) 2) Ohkusa, 1996 ; 1999 ; Ohtake and Ohkusa, 1994 ; La Croix and A. Kawamura, Reject American Economic Review, Journal of Political Econom

2) 3) 2) Ohkusa, 1996 ; 1999 ; Ohtake and Ohkusa, 1994 ; La Croix and A. Kawamura, Reject American Economic Review, Journal of Political Econom 1) IOC Major League Baseball s MLB Blue Ribbon Panel Levin et al. 1) Yamamura and Shin, 2005 a ; 2005 b ; 2005 c communication 2) 3) 2) Ohkusa, 1996 ; 1999 ; Ohtake and Ohkusa, 1994 ; La Croix and A. Kawamura,

More information

福岡大学 商学論叢 第48巻 第2号

福岡大学 商学論叢 第48巻 第2号 1) 1) 19961 2) 3) 2) 2002a2002b 3) IT 4) 5) 6) 4) direct investment 3 199511 5) 6) Sheldrake1996p.85197887 David A. Hounshellcreator Hounshell,1984p.31. 45Otto Mayr and Robert C. Post Mayr and Post198112

More information

自殺の経済社会的要因に関する調査研究報告書

自殺の経済社会的要因に関する調査研究報告書 17 1 2 3 4 5 11 16 30,247 17 18 21,024 +2.0 6 12 13 WHO 100 14 7 15 2 5 8 16 9 10 17 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 II I 18 Durkheim(1897) Hamermesh&Soss(1974)Dixit&Pindyck(1994) Becker&Posner(2004) Rosenthal(1993)

More information

,, 2. Matlab Simulink 2018 PC Matlab Scilab 2

,, 2. Matlab Simulink 2018 PC Matlab Scilab 2 (2018 ) ( -1) TA Email : ohki@i.kyoto-u.ac.jp, ske.ta@bode.amp.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp : 411 : 10 308 1 1 2 2 2.1............................................ 2 2.2..................................................

More information

日本は今なお熟練労働集約的な財を純輸出しているか?

日本は今なお熟練労働集約的な財を純輸出しているか? 日 本 銀 行 ワーキングペーパーシリーズ 日 本 は 今 なお 熟 練 労 働 集 約 的 な 財 を 純 輸 出 しているか? 清 田 耕 造 * kiyota@sanken.keio.ac.jp No.14-J-1 2014 年 1 月 日 本 銀 行 103-8660 日 本 郵 便 ( 株 ) 日 本 橋 郵 便 局 私 書 箱 30 号 * 慶 應 義 塾 大 学 産 業 研 究 所 日

More information

SAMA- SUKU-RU Contents p-adic families of Eisenstein series (modular form) Hecke Eisenstein Eisenstein p T

SAMA- SUKU-RU Contents p-adic families of Eisenstein series (modular form) Hecke Eisenstein Eisenstein p T SAMA- SUKU-RU Contents 1. 1 2. 7.1. p-adic families of Eisenstein series 3 2.1. modular form Hecke 3 2.2. Eisenstein 5 2.3. Eisenstein p 7 3. 7.2. The projection to the ordinary part 9 3.1. The ordinary

More information

44 4 I (1) ( ) (10 15 ) ( 17 ) ( 3 1 ) (2)

44 4 I (1) ( ) (10 15 ) ( 17 ) ( 3 1 ) (2) (1) I 44 II 45 III 47 IV 52 44 4 I (1) ( ) 1945 8 9 (10 15 ) ( 17 ) ( 3 1 ) (2) 45 II 1 (3) 511 ( 451 1 ) ( ) 365 1 2 512 1 2 365 1 2 363 2 ( ) 3 ( ) ( 451 2 ( 314 1 ) ( 339 1 4 ) 337 2 3 ) 363 (4) 46

More information

i ii i iii iv 1 3 3 10 14 17 17 18 22 23 28 29 31 36 37 39 40 43 48 59 70 75 75 77 90 95 102 107 109 110 118 125 128 130 132 134 48 43 43 51 52 61 61 64 62 124 70 58 3 10 17 29 78 82 85 102 95 109 iii

More information

_16_.indd

_16_.indd well-being well-being well-being Cantril Ladder well-being well-being Cantril Self-Anchoring Striving Scale Cantril Ladder Ladder Ladder awellbeing well-being well-being Gallup World Poll World Database

More information

2.1 H f 3, SL(2, Z) Γ k (1) f H (2) γ Γ f k γ = f (3) f Γ \H cusp γ SL(2, Z) f k γ Fourier f k γ = a γ (n)e 2πinz/N n=0 (3) γ SL(2, Z) a γ (0) = 0 f c

2.1 H f 3, SL(2, Z) Γ k (1) f H (2) γ Γ f k γ = f (3) f Γ \H cusp γ SL(2, Z) f k γ Fourier f k γ = a γ (n)e 2πinz/N n=0 (3) γ SL(2, Z) a γ (0) = 0 f c GL 2 1 Lie SL(2, R) GL(2, A) Gelbart [Ge] 1 3 [Ge] Jacquet-Langlands [JL] Bump [Bu] Borel([Bo]) ([Ko]) ([Mo]) [Mo] 2 2.1 H = {z C Im(z) > 0} Γ SL(2, Z) Γ N N Γ (N) = {γ SL(2, Z) γ = 1 2 mod N} g SL(2,

More information

S I. dy fx x fx y fx + C 3 C vt dy fx 4 x, y dy yt gt + Ct + C dt v e kt xt v e kt + C k x v k + C C xt v k 3 r r + dr e kt S Sr πr dt d v } dt k e kt

S I. dy fx x fx y fx + C 3 C vt dy fx 4 x, y dy yt gt + Ct + C dt v e kt xt v e kt + C k x v k + C C xt v k 3 r r + dr e kt S Sr πr dt d v } dt k e kt S I. x yx y y, y,. F x, y, y, y,, y n http://ayapin.film.s.dendai.ac.jp/~matuda n /TeX/lecture.html PDF PS yx.................................... 3.3.................... 9.4................5..............

More information

01社会学部研究紀要.indd

01社会学部研究紀要.indd Pareto s Social System Theory Reconsidered () The equilibrium of Social System in History Makoto AKASAKA Abstract A purpose of this article is to draw exactly a summary of the social system theory of Vilfredo

More information

Graduate School of Policy and Management, Doshisha University 53 動学的資本税協調と公的資本形成 あらまし Zodrow and Mieszkowski 1986 Wilson 1986 Batina はじめに Zodr

Graduate School of Policy and Management, Doshisha University 53 動学的資本税協調と公的資本形成 あらまし Zodrow and Mieszkowski 1986 Wilson 1986 Batina はじめに Zodr Graduate School of Policy and Management, Doshisha University 53 動学的資本税協調と公的資本形成 あらまし Zodrow and Mieszkowski 1986 Wilson 1986 Batina 2009 1. はじめに Zodrow and Mieszkowski 1986 Wilson 1986 Tax Competition

More information

1 Flores, D. (009) All you can drink: should we worry about quality? Journal of Regulatory Economics 35(1), Saggi, K., and Vettas, N. (00) On in

1 Flores, D. (009) All you can drink: should we worry about quality? Journal of Regulatory Economics 35(1), Saggi, K., and Vettas, N. (00) On in 6 016 4 6 1 1 Flores, D. (009) All you can drink: should we worry about quality? Journal of Regulatory Economics 35(1), 1 18. Saggi, K., and Vettas, N. (00) On intrabrand and interbrand competition: The

More information

金融政策の波及経路と政策手段

金融政策の波及経路と政策手段 Krugman(988) Woodford(999) (2000) (2000) 4 rae-of-reurn dominance 405 4 406 (i) a 2 cash good credi good b King and Wolman(999) (ii) 407 3 4 90 (iii) (iv) 408 λ κ (2.8) π x π λ = x κ Svensson 999 sric

More information

untitled

untitled 1898 1924-25 1933-34 1958-64 2001-2003 1932 1934 1935 1947 1966 1947 1958 1993,1994 1963 1 1955 1986 1984 1984 1998 1985 John Hill Burton, 1809-81 1984 1986 1993 19791991,2004 2004a.b 2 2000 1986,2001

More information

1 1.1 H = µc i c i + c i t ijc j + 1 c i c j V ijklc k c l (1) V ijkl = V jikl = V ijlk = V jilk () t ij = t ji, V ijkl = V lkji (3) (1) V 0 H mf = µc

1 1.1 H = µc i c i + c i t ijc j + 1 c i c j V ijklc k c l (1) V ijkl = V jikl = V ijlk = V jilk () t ij = t ji, V ijkl = V lkji (3) (1) V 0 H mf = µc 013 6 30 BCS 1 1.1........................ 1................................ 3 1.3............................ 3 1.4............................... 5 1.5.................................... 5 6 3 7 4 8

More information

COE-RES Discussion Paper Series Center of Excellence Project The Normative Evaluation and Social Choice of Contemporary Economic Systems Graduate Scho

COE-RES Discussion Paper Series Center of Excellence Project The Normative Evaluation and Social Choice of Contemporary Economic Systems Graduate Scho COE-RES Discussion Paper Series Center of Excellence Project The Normative Evaluation and Social Choice of Contemporary Economic Systems Graduate School of Economics and Institute of Economic Research

More information

A, B, C. (1) A = A. (2) A = B B = A. (3) A = B, B = C A = C. A = B. (3)., f : A B g : B C. g f : A C, A = C. 7.1, A, B,. A = B, A, A A., A, A

A, B, C. (1) A = A. (2) A = B B = A. (3) A = B, B = C A = C. A = B. (3)., f : A B g : B C. g f : A C, A = C. 7.1, A, B,. A = B, A, A A., A, A 91 7,.,, ( ).,,.,.,. 7.1 A B, A B, A = B. 1), 1,.,. 7.1 A, B, 3. (i) A B. (ii) f : A B. (iii) A B. (i) (ii)., 6.9, (ii) (iii).,,,. 1), Ā = B.. A, Ā, Ā,. 92 7 7.2 A, B, C. (1) A = A. (2) A = B B = A. (3)

More information

On the Limited Sample Effect of the Optimum Classifier by Bayesian Approach he Case of Independent Sample Size for Each Class Xuexian HA, etsushi WAKA

On the Limited Sample Effect of the Optimum Classifier by Bayesian Approach he Case of Independent Sample Size for Each Class Xuexian HA, etsushi WAKA Journal Article / 学術雑誌論文 ベイズアプローチによる最適識別系の有限 標本効果に関する考察 : 学習標本の大きさ がクラス間で異なる場合 (< 論文小特集 > パ ターン認識のための学習 : 基礎と応用 On the limited sample effect of bayesian approach : the case of each class 韓, 雪仙 ; 若林, 哲史

More information

untitled

untitled * 2001 (B) ** 113-0033 7-3-1 TEL(03)5841-5641FAX(03)5841-5521iwamoto@e.u-tokyo.ac.jp 1990 1990 1 2 3 1 (2002) 2 social infrastructure social capital Woolcook (1998) 3-1 - - 2 - 1990 Mera (1973) G Cobb-Douglas

More information

Abstract Gale-Shapley 2 (1) 2 (2) (1)

Abstract Gale-Shapley 2 (1) 2 (2) (1) ( ) 2011 3 Abstract Gale-Shapley 2 (1) 2 (2) (1) 1 1 1.1........................................... 1 1.2......................................... 2 2 4 2.1................................... 4 2.1.1 Gale-Shapley..........................

More information

物流からみた九州地方の地域的都市システムの変容

物流からみた九州地方の地域的都市システムの変容 Working Paper Series Vol. 2009-05 2009 2 Working Paper 14 10 13 18 194-0298 4342 E-mail pakugen69@hosei.ac.jp 1 Pred 1977 1985 1994 2001 Murayama 1982,1984 Friedmann 1986 1994 2001 1 2 1979 1984 1991 2005

More information

物価指数の計測誤差と品質調整手法:わが国CPIからの教訓

物価指数の計測誤差と品質調整手法:わが国CPIからの教訓 CPICPI CPI CPI CPI CPI Economic Perspective Shiratsukaa Consumer Price IndexCPI CPI CPI CPI CPI Advisory Commission to Study the Consumer Price Index 1996Shiratsuka 1999bHoffmann 1998Cunningham 1996 Crawford

More information

1. 2. (Rowthorn, 2014) / 39 1

1. 2. (Rowthorn, 2014) / 39 1 ,, 43 ( ) 2015 7 18 ( ) E-mail: sasaki@econ.kyoto-u.ac.jp 1 / 39 1. 2. (Rowthorn, 2014) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 2 / 39 1 ( 1). ( 2). = +. 1. g. r. r > g ( 3).. 3 / 39 2 50% Figure I.1. Income inequality in the

More information

国際文化20号.indd

国際文化20号.indd 1 2 3 unauthorized immigrants 1 The Americano Dream 2 3 a b c d 1 2 2006 5 1 100 40 1 2005 12 2006 3 1990 19 20 21 2001 9 9 11 2004 1 F 2 U.S.Census Bureau 2000 199010 1130 3110 199057 20043424 19 20 1900-1910

More information

waseda2010a-jukaiki1-main.dvi

waseda2010a-jukaiki1-main.dvi November, 2 Contents 6 2 8 3 3 3 32 32 33 5 34 34 6 35 35 7 4 R 2 7 4 4 9 42 42 2 43 44 2 5 : 2 5 5 23 52 52 23 53 53 23 54 24 6 24 6 6 26 62 62 26 63 t 27 7 27 7 7 28 72 72 28 73 36) 29 8 29 8 29 82 3

More information

09RW-res.pdf

09RW-res.pdf - "+$,&!"'$%"'&&!"($%"(&&!"#$%"#&&!"$%"&& 2009, http://c-faculty.chuo-u.ac.jp/ nishioka/ 2 11 38 : 5 ( 1.1!"*$%"*&& W path, x (i ρ 1, ρ 2, ±1. n, 2 n paths. 1 ρ 1, ρ 2, {1, 1}. a n, { a, n = 0 (1.1 w(n

More information

untitled

untitled Discussion Paper Series No. J73 2006 4 ... 2... 3... 6... 9...12...15 1 2 Christensen and Raynor,2003,2002 ;,2005 2 POS POS 2003 2005 36 POS 32 2003 8 2005 12 29 32 42 3 DVD 42 32 DVD 3 1.20 1.00 0.80

More information

BI BI BI BI Tinbergen, Basic Income Research Group 92 Citizen s Income Research Group 2 Basic Income Earth Network BIEN 1 BIJN BIEN Bas

BI BI BI BI Tinbergen, Basic Income Research Group 92 Citizen s Income Research Group 2 Basic Income Earth Network BIEN 1 BIJN BIEN Bas I Basic Income, BI 2010 4 BIJN 2010 2010 Parijs, 1995 q w e r Parijs, 1995, p. 35 56 means test 2002 1 8 BI 1 BI Fitzpatrick 1999 42 BI BI BI BI 2010 11 BI 2012 BI BI 006 経済理論第 49 巻第 2 号 2012.7 BI BI BI

More information

I- Fama-French 3, Idiosyncratic (I- ) I- ( ) 1 I- I- I- 1 I- I- Jensen Fama-French 3 SMB-FL, HML-FL I- Fama-French 3 I- Fama-MacBeth Fama-MacBeth I- S

I- Fama-French 3, Idiosyncratic (I- ) I- ( ) 1 I- I- I- 1 I- I- Jensen Fama-French 3 SMB-FL, HML-FL I- Fama-French 3 I- Fama-MacBeth Fama-MacBeth I- S I- Fama-French 3, Idiosyncratic (I- ) I- ( ) 1 I- I- I- 1 I- I- Jensen Fama-French 3 SMB-FL, HML-FL I- Fama-French 3 I- Fama-MacBeth Fama-MacBeth I- SMB-FL, HML-FL Fama-MacBeth 2, 3, 5 I- HML-FL 1 Fama-French

More information

(1) (Karlan, 2004) (1) (1973) (1978) (1991) (1991) 1

(1) (Karlan, 2004) (1) (1973) (1978) (1991) (1991) 1 2004 1 8 2005 12 17 1 (1) (Karlan, 2004) 2 3 4 5 E-mail: aa37065@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp (1) (1973) (1978) (1991) (1991) 1 2 2 2.1 (, 1978, 7 ) (2) (1988) 38 2 (3) (4) (2) (1986) 91 (1996) 2 1 (1993) 1

More information

Walter et al. 2009: 1 Helleiner 1994 Strange 1971: Gilpin 1987: -65 Strange b, 1998c,

Walter et al. 2009: 1 Helleiner 1994 Strange 1971: Gilpin 1987: -65 Strange b, 1998c, 54 2012 77 92 E. Yano Shuichi 2011 11 2008 40 19821997 1998 LTCM 2001 IT 2007 1970 International Political Economy Helleiner 1994 54 2012 Walter et al. 2009: 1 Helleiner 1994 Strange 1971: Gilpin 1987:

More information

Kobe University Repository : Kernel タイトル Title 著者 Author(s) 掲載誌 巻号 ページ Citation 刊行日 Issue date 資源タイプ Resource Type 版区分 Resource Version 権利 Rights DOI チェーンストア パラドックスとは何か (What is the Chain Store Paradox?)

More information

(2) (3) 2 vs vs (9) Edward Mansfield and Jack Snyder, Democratization and War, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 74, No

(2) (3) 2 vs vs (9) Edward Mansfield and Jack Snyder, Democratization and War, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 74, No MEMOIRS OF SHONAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Vol. 39, No. 1, 2005 * Nationalism and National Security Masanori HASEGAWA* This article considers nationalism in terms of national security. Nationalism has been

More information

†sŸ_Ł¶†t„µŠlŁª(P2†`P24)/‘ã−C”s‡É‡¨‡¯‡éfiñ‘dŸJfiŁ”s‘ê‡Ì”À‘Ø„¤‰ƒ

†sŸ_Ł¶†t„µŠlŁª(P2†`P24)/‘ã−C”s‡É‡¨‡¯‡éfiñ‘dŸJfiŁ”s‘ê‡Ì”À‘Ø„¤‰ƒ primary sector secondary sector b 2 XLIX b Xin Meng Meng a c discriminationsegmentation Meng Wang and Zou Maurer Fazio and Dinh Knight and Li Durger et al. Meng a Meng a 3 a c primary sector secondary

More information