5.9. ｧ9 [89 5" [6]. 縺 ｨ ｨ ｨ , ﾁ ｨ (7 閨6),
|
|
|
- りえ つちた
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 , 86 ﾀ 縺8 縺 ﾀ5 縺7 959 ｨ ｨ ｧ ｨ ｨ ｨ (957 67, , ) 799 9ｨ ｨ ｨ. ﾀ ｨ , ｨ , 縺 ｨ PACS numbers: 5.5.+v, 66..Ed, 8..Fi (5).. ｧ995 9ｨ 59799: (5)... ﾀ ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ 5979 (6) ｨ ｨ 595 (66) (67) ｧ995 9ｨ ( ｧ6) ｨ , 5ｨ ﾁ , ﾁ ｨ ｨ 5ｨ , ｨ ｨ, ｧ , 5 78, 縺9979 9, (7) (7) zhakin@mail.ru * ﾁ ｨ ﾁ , ｨ ｨ ｨ , ﾁ ｨ ｨ ｨ, ｨ 縺 ｨ 9 58ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ ﾁ ( ), 8759 ( ) (> ) 655 [ 5 ] (5 ) , ｨ A 6ｦ B ﾀ ｨ []. 縺5 ｨ , 95 ｧ , ｨ [, ]. ﾀ , ｨ ｨ , ｨ , [5] ｨ 5979, ﾁ "- #.9. ｧ9
2 5.9. ｧ9 [89 5" [6]. 縺 ｨ ｨ ｨ , ﾁ ｨ (7 閨6), 縺89755 [7] 閨 ﾁ [8], 閨 ｨ ｨ , : , ｨ 5975, ｨ ｨ 55 55ｨ ｨ 9889ｨ, ｨ , ﾁ999 7 閨 ｨ ｨ , 5ｨ 595 ｨ , 996 5, ﾀ ｨ ｨ ﾀ5ｨ (55955, ), ｨ ｨ. 89, ｨ , , ｨ [, 7, 8] ｨ , ｨ , ｨ , ｨ ｨ ｨ ｧ995 9ｨ 59799: ｨ ( ) , ｨ 59 ﾁ , (755855, , ) [9]. 5 ｨ C H 8 O , ｨ 5979 (ｨ ｨ ), 8 75, , ﾁ , ｨ ( , ｨ , ﾁ ) 57 ﾁ , ﾁ [] ｨ , 65ｨ ｨ ｨ , ｨ ﾀ ｨ ﾀ , 95 ｨ ﾁ : ) , , ) , , ) , , ｨ ｨ ｨ, ﾀ ｨ (798. ) ｨ T, n ｨ s [, ]: m ｷ pm e k B T = e ns ; 5 m e, e ｨ 5975; k B ｨ ( !), ｨ , , ﾁ (68779) 8659 ﾁ , ｨ 59759, R A [, ]. 5 ln m, ,,,,,5,6,7,8,9, p=p s ﾀ ｨ He ( p s , m 8 (5 8) []: T ｷ ;, T ｷ ;9, T ｷ ;65. ｭ6 9
3 7. 7, ] 9 縺 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ [5] m ｷ e 9pZ 6ｦ ; ｭ6 9 6pZR nr ｭpm a k B T 6 9 = 5 m a , Z , 95 ﾁ577 (), () ｨ ｨ ｨ (8. [6, 7] []) (), (), ｨ ﾁ ﾁ577 (), () ｨ , ｨ ( , 9 5, ), 65ｨ ﾀ ｨ : ,7 [8] [9], , 95 ｨ ｨ ｨ O 7 (8. [], 8. 8) ｨ (755, ), [] 9 ｨ [] , ｨ , ﾀ795 ｨ , [], ｨ ﾀ ｨ ｨ [] (9. ).. ﾀ ｨ , m ｷ ;7 8 (5 8) 7, : m ｷ ｷ 7 8 (5 8) 7. 縺 : , ｨ : m ｷ m exp 7 E A ; ｭ6 9 k B T 5 ｨ E A ｨ ｨ E A ｷ (67957, 595 [] [, ]) 5 E A ｷ ; ｨ m (5 8) E, ｨ , ｨ 9, 67957, ｨ [5] E A ｷ , [, ] (), ｨ E A ｷ x E A 6ｦ x E A ; 5 x i i E Ai ｨ ｨ i , 95 ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ ｭ ;D ｨ []. 6. ﾀ ｨ ｨ ｨ : ｨ [6 5 8] ｨ ｨ , l [9 5, ], CH I, O 9 C H 5 Br [], X 6ｦ e 7 7! r X 7 ; 5 X ｨ , e 7 ｨ 5975, r , ﾀ m, ｨ E A, E ｧ95898 m, 8 (5 8) 7 E A, 7 T, m, 8 (5 8) 7 E, , ｨ ﾀ ﾀ59 - 閨 He He Ne Ar Kr Xe H, D ,,7,7,,6,6,5,979,95, ,5, 8 7 6,8,,,75,9 67,,5,5,6,6,6,6 75 8,,,, ,,7 7, 7,,9,5,5 7, 7,78 7,6 7,
4 5.9. ｧ9 [ ｨ X ﾁ r ｷ em e : e ｨ ｨ [9 5 ] , n 77 ( ) t e ' ｭrn ' 7 8. ﾀ5ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ , ｨ ﾁ ｨ ｨ t e ' ｭrn t ; 5 t ( ｨ 5975, ) ｨ T ｷ m, 8 (5 8) 7 r, ﾁ59 CCl CH I C H 5Br - 閨 閨 ,, , 閨58 - ﾀ 閨58 - ﾀ59,, ,78, 5,, ,78, 5,,6 5,68, 7,9,78,,, 7, 5,,78, 7 7,,,7,,,77,,6,,8,5,5 5,85,8,8 8,6,,7,6 6,, ｨ ｨ , , ｨ ｨ , , 95 ｨ "959589" 799 9ｨ , ｨ M 6ｦ X > M X > M 6ｦz X 7z 7!k 7 a M 6ｦz 6ｦ X 7z : ｭ X 55 ｨ , , M X [9], M 6ｦz X 7z [, ], M 6ｦz, X 7z , z , e i e i ｷ ez, 5 e 縺9599, ｨ [5], [6] [] , ｨ ｨ , ｨ [ 5 6] ( [, ]). ﾀ , ﾁ ｨ ｨ ｨ 9 s [ 5 8, 7, 5] 99 l [6]; ｨ ｨ , s=c, 5 c ｨ ｨ 9 l [] 99 L [6]. ﾀ ｨ ｨ ｨ [8], 9855 [9], , 縺 [, ], m n [] p 7 7 m i ｷ m i 7 b i n ; ｭ56 9 zi e b i ｷ 6pZ 6ｦ z z e s ez i q p pek B Tr i 6ｦ 7 7 e ; ｭ66 9 q ek B T q ｷ zz z 6ｦ z m 6ｦ m m z 6ｦ m z ; r i ｷ 6pR i Z ; 5 z i ｭi ｷ ; 6 9, Z , m i i , ﾁ () 65 ｨ , R i ｨ ﾁ ﾁ i , ﾁ ｨ ﾁ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ59 [, 8]. ﾀ i ﾁ R i, ｨ m i ｷ zie 6pR i Z : ｭ (5) ｨ ｨ , ﾁ : p 7 7 b i n 5 : ｭ86 9 m i
5 7. 7, ] 9 縺 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ , ﾁ R i A, Z ｷ ; ﾀ, e ｷ ;e, T ｷ s 7 縺 s ｷ em i n 955 m i ; 75 8 (5 8) 7 p 7 7, b i n =mi ｨ (8) , 799 9ｨ ｨ - 5ｨ ｨ , ｨ [, ] [7] , ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ｨ a [, 7]: a ｷ p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9R ; ｭ D, D 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ899, R [] a ｷ p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9`B 7 exp ｭ 7`B=R 6 9 : ｭ `B ｷ r B, 5 r B , [, ] r B ｷ ee 8pek B T : ｭ6 9 5 ﾁ575 () e, e , e 85ｨ 99 9ｨ , k B , T 85ｨ , 95 ﾁ57 () (9) 679 r B! k ｨ [9, 5] ｭ rb `B k ｷ ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9`B exp r dr 7 7 R r ｭr B 7 R 6 9 : ｭ ｭR 5 r B ｭ = exp s ds ｷ d exp 6ｦ O ｭd 6 9 ; d 5 ; d s d ｭ k ｷ ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 r B R exp 7 ; d ｷ R : ｭ6 9 d r B 縺95595 a =k 87ｨ ｨ 9 K ｷ K acc [, 5] () 9 (), ｭd ｷ R =r B () 8 ﾁ []. ﾀ ﾁ , , K acc, ｨ ﾁ575 6 (8., 67957, [5] ﾁ577 (8.) 9 (8.5)). 659, 95 ﾁ577 () 9 () , ｨ 縺857 [6] , 5 58, E a ｷ p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9`B ｷ em 6ｦ e m e ; ｭ m i 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ , ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ k B T=e i ｷ D i =m i. 957 (6) () 679 r B =R ｨ [5, 5] 縺857 5 k ｷ k F ｭ p6 9 ; F ｭ p6 9 ｷ I ｭp6 9 p ; p ｷ ee ｭm 6ｦ m 6 9E = : k B T pe ｭm e 6ｦ m e 6 9 ｭ ｨ F ｭ p6 9 87ｨ 9 ﾁ9575 縺857, I ｭs6 9, s ｷ p, 59 ﾁ99759 ﾁ , I ｭs6 9 ｷ X n ｷ ｭs=6 9 6ｦn n! ｭn 6ｦ 6 9! : 999 F ｭ p , ｨ , ｭe ' e (T ｷ ) ｭE ｷ p ｷ, ｭE ｷ p ｷ F ｭ p6 9 ｷ ｭpp 6 9 7= exp p : 縺98ｨ 95, ｨ ｨ ( [5]) K ｷ a k ｷ pr B d exp d ; d ｷ R r B : ｭ ﾁ ﾁ [6] R =`B A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ 7! a 6ｦ 7 A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ ; k 6ｦ a 7 7 k 7 A 6ｦ B 7 7 6ｦ B 7! B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 : ｭ86 9
6 56.9. ｧ9 [89 ﾀ , A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ 9 B 7 A 6ｦ B 7, 87ｨ [] K 759 (8), [], ｨ , "75895" A 6ｦ B 7 8 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ a B 7 (95 A 6ｦ, B 7 ) ﾁ n i ｷ n exp 7 U ; k B T 5 n B 7 ( ); U ｨ , ｨ : U ｷ e pe r 7 r ; r ｷ ｭa 6ｦ r 6ｦ ar cos c6 9 = ; 5 r ｭr A 6ｦ (8987 B 7 ) B 7, c , 85599ｨ B 7. ﾀ79 c ｷ ｨ B 7 A 6ｦ B [,, 6] ｨ 9 85ｨ : K ｷ a6ｦ k 6ｦ ｷ a 7 k 7 ｷ p ｭ rd a exp 7 U r dr ; k B T ｭ r d , ｨ ﾁ c ｷ : d dr r exp 7 U ｷ : k B T ｭ (9) , ｭc ｷ 6 9, B A 6ｦ B ｨ , ﾁ a 5 r d ｨ 9 K, 795ｨ (9). 655, (9) " " , ｨ ｨ , , 9 95ｨ 縺595, , 5 R 5 r B , 7989 ﾁ exp ｭr B =r6 9, 59 95, , r R. 5 ｨ (9) : K ｷ ;6pr B d exp d ; d R r B : ｭ (5) 9 () 8559, 95 K ｷ ; exp 7 5 : K d 6585 ｨ ｨ R 5 r B , , ｨ ｨ , [9, 5]: A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ 6ｦ B 7 7! a 7 A 6ｦ B 7 ; B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ 7! a 6ｦ A 6ｦ B 7 ; A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 7! a A 6ｦ B 7 : ｭ ｨ ｨ 599, ｨ ｨ , (8), () 95ｨ ｨ ｨ , 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9-959 ｨ s ｷ e X z i m i n i ; ｭ6 9 i , n i , i ｷ ｨ 9 95 A 6ｦ, B 7, A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ 9 B 7 A 6ｦ B ｨ ｨ ｨ (8), (8) 9 (): k N 7 a n n 6ｦ k 6ｦ n 7 a 6ｦ n N 7 a 6ｦ n n ｷ ; k N 7 a n n 6ｦ k 7 n 7 a 7 n N 7 a 7 n n ｷ ; a 6ｦ n N 7 k 6ｦ n 7 a 7 n n 7 a n n ｷ ; a 7 n N 7 k 7 n 7 a 7 n n 7 a n n ｷ ; 5 N A 6ｦ B ｨ ｨ K ｷ a6ｦ k 6ｦ ｷ a 7 k 7 ｭ6 9 ｭ56 9 ｭ66 9 ｭ76 9 ; n ｷ n ; n ｷ n : ｭ K (8) ｨ N ｷ N 7 n 7 n ; ｭ N A 6ｦ B 7, ｨ (), (5) 65859ｨ (5), (6) (8. 975). 7, ｭK N , 95 n ｷ n ｷ n, 98 (), (5) : K n 6ｦ n 7 N ｷ ; K ｷ a k ;
7 7. 7, ] 9 縺 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ K N n ｷ N, K N 5, K N ｨ p n ｷ N =K. 55, 85 K N, K N 95ｨ ｨ : x ｷ n N 5 ; x ｷ n N 5 : ｭ () 5 (7) (), (6), (9) () 95ｨ x ｷ K N 6ｦ a6ｦ 6ｦ a 7 a K N 6ｦ a 7= ｭK N 6 9 ; ｭ6 9 a x ｷ K N x ; K ｷ a : ｭ6 9 k (), (), 98 () ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9959 ｨ : s ｷ e m 6ｦ m 6ｦ ｭm 6ｦ m 6 9K N x N : ｭ6 9 縺9599, [] ｨ ｨ l ｷ s C N = 6ｦ C N 7= : N (), () l 59 N. 縺 , 95 ﾁ57 () K N ( !), (8. 975) K N < ｨ ｨ 縺857 ｨ ﾁ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ595 9 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ｨ ( 6795, ｨ 縺 ) 557- ﾁ99 [] 縺857 [6] ｨ ｨ 76 8 ( ｨ ) ｨ , ｨ 59 ｨ , ﾁ5797ｨ ﾁ ｨ [7] ｨ ｨ 縺8588, ｨ ｨ , V (798. ). ﾀ5ｨ ｨ [ 5, 5 5 7, 5, 6, 7, ] ｨ 縺857 [6] [6] (8. 75 閨59 [5, 55], , ) , I, SbCl , , SF [5, 6] (798. 5, 6) ｨ ｨ ﾀ , ﾀ ｨ ( , 75585, 5585, 57585, 69799, 595, ) 5ｨ ｨ , 65ｨ ( V ｨ : , , , ｨ , ｨ 59 9 ﾁ , s, 縺 7 8 7,5,,5,,5,,5 5 E, ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9959 ｨ % , 5 % ｨ , % [5]
8 58.9. ｧ9 [89 7, 6,5 J, 9 8 6, 7 9 s, 縺 ,5 5, 6 5,5,,5 5 E, ｨ ﾁ ﾁ9959 ｨ % , 8 % ｨ , % [55] E, : ﾁ55 ( ), SF 6, ppm 9795, O 縺 [6, 56]) ｨ 縺 ｨ [7, 58] ｨ ﾁ ﾁ [59, 6, 6] 6589, ｨ , , 6795, , , ｨ ｨ : (E ) (E ), ｨ ｨ , , 679 ｨ ｨ ｨ 5975 ( ｨ [6]) ｨ [6] , ｨ 59755, , , ｨ [65] ｨ ( 縺 []). ﾀ 縺 ﾁ ﾁ ｨ ｨ , ( ｨ ) ｨ : 99ｨ [ ], ｨ J, E, : 5 ppm I, 6 ppm SbCl 5, 7 ppm I, 8 ppm I. 659 (E ), ｨ ｨ 縺875989, 95 ｨ ｨ ｨ 9997ｨ , ｨ 5975 (ｨ [66]) 5899ｨ 9, ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ ( ｨ 955) ｨ 5975 ﾁ9895 [67, 68] 縺 , ｨ ｨ (978 ﾁ
9 7. 7, ] 9 縺 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ ), 8 75 ｨ 閨 [7, 8, 7, 9, ] , ｨ ｨ ﾀ5ｨ ｨ 縺 7 8 7, ｨ ｨ ( , ) ﾀ ｨ ｨ 縺 ﾀ , 5595 ｨ ( I, O 9 7.) ｨ () x ｷ n=n 75 [9, 5], 5 n ( ) 955, N ｨ ( ) ｨ 989 ｨ ｨ 5975, ｨ E [57, 6, 69, 7]. 7, [69, 7] ﾁ E < , 679 E ｷ , 679 E , 679 ｨ ｨ [6] , ﾁ (55855, ) , , ｨ ｨ : "8579", , 89, , ｨ ｨ 5-95 ｨ 99, , ｨ , 9577ｨ ｨ [, 7, 8] , 99ｨ , 89, ｨ , 7595 [69] , ﾁ ｨ ｨ ｨ , ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ59 5 ｨ , ｨ [7, 58] ｨ 閨 ｨ [7, 58] ﾁ ｨ ｨ ( 閨75-58) [57, 6, 65, 7] ｨ ｨ ( ) 5585 [7], ｨ [6, 6, 69] ｨ ｨ ｨ [7], ｨ ﾁ ﾁ , ｨ 5975, ｨ , 578ｨ [7, 75] ｨ ｨ 閨 [76] , ｨ [9, 5, 76] ｨ ｨ 55 [5, 77], 9 ｨ ｨ , ｨ ﾀ5ｨ ﾁ [] , ﾁ (995). 55 ｨ ｨ ﾁ , 陦縺 ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ98977 (996 ﾀ 縺55) ｨ ｨ , CaCl , ｨ ｨ d ｷ ; ﾁ ﾁ ｨ ｨ ﾁ ｨ [, 5] y , ｨ 9 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ｨ ﾁ95 95, 95 ｨ , , ( ) ｨ ｨ : ) c ｨ ｨ, ｨ ｨ ｨ 9 ｨ ｨ 989 ( ｨ ｨ []); ) ｨ ; ) (8. 975). ﾀ ｨ 989,
10 6.9. ｧ9 [89 j, 7 8 6,5,,5, t, y ﾁ : E ｷ 7; , E ｷ ; , E ｷ 8; , E ｷ ; , 5 E ｷ 5; j, E, ﾁ ｨ , ﾁ ｨ 975ｨ I ﾁ ; 8 8 7, v ｷ ;78 8, N k ｷ 7;5 6. 縺 ｨ 縺 i k i , U i ｷ x i U, J i ｷ y i J (J ｷ 77, U ｷ ; x i, y i ) s i c i s i ｷ s y i x i ; s ｷ Jd SU ｷ ;6 7 Om 7 sm 7 ; c i ｷ kin k ; v i 5 S 6558 ｨ 5975, v i ｷ V 6ｦ iv (V ｷ 6; ﾁ ) s i ｷ ｭs i =s 6 9, a i ｷ ｭl i =l6 9, l i ｷ s i =c i, l ｷ s V =N k, 5 p b i ｷ s i c =c i, 5 c ｷ ; : (7), (8), K, K ﾁ579ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ ﾀ5755 ｨ ﾁ99 [] [5] , , , , ｨ 865k i......,5 5 5 s i a i ,,,,6,,95,9 b i ,,, , 65 ｨ s i =N i, 5 N i , 578ｨ I M > M 6ｦ I 7 : ｭ N i ｷ K c i, 5 K (), 5957ｨ ﾀ ｨ ｨ , (), (8), , : ) ｭN i K < 6 9: s i ｷ e ｭm 6ｦ m 6 9N i ; ｭ56 9 ) ｭN i K, N i K 5 6 9: r N i s i ｷ e ｭm 6ｦ m 6 9 ; ｭ66 9 K ) ｭN i K 6 9, (), () (), () 8559, N i K, 5 ｨ s i =N i ｷ const. 縺5 ｨ ｨ 8999ｨ , N i K > ( ) (5), (6) , , (5): s i ｷ ;6l ｷ e ｭm c 6ｦ m 6 9K ; ｭ76 9 i (6): s i p c ｷ ;s r K p ｷ e ｭm i c 6ｦ m 6 9 : ｭ86 9 K
11 7. 7, ] 9 縺 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ ﾀ m 6ｦ m , 7 8 (5 8) 7 ｧ ｨ ｨ ｨ 閨58, 9, 9, 5,5 6 m 6ｦ m 7 m 7 m 7 m 6ｦ m 7 8,7 5,8 6,8 8,5 5,5 5 [78] [79] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [85] [85] [85] [86] 7,5,5 - 閨58 6,6, [8] [87], [9] - 縺9 5,,9 [8] 7 [89] [9] -5,8 [8] -65,7,5 [8] [89], [9] 585,5 [88] 5 5 [96] CCl,6,9 [96] 6958, [95] [87] [88] [89] [9] [9] [9] 5,5, [9] [9] [9] [95] ﾁ ; , , , , 9, , ｨ [9]. ﾀ5859 ﾁ , 657, 75ｨ 59, ﾁ ﾁ ｨ [7] [7] ﾁ ｨ sd 5 ; ｭ96 9 ｭm 6ｦ m 6 9eE 5 E ｷ U=d , s [95, 96], 7595 [7] ｨ y ( ). ﾀ , ﾁ (5 8) 7. 5 ｨ ｨ , ｨ ﾁ , ｨ , , , , o ｨ ﾀ5ｨ [], V 95 V R 66 9 R 縺8 ﾀ : V, V , , 縺 , ﾀ ﾁ , R 66 9, R j, t t, a ﾁ E ｷ ; ﾀ s ｷ 7 7 縺
12 6.9. ｧ9 [ ｨ 5975 ﾁ ｨ H H 5I CH (CH ) OH 595 (CH ) CO C 6H 5NO 778 ﾁ r, 8 7 e=e r i, A r B, A d ｷ R =r B ｷ r i =r B E, p, E ｷ p, E ｷ K, 8 K, 8,88,,7 6,5,,8 8 ;6 76 ;7 7,8 5,,5 5, 7,6,5,5 ; 75 7; 79,8 6,8, 6,7,9,,65 6,5,79 8,7,8, 6,7,6 6,,,9, 8,,8 7,,6,6,98, 6,,,8 8 6; ｨ ｨ ﾀ ｨ 9 75 ｨ 95 ｨ K, K K , ｨ (9. ). ﾀ ﾁ57-7 (7) ﾁ (8. 9. ), Z ｷ ; ﾀ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ R 85ｨ : m ｷ m ｷ m ｷ ; R 7 sm ｭB c6 9 7 : ｭ R ﾀ58999 () (7), K ｷ 7;6 76 R : ｭ (8) K 5758 K ｨ 5 c : K ｷ ; : ｭ6 9 K c K, K , , ｨ (5 ﾁ ) (5 ﾁ e) K, K 58- ｨ , ｨ , ｨ ｨ ( ) ﾁ ( ) ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ99597 ｨ ｨ R, m, K, K, K, (7), (8) , : K N ｷ K K c ｷ ; <, K N ｷ ｷ K K c ｷ 6;8 > (), () 98 ﾁ577 (5) ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ; 75 R 5 exp 5 R ｷ : ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ R ｷ A, ﾁ577 (), (), (5) 9 (6) 65859ｨ : j, 7 m ｷ ;5 76 sm ｭB c6 9 7 ; K ｷ 8;95 75 ; K ｷ 6; 7 sm ; K ｷ 6;9 75 sm : ｭ ｨ ｨ 55979ｨ 5, , 679 % K N ;, 95 N ; , N ｷ K c i, 655 c i ; , E, 縺
13 7. 7, ] 9 縺 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ ｨ [7] 7595 [98] ｨ ｨ , , ｨ 95, 8799 ｨ 縺95-99, ｨ [], 5, 85759ｨ, [6] ｨ : ) 99997ｨ (599) 7597ｨ , ﾁ ﾁ , ) (95, 9658) (959 67, ) , 95 ﾁ- 9ｨ f n ｷ W n 7 ｭr ;... ; r n f ｭr6 9, 5 W n n , f ｭr , n 7 899, r ( ). 69 ﾁ99 f ｭr ｭD n 7 6ｦ D 6 9 D f 6ｦ div f ｭm 6ｦ m n hf n 7; i6ｦ 6ｦ m n 7 hf n 7 i 7 m hf i ｷ : ｭ D, m, F ｭD n 7 ; m n 7 ; F n ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ899, , (5658), F n 7; ｨ ｨ 閨 ﾁ99 f ｨ 9 9 r ｷ R : f ｷ ; r! : f! ; ｭ ｭ f dv ｷ ; r! : f! ; ｭ66 9 V 5 V 5898, 597ｨ , ｨ k a 86987ｨ ｭ k ｷ i n ds ; ｭ76 9 S ｭ a ｷ 7 i n ds : S ｭ i ｷ 7 ｭD n 7 6ｦ D 6 9 Hf 6ｦ f ｭm 6ｦ m n 7 6 9hF n 7; i6ｦ 6ｦ m n 7 hf i 7 m hf i , n ﾁ575 S, ｨ ﾀ , 859 [98] k ｷ p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 l B A F ｭ p6 9 ; ｭ l B ｷ r B, F ｭ p6 9 ﾁ99 縺857 (8. ()) A ｭ y ｭ S ｭy6 9 A 7 ｷ plb exp d s 6ｦ p ｭ 7 cos y6 9 I ｭs; cos y6 9s ds sin y dy ; ｭ56 9 ｭ I ｭs; cos y6 9 ｷ I ｭm 7 7 p t 6 9 exp 7 t dt ; m ｷ p cos y s ; S ｭy6 9 ｷ p 6ｦ : 6ｦ p cos y y cos y ｷ 7 p ; d ｷ d=, 5 d ｷ R =r B (5), I 59 ﾁ99759 ﾁ (5) d 5, p : A 7 ｷ plb d exp : ｭ56 9 d ﾀ (5) (9) 縺857 (7) d 5, p, 5 p d 5 9 ﾁ99 縺 縺857 ｭ exp p ｭx6 9 exp px F ｭ p6 9! p p ｦ exp ｭ 7=d 6 9 p pp p pp d p 7 7 = S 7 p dx : x ｭ [98] 6585, 縺 d! , , 5 d 5, ﾁ577 (5), (5) 99ｨ 縺 , 98 (5) 95, , ｨ 縺 , ｨ [99] p p ｷ E=E, E ｷ e= ｭ6perB E 5 E, , 679 E 5 E
14 6.9. ｧ9 [ 縺 , T ｷ. 98 ｨ , ｭe=e 縺 縺9599, 95 ｨ ｨ (ｨ , 6755, ﾁ ) 縺 a p d : a ｷ a 6ｦ exp 7 d F ｭ p6 9 ; ｭ a (), F ｭ p6 9 ﾁ957 縺 ｨ , ｨ 7589; d! [98], ｨ ｨ ｨ q ｷ p r d =r B, 5 r d , s ed r d ｷ : ｭ56 9 pek B T 8588 d ﾀ ｨ 9, q <, 65ｨ ﾀ [98], hf ; i ｷ 7 ed L ｭx6 9 pe r r ; x ｷ de i k B T ; r ｷ r r ; ｭ L ｭx6 9 ｷ coth x 7 x 7 ﾁ99 755, E i ｷ ｷ e=per ﾀ (55) () hf i ｷ hf i ｷ ﾁ ﾁ , ｨ ｨ 9 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ : a ｷ p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 r d Q ; Q ｷ ｭ =d x dx sinh x ; d ｷ R 6ｦ R r d : ｭ R ik i-5 9 k ( ｨ , 8557) ｨ ﾀ , 65ｨ 95 ｨ ｨ 875ｨ ｨ ｨ : k ｷ D 6ｦ D rb Q ; ｭ576 9 ｭ dd Q ｷ exp P ｭs6 9 H ｭs6 9 ds ; ｭ586 9 d ｭ ｭ exp P ｭs6 9 H ｭs6 9 ｷ s ds ; P ｭs6 9 ｷ f ｭs6 9 ds ; f ｭs6 9 ｷ C ｭs6 9 W ｭs; x6 9 ｷ exp C ｭs6 9 ｷ s ｭ 7 W ｭs; x6 9 s 7 d x R ｭs; x6 9 dx ; s R ｭs; x6 9 ; R ｭs; x6 9 ｷ ｭs 6ｦ d 7 s d x6 9 = ; W ｭs; x6 9 dx ; d ｷ R r B ; d D ｷ rd r B ; d ｷ R 6ｦ R r d : 9957 (58) 679 d 5 d D : Q ｷ r p ｭd 6ｦ d6 9 d exp : ｭ596 9 e ｭd 6ｦ d6 9d = d 8588 e ｷ ; ｨ , d ｷ R =r B : k ｷ D 6ｦ D r B d 77= exp K ｷ a k ｷ ;7pr B d exp 7 ; d ｷ R ; d r B ｭ66 9 : d ｭ66 9 縺 , , , ﾁ577 (), A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B , : A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ 6ｦ B 7 7! a 7 B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ 7! a 6ｦ A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 ; A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 ; ｭ66 9 A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ B 7 7! a A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 : ｭ (6) , 65ｨ 95 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ a 6ｦ 9 a ﾁ () ﾁ575 (5). 5ｨ ﾁ ﾁ a 7599 (6)
15 7. 7, ] 9 縺 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ a () ｨ ｨ : a ｷ p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 r dd ; ｭ k ｷ a ｷ ;5 ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 rdd 7 K d 76 exp 7 d : ｭ696 9 r dd ｷ = d d : pek B T ｭ ﾁ ｨ r dd ﾁ575 (6) (77,7), r dd , d ｭd ｨ ( (6) d ｷ d ). 縺9599, 95 ﾁ57 (6) ｨ r dd ｷ ｷ ｭmm m =pk B T 6 9 =, 5 m 85ｨ (67957, ), m, m : A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 7! k 7 A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 7! k 6ｦ A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ 6ｦ B 7 ; B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ ; ｭ666 9 A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 7! k A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ B 7 : ｭ ｨ ｨ ｨ, [] 9 58 ｨ [] , ｨ , ﾁ ｨ 縺595, ｨ 9 5 ﾁ , p r ｷ ｭ rB, 5 r B () (66), (67) ｨ 8 9, 89, (6), (67) ﾁ575 (9): K ｷ p ｭ rdd R exp 7 U r B T r dr ; U ｷ 7 d d pe r ; 5 R , , U 9 ｨ ﾀ79 R 5 r dd K p r dd d 6 exp d ; d ｷ R : ｭ686 9 r dd a =k ｷ K, , 9. 7, (67957, ﾁ ) A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 m, 5 AB ( ), m , ｨ 閨 ﾁ ｨ [7, 58] ｨ 759 A 6ｦ 6ｦ AB 7! a 7 A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 ; k A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 6ｦ AB 7! a 7 A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 ; ｭ76 9 k A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 m 7 6ｦ AB 7! am 7 A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 m : km : a i, k i i , ｨ ｨ ｨ 8 ﾁ A 6ｦ i ｨ (56), (6) 955 a n ｷ ;7p ｭD n 7 6ｦ D 6 9 r d ; ｭ76 9 k n ｷ ｭD n 7 6ｦ D 6 9 rb 7 d 77= exp 7 ; d ｷ R ; ｭ76 9 d r B 5 R , p ｨ A 6ｦ , r d ｷ R r B ｨ ﾁ ﾁ , R (7) 8559, (7) K, ﾁ575 (6). 縺 N ｨ AB, n 55979ｨ A 6ｦ, n i 55979ｨ A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 i n i ｨ ｨ : dn dt ｷ a nn 7 k n ; dn dt ｷ a n N 7 k n ; dn m dt ｷ a m n m 7 N 7 k m n m : ｭ76 9
16 66.9. ｧ9 [89 98 (7) 8559, i t i ｷ r d ｷ d 7= exp : ｭ76 9 k i D 6ｦ D i 7 d ﾀ R R 7 A, r B 6 A, D t i (t i 7 8), 65ｨ 95 ｨ (7) 955 n ｷ ｭK N6 9n ; n i ｷ ｭK N6 9 n i 7 ｷ ｭK N6 9 i n ; i 5 : ｭ76 9 縺98ｨ 95, K N < , i 965-5, 7ｨ , 679 K N > ｨ ｨ 5- ｨ 9597ｨ , , , 76ｨ ｨ 5989 ｨ , ｨ ｨ ｨ ﾁ ｨ ｨ ﾁ ｨ ｨ ｨ ( ﾁ , ) , ｨ 9 785ｨ ｨ ｨ , ﾀ , , ｨ ｨ ｨ 59 ﾁ ( K ), ( K ).. 縺 ｨ ｨ ｨ ( ) , ｨ k ｷ k exp ｭ 7E A =k B T 6 9, 5 E A ｨ ｨ , 95 ｨ ｨ ｨ ( ). 縺595, ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ( ) (679-57, []) ｨ , ﾁ ｨ [], []. 縺 , 95 ﾁ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ｨ : 5899, ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ899 9 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ K, K K ｨ N, ｨ K N 5, ｨ , 679 K N , 679 K N > , 縺 , ﾀ ｨ 9, ( 縺 ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ a A 6ｦ B 7 > A 6ｦ B 7 8p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 r B D 6ｦ D rb k d 7 exp 7 d r B ｷ e 8pek B T d ｷ R r B A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ > A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ ;7p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 r d D 6ｦ D rb A 6ｦ B 7 6ｦ A 6ｦ B 7 > A 6ｦ B 7 A 6ｦ B 7 p ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 r dd ;5 ｭD 6ｦ D 6 9 rdd A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 n 7 6ｦ AB > A 6ｦ ｭAB6 9 n ;7p ｭD n 7 6ｦ D 6 9 r d D n 7 6ｦ D rb d 77= exp 7 d d 76 exp 7 d d 77= exp 7 d p r d ｷ d rb R d ｷ d = r dd ｷ ｷ ｭR pek B T r B6 9 = d ｷ R r dd p r d ｷ d rb R d ｷ r B r B
17 7. 7, ] 9 縺 罍ﾀ5 縺5 縺6 縺676 9 縺 ﾀ76 罍縺58 縺597 5 ｧ ｨ ), ｨ ｨ ﾁ957 縺 ﾀ ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ 5975, 99 ﾁ ｨ , ( ), ｨ ｨ , , , 55, ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ 59795: (.: , 99) ｨ 59795: (.: , 958) ｨ (.: 75799, 97). Thomson J J, Thomson G P Conduction of Electricity through Gases Vol. rd ed. (Cambridge: Univ. Press, 98) ｧ995 9ｨ (.-.: 縺79 7, 96) 6. Felici N J Direct Current A 7 (97) 7. 縺 ｨ (.:, 979) 8. 55, 閨758 9 ﾀ, (995: 999, 977) ﾀ (.: 999, 968). Davis H T, Brown R G Adv. Chem. Phys. Non-simple Liq. 9 (975). Levine J, Sanders T M (Jr) Phys. Rev. Lett (96). Levine J L, Sanders T M (Jr) Phys. Rev. 5 8 (967). Ferrell R A Phys. Rev (957). Kuper C G Phys. Rev. 7 (96) 5. Tyndall A M The Mobility of Positive Ions in Gases (Cambridge: The Univ. Press, 98) 6. Cohen M H, Lekner J Phys. Rev (967) 7. Lekner J Phys. Rev. 58 (967) 8. Harrison H R, Springett B E Chem. Phys. Lett. 8 (97) 9. Jahnke J A, Silver M Chem. Phys. Lett. 9 (97). Springett B E, Jortner J, Cohen M H J. Chem. Phys. 8 7 (968). Miller L S, Howe S, Spear W E Phys. Rev (968). Bakale G, Schmidt W F Z. Naturforsch. 8 5 (97). Minday R M, Schmidt L D, Davis H T J. Phys. Chem. 76 (97). Davis H T, Schmidt W F, Brown R G, in Electrons in Fluids: the Nature of Metal-Ammonia Solutions (Eds J Jortner, N R Kestner) (Berlin: Springer, 97) p Bakale G, Schmidt W F Chem. Phys. Lett. 6 (97) 6. Holroyd R A, Allen M J. Chem. Phys. 5 5 (97) 7. Holroyd R A, Dictrich B F, Schwartz H A J. Phys. Chem (97) 8. Holroyd R A J. Chem. Phys (97) 9. Beck G, Thomas J K Chem. Phys. Lett. 95 (97). Beck G, Thomas J K J. Chem. Phys (97). Beck G, Thomas J K J. Chem. Phys (97). Allen A O, Holroyd R A J. Phys. Chem (97) (.: 999, 966). 69ｨ 88 9, 縺 (.: 97, 978) 5. Gallagher T J Simple Dielectric Liquids. Mobility, Conduction, and Breakdown (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 975) 6. Onsager L J. Chem. Phys. 599 (9) 7. Smoluchowski M Phys. Z (96) 8. Blumentrits A Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 95 (99) 9. Falkenhagen H Phys. Z. 5 (9). Wien M Phys. Z (98). Bjerrum N K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Mat.-Fys. Medd. 7 9 (96). Onsager L, Fuoss R M J. Chem. Phys (9). Krauss C, Fuoss R J. Am. Chem. Soc. 55 (9). D5by5 5 Trans. Am. Electrochem. Soc (9) 5. Copenhafer D T, Krauss C J. Am. Chem. Soc (95) 6. Fuoss R J. Am. Chem. Soc (958) , 縺 ｨ 5979 (.: 98-5 閨8, 989) 8. 9 ﾁ9 7, ﾀ99589 ﾀ (.:, 979) 9. Zhakin A I Electrohydrodynamics: Basic Concepts, Problems and Applications (Kursk: Technical Univ. Press, 996) 5. ｧ (78: 98-5 閨78, 999) 5. Zhakin A I, in Electrohydrodynamics (CISM Courses and Lectures, No. 8, Ed. A Castellanos) (Wien: Springer, 998) p Langevin P Ann. Chim. Phys. 8 (9) ﾁ (.:, 975) 5. Gemant A Phys. Z (98) 55. Gemant A Elektrophysik der Isolierstoffe (Berlin: J. Springer, 9) 56. Durant P, Fournie P, in Proc. Lancaster Conf., Lancaster, UK, 97, p. 57. Felici N J Direct Current B 9 (97) , (978) ﾀ, () 5 (968) 6. ｧ9 9, () (98) 6. ｧ9 9, , (5) 7 (98) 6. Zahnn M, Chatelon H J. Appl. Phys (977) 6. ｧ5 6 9, 閨75 9 ﾀ (.: 999, 979) 6. Felici N J, Lacroix J C J. Electrostat. 5 5 (978) 65. Atten P, Lacroix J C J. Electrostat. 5 9 (978) 66. Little R P, Whithney W T J. Appl. Phys. (96) , 589, ﾀ (98) (995) 69. ｧ () 7 (98) , ｧ () 7 (98) , A9575 ﾁ ﾁ ( ﾀ578: ﾀ 閨8, 99) 7. Voinov M, Dunnett J J. Am. Electrochem. Soc. 9 (97) 7. Atten P, in Electrohydrodynamics (CISM Courses and Lectures, No. 8, Ed. A Castellanos) (Wien: Springer, 998) p. 7. ｧ () (986) 75. ｧ () 8 (988) 76. ｧ9 9,. 閨 ( ﾀ ﾀ5575) ( : , 988) Castellanos A, in Electrohydrodynamics (CISM Courses and Lectures, No. 8, Ed. A Castellanos) (Wien: Springer, 998) p. 78. Adamczewski I Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 8 9 (97) 79. Grovski O, Terlecki I Acta Phys. Pol (959) 8. Grovski O Nature 9 7 (96) 8. Hummel A, Allen A O, Watson F (Jr) J. Chem. Phys. (966) 8. Schmidt W Z. Naturforsch. 6 6 (968) 8. Secker P E, Lewis T J Br. J. Appl. Phys (965) 8. Gray E, Lewis T J Br. J. Appl. Phys. 6 9 (965) 85. Belmont M R, Secker P E J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 5 (97) 86. Schmidt W, Allen A J. Chem. Phys (97) 87. LeBlanc O J. Chem. Phys. (959) 5*
, , 3.5. 縺1846 [ ｨ , ｨ , ,
13459178 1998 3. 753 168, 2 11 86 ﾀ7 9 998917619 4381 縺48 縺55 317832645 ﾀ5 縺4273 92257547 2 7892571 5.4. 458352849274, 3.5. 725219, 3.5. 縺148 5883597547 9225499 9 67525887, 82984475 8 6525454953 ﾁ22575452
閨75, 縺5 [ ｨ ﾁ573, 縺 ｨ ｨ
39ｨ 8 998 3. 753 68, 7 86 ﾀ7 9 9989769 438 縺48 縺55 3783645 ﾀ5 縺473 ﾀ7996495 ｨ 59754 8554473 9 8984473 3553 7. 95457357, 4.3. 639745 5883597547 6755887 67996499 ｨ 597545 4953473 9 857473 3553, 536583, 89573,
閨 [
1303000709 000 03. 070503 170, 0 3 0806 ﾀ07 09 090908090107060109 04030801 縺0408 縺0505 03010708030060405 ﾀ05 縺0400703 060504050ｨ 03090405080050400909 03.03. 030007030000908 060005090809 0501080507 080500705030504040701
閨 , , , 縺05, 縺 縺05, 閨 [
04050900708 000 0. 07050 70, 0 0806 ﾀ07 09 0909080900706009 040080 縺0408 縺0505 00070800060405 ﾀ05 縺040070 090800008080900504040009 09050409080500004040009 050000080908 0000 09080905004090 0508050400 0
[ , , ｨ
13040509010708 1999 03. 070503 169, 02 11 0806 ﾀ07 09 090908090107060109 04030801 縺0408 縺0505 030107080302060405 ﾀ05 縺04020703 05000409050600020808000707 05.06. 040508010904 縺01080507 0605080209050504
ﾀ 縺29135 ﾀ 縺5 [ y 1 x i R 8 x j 1 7,5 2 x , ﾁ7192, (2) ﾁ41299 f 675
139ｨ 48 1995 3. 753 165, 2 6 86 ﾀ7 9 998917619 4381 縺48 縺55 317832645 ﾀ5 縺4273 971927, 95652539358195 45 ﾁ5197 9 4527259495 2 7545953471 129175253471 9557991 3.9. ﾀ52917652 縺1874ｨ 989 95652539358195 45
縺 縺8 縺, [ 縺 ﾁ : () () () 4 ﾁ93799; () "64": ｨｬ 9997ｨ
34978 998 3. 73 68, 86 ﾀ7 9 9989769 438 縺48 縺 378364 ﾀ 縺473 399-4 8 637744739 683 6744939 3.9. 378,.. 68 ｨ 349 889 3349947 89893 683447 4 334999897447 (9489) 67449, 6377447 683, 74984 7849799 34789 83747
閨 [ ﾁ , 0
13030607050208 1999 03. 070503 169, 02 4 0806 ﾀ07 09 090908090107060109 04030801 090908090103 04030209 06040700 0100010905 0607050102050307 ﾁ0908090109 09 0008090705 ﾁ0908090109 06070504080900020209ｨ 090809
縺05, 縺05 縺 [ : ﾁ
1306050100010708 2006 03. 070503 176, 02 12 0806 ﾀ07 09 090908090107060109 04030801 縺0408 縺0505 030107080302060405 ﾀ05 縺04020703 0702050109070504090100 090504010901 0802050502 040907050105080504040701
37. 7, 3] 65 縺 縺 縺 ｨ
![37. 7, 3] 65 縺 縺 縺 ｨ](/thumbs/51/27402331.jpg "37. 7, 3] 65 縺 縺 縺 ｨ")
3379 3. 753 7, 3 86 ﾀ7 9 9989769 438 4 縺4775697 799 ﾀ 99897 ｨｬ 998 67547 4957 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ59 5. 967357 PACS numbers: 67.9.+z, 73.4.Hm (455589 599. 6953583, 4579 998 3.) 654577495. 5545495 (34).. 6357475 ｨ 59754475
ｧ [ " ", ｨ 08 "08
1309ｨ 0208 2006 03. 070503 176, 02 7 0806 ﾀ07 09 090908090107060109 04030801 030707 縺0609010706010907 08030307070109 0305090008090001090208040705 ﾁ000807, ﾁ000805020705 0607050207000505040909 09 ﾁ000805020705
縺02 縺07 縺 , 縺05 [
1309ｨ 0408 2003 03. 070503 173, 02 6 0806 ﾀ07 09 090908090107060109 04030801 030707 縺0609010706010907 08030307070109 縺08050105040405080909 0402090705040909 030008090902 02 ｨ 020501090705030003040909040500
ﾀ. ﾀ 縺04 縺 [ ﾁ ﾁ , 080
1309ｨ 0408 2003 03. 070503 173, 02 6 0806 ﾀ07 09 090908090107060109 04030801 ﾀ050904 縺0505 09 030707 縺0605 090606020706 縺0503040900 0705020200070904 010004030909 05 0709000909 09 0405020505 060501050205040905
, 02 4] 0908 縺 閨 陦縺03 縺 縺05 縺 (00) ﾁ
![, 02 4] 0908 縺 閨 陦縺03 縺 縺05 縺 (00) ﾁ](/thumbs/54/34976954.jpg ", 02 4] 0908 縺 閨 陦縺03 縺 縺05 縺 (00) ﾁ")
13030607050208 2007 03. 070503 177, 02 4 0806 ﾀ07 09 090908090107060109 04030801 080607040500 0505 ﾀ080601 ｧ080504030203 "0806 ﾀ07 09 090908090107060109 04030801" 0908050107050905040905 05.02. 閨090408010007030503
縺 縺05 [ )
1306050100010708 1997 03. 070503 167, 02 12 0806 ﾀ07 09 090908090107060109 04030801 04 縺040702070506010907 020701000909 ﾀ 090908090107 ｨｬ 1996 0602050701090501000305080908 02 3 He: 0509010707090905 09
ｨ , 31, 02 2 (2001) ﾀ..0107ｨ
1301010200040905020009 ｨ 0205010907050409010000, 31, 02 2 (2001) ke@sci.lebedev.ru 05 http://ke.ioc.ac.ru 95 縺0408 縺05 020008050707 0002080907000105070509010901 090306000208080502 PACS 42.60.Fc; 42.65.Re;
korum2007_1-2.pdf
130603ｨｰ 07 ﾁ 03030603000703 060808ｨｦ 0905020907 09 ﾀ030307 ﾁ 0905010303050300060305 ﾁ 07
繖 7 縺6ｧ80ｷ3 ｯ0ｷ3 ｪ ｭ ｮ07 縺00 06 ｭ0503 ｭ ｯ 70ｷ ｧ805 ｮ0705 ｮ ｯ0ｷ3 x 罍陦ｧ ｧ 0 04 縺 ｧ ﾀ0903 ﾀ05 ｧ. 7
30ｷ36ｦ0 7 7 ｭ6 70ｷ3 ｮ6ｧ8056 50ｷ300 縺6 5 ｯ05 7 07 ｯ 7 ｭ ｯ04 ｭ03 ｰ 0ｷ36ｦ06 7 繖 70ｷ306 6 5 0 ﾀ0503070060 08 ｮ0303 縺0 ｧ090609 0403 閨0303 003 ｧ 0060503 陦ｧ 06 ﾀ09 ｧ ﾀ04 縺06 閨06-0006003 ｧ ｧ 04 罍ｧ006 縺03 0403
_binder_gb_2008_web_de2.pdf
130808080904 000003 ﾀ02 020302 ﾀ0003050302 01 ﾀ08 0803 050303070103 01 01 ﾀ08 0803 05050303070203 01 0203020500
Umgeleitetes Druckdokument von Remotedesktop
130905010303 000502030306 05070500 020305 ﾀ020203050205000702010202 罍 03010307 040303 070700010305 ﾀ02020305020500070201 0803 縺07 01 0302 ｨｬ08 0007000303 0203$050700 020307 030601 09030302050006
AB rtf
130203070305070701030300 020703 0106000500020305 02030703056 9 縺0203 0907010707 ﾀ01 06ｨｪｨｨ 1306ｨｪｨｨ 0203070305070701030300 020703 0106000500020305 0203070305* 縺0203 0103 01 040303 04 0502$0003000501 040302
Katalog_ _test_2 (2).pdf
13 13 ﾁ050500 ﾀ07040207 020103 05 03 ﾀ0101( 060304 ﾀ01 00010305 090303050301; 01 0403 0503ｨｰ ｨｪ04 ｨｺ04 04ｨｪ 080303050302 ﾀ0101( 03 04000607 ｨｮ 05 0704 ﾀ0307 ｨｮ 0801070702 ｨｮ 06 ﾀ020307 ﾀ01 08 0501 ﾀ03
fwdv1_stand_sept06.pdf
1307 03080508 07 030300030308030003ｨｮ 05 0305020109 ﾀ0302050003 0201 07 0101070504 0103 縺010306060303 060808ｨｺ 020300050401
genron-3
" ( K p( pasals! ( kg / m 3 " ( K! v M V! M / V v V / M! 3 ( kg / m v ( v "! v p v # v v pd v ( J / kg p ( $ 3! % S $ ( pv" 3 ( ( 5 pv" pv R" p R!" R " ( K ( 6 ( 7 " pv pv % p % w ' p% S & $ p% v ( J /
(1) D = [0, 1] [1, 2], (2x y)dxdy = D = = (2) D = [1, 2] [2, 3], (x 2 y + y 2 )dxdy = D = = (3) D = [0, 1] [ 1, 2], 1 {
![(1) D = [0, 1] [1, 2], (2x y)dxdy = D = = (2) D = [1, 2] [2, 3], (x 2 y + y 2 )dxdy = D = = (3) D = [0, 1] [ 1, 2], 1 {](/thumbs/94/118399854.jpg "(1) D = [0, 1] [1, 2], (2x y)dxdy = D = = (2) D = [1, 2] [2, 3], (x 2 y + y 2 )dxdy = D = = (3) D = [0, 1] [ 1, 2], 1 {")
7 4.., ], ], ydy, ], 3], y + y dy 3, ], ], + y + ydy 4, ], ], y ydy ydy y y ] 3 3 ] 3 y + y dy y + 3 y3 5 + 9 3 ] 3 + y + ydy 5 6 3 + 9 ] 3 73 6 y + y + y ] 3 + 3 + 3 3 + 3 + 3 ] 4 y y dy y ] 3 y3 83 3
I ( ) 1 de Broglie 1 (de Broglie) p λ k h Planck ( Js) p = h λ = k (1) h 2π : Dirac k B Boltzmann ( J/K) T U = 3 2 k BT
I (008 4 0 de Broglie (de Broglie p λ k h Planck ( 6.63 0 34 Js p = h λ = k ( h π : Dirac k B Boltzmann (.38 0 3 J/K T U = 3 k BT ( = λ m k B T h m = 0.067m 0 m 0 = 9. 0 3 kg GaAs( a T = 300 K 3 fg 07345
all.dvi
13 06040404 00 06 00 01 07 06040404 00 08 03 06 00 01 07 06040404 00 0802 ｨｹ01 0601 06 07ｨｹ 00 0800 00 06 ｨｹ 00 ｨｹ 06 00 0704060708 02 00 0604040402 0606 02 07 06040404 00 08 090904 0104040101 02 0108030301080200020302
[ ] Table
![[ ] Table](/thumbs/96/130290982.jpg "[ ] Table")
[] Te P AP OP [] OP c r de,,,, ' ' ' ' de,, c,, c, c ',, c mc ' ' m' c ' m m' OP OP p p p ( t p t p m ( m c e cd d e e c OP s( OP t( P s s t (, e e s t s 5 OP 5 5 s t t 5 OP ( 5 5 5 OAP ABP OBP ,, OP t(
0107ｨｦ080504ｨｺ ﾀ ﾀ ﾀ ｨｺｨｰ0807ｨｰ 0608ｨｰ08ｨｪｨｰ
0107ｨｦ08080805 01 09 0703 0207000305 0100 ﾀ060305 00 0201 ﾀ03 0707 09070707 ﾀ 05 罍 0201 ﾀ010707 ﾀ 07ｨｨｨｰ0807ｨｰ 0704ｨｰ08ｨｬｨｰ 00
E 1/2 3/ () +3/2 +3/ () +1/2 +1/ / E [1] B (3.2) F E 4.1 y x E = (E x,, ) j y 4.1 E int = (, E y, ) j y = (Hall ef
![E 1/2 3/ () +3/2 +3/ () +1/2 +1/ / E [1] B (3.2) F E 4.1 y x E = (E x,, ) j y 4.1 E int = (, E y, ) j y = (Hall ef](/thumbs/81/83176619.jpg "E 1/2 3/ () +3/2 +3/ () +1/2 +1/ / E [1] B (3.2) F E 4.1 y x E = (E x,, ) j y 4.1 E int = (, E y, ) j y = (Hall ef")
4 213 5 8 4.1.1 () f A exp( E/k B ) f E = A [ k B exp E ] = f k B k B = f (2 E /3n). 1 k B /2 σ = e 2 τ(e)d(e) 2E 3nf 3m 2 E de = ne2 τ E m (4.1) E E τ E = τe E = / τ(e)e 3/2 f de E 3/2 f de (4.2) f (3.2)
II No.01 [n/2] [1]H n (x) H n (x) = ( 1) r n! r!(n 2r)! (2x)n 2r. r=0 [2]H n (x) n,, H n ( x) = ( 1) n H n (x). [3] H n (x) = ( 1) n dn x2 e dx n e x2
![II No.01 [n/2] [1]H n (x) H n (x) = ( 1) r n! r!(n 2r)! (2x)n 2r. r=0 [2]H n (x) n,, H n ( x) = ( 1) n H n (x). [3] H n (x) = ( 1) n dn x2 e dx n e x2](/thumbs/101/149159646.jpg "II No.01 [n/2] [1]H n (x) H n (x) = ( 1) r n! r!(n 2r)! (2x)n 2r. r=0 [2]H n (x) n,, H n ( x) = ( 1) n H n (x). [3] H n (x) = ( 1) n dn x2 e dx n e x2")
II No.1 [n/] [1]H n x) H n x) = 1) r n! r!n r)! x)n r r= []H n x) n,, H n x) = 1) n H n x) [3] H n x) = 1) n dn x e dx n e x [4] H n+1 x) = xh n x) nh n 1 x) ) d dx x H n x) = H n+1 x) d dx H nx) = nh
x,, z v = (, b, c) v v 2 + b 2 + c 2 x,, z 1 i = (1, 0, 0), j = (0, 1, 0), k = (0, 0, 1) v 1 = ( 1, b 1, c 1 ), v 2 = ( 2, b 2, c 2 ) v
12 -- 1 4 2009 9 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 c 2011 1/(13) 4--1 2009 9 3 x,, z v = (, b, c) v v 2 + b 2 + c 2 x,, z 1 i = (1, 0, 0), j = (0, 1, 0), k = (0, 0, 1) v 1 = ( 1, b 1, c 1 ), v 2
Note5.dvi
12 2011 7 4 2.2.2 Feynman ( ) S M N S M + N S Ai Ao t ij (i Ai, j Ao) N M G = 2e2 t ij 2 (8.28) h i μ 1 μ 2 J 12 J 12 / μ 2 μ 1 (8.28) S S (8.28) (8.28) 2 ( ) (collapse) j 12-1 2.3 2.3.1 Onsager S B S(B)
i
i ii 1 6 9 12 15 16 19 19 19 21 21 22 22 23 26 32 34 35 36 3 37 5 5 4 4 5 iii 4 55 55 59 59 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 1 11 iv ozein Van Marum 1801 Cruiokshank Marum 1840 Schonbein 3 / atm 1 N 1892 50 1960 1970
VDMA_Heizgeräte_ pdf
1308050708ｨｮ04 050003 010207070101 0803 020100050102 縺03 ﾀ010307 02$03 04 03 07070301000501 09 ﾀ05 0103050005 0205000305 08050707010305 000504 08000203$02010005010305 05 0203
ﾀ 縺5 [ XIV 251 [1] , 254, ,
![ﾀ 縺5 [ XIV 251 [1] , 254, ,](/thumbs/52/29381299.jpg "ﾀ 縺5 [ XIV 251 [1] , 254, ,")
13459178 25 3. 753 175, 2 11 86 ﾀ7 9 998917619 4381 縺48 縺55 317832645 ﾀ5 縺4273 縺18577 451 9 3215195 6529 4853471 9 15839358191 9525815652 5. ﾀ. 5545949152 縺69847 17645495 412ｨ 49528475 6755197 658254491
) ] [ h m x + y + + V x) φ = Eφ 1) z E = i h t 13) x << 1) N n n= = N N + 1) 14) N n n= = N N + 1)N + 1) 6 15) N n 3 n= = 1 4 N N + 1) 16) N n 4
![) ] [ h m x + y + + V x) φ = Eφ 1) z E = i h t 13) x << 1) N n n= = N N + 1) 14) N n n= = N N + 1)N + 1) 6 15) N n 3 n= = 1 4 N N + 1) 16) N n 4](/thumbs/92/107866707.jpg ") ] [ h m x + y + + V x) φ = Eφ 1) z E = i h t 13) x << 1) N n n= = N N + 1) 14) N n n= = N N + 1)N + 1) 6 15) N n 3 n= = 1 4 N N + 1) 16) N n 4")
1. k λ ν ω T v p v g k = π λ ω = πν = π T v p = λν = ω k v g = dω dk 1) ) 3) 4). p = hk = h λ 5) E = hν = hω 6) h = h π 7) h =6.6618 1 34 J sec) hc=197.3 MeV fm = 197.3 kev pm= 197.3 ev nm = 1.97 1 3 ev
untitled
40 4 4.3 I (1) I f (x) C [x 0 x 1 ] f (x) f 1 (x) (3.18) f (x) ; f 1 (x) = 1! f 00 ((x))(x ; x 0 )(x ; x 1 ) (x 0 (x) x 1 ) (4.8) (3.18) x (x) x 0 x 1 Z x1 f (x) dx ; Z x1 f 1 (x) dx = Z x1 = 1 1 Z x1
pp * Yw; Mq 1. 1L 20 cc [1] Sonoluminescence: Light emission from acoustic cavitation bubble. Pak-Kon Choi (Departm
![pp * Yw; Mq 1. 1L 20 cc [1] Sonoluminescence: Light emission from acoustic cavitation bubble. Pak-Kon Choi (Departm](/thumbs/94/118261255.jpg "pp * Yw; Mq 1. 1L 20 cc [1] Sonoluminescence: Light emission from acoustic cavitation bubble. Pak-Kon Choi (Departm")
73 7 2017 pp. 447 454 447 * 43.25.Yw; 78.60.Mq 1. 1L 20 cc [1] Sonoluminescence: Light emission from acoustic cavitation bubble. Pak-Kon Choi (Department of Physics, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214 8571)
さくらの個別指導 ( さくら教育研究所 ) A 2 2 Q ABC 2 1 BC AB, AC AB, BC AC 1 B BC AB = QR PQ = 1 2 AC AB = PR 3 PQ = 2 BC AC = QR PR = 1
... 0 60 Q,, = QR PQ = = PR PQ = = QR PR = P 0 0 R 5 6 θ r xy r y y r, x r, y x θ x θ θ (sine) (cosine) (tangent) sin θ, cos θ, tan θ. θ sin θ = = 5 cos θ = = 4 5 tan θ = = 4 θ 5 4 sin θ = y r cos θ =
A (1) = 4 A( 1, 4) 1 A 4 () = tan A(0, 0) π A π
4 4.1 4.1.1 A = f() = f() = a f (a) = f() (a, f(a)) = f() (a, f(a)) f(a) = f 0 (a)( a) 4.1 (4, ) = f() = f () = 1 = f (4) = 1 4 4 (4, ) = 1 ( 4) 4 = 1 4 + 1 17 18 4 4.1 A (1) = 4 A( 1, 4) 1 A 4 () = tan
KENZOU
KENZOU 2008 8 2 3 2 3 2 2 4 2 4............................................... 2 4.2............................... 3 4.2........................................... 4 4.3..............................
1 4 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () 1 4 2
7 1995, 2017 7 21 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 6 (1).................................... 6 (2)..................................... 6 (3) t................. 9 5 11 (1)......................................... 11 (2)
. ev=,604k m 3 Debye ɛ 0 kt e λ D = n e n e Ze 4 ln Λ ν ei = 5.6π / ɛ 0 m/ e kt e /3 ν ei v e H + +e H ev Saha x x = 3/ πme kt g i g e n
003...............................3 Debye................. 3.4................ 3 3 3 3. Larmor Cyclotron... 3 3................ 4 3.3.......... 4 3.3............ 4 3.3...... 4 3.3.3............ 5 3.4.........
名古屋工業大の数学 2000 年 ~2015 年 大学入試数学動画解説サイト
名古屋工業大の数学 年 ~5 年 大学入試数学動画解説サイト http://mathroom.jugem.jp/ 68 i 4 3 III III 3 5 3 ii 5 6 45 99 5 4 3. () r \= S n = r + r + 3r 3 + + nr n () x > f n (x) = e x + e x + 3e 3x + + ne nx f(x) = lim f n(x) lim
i
009 I 1 8 5 i 0 1 0.1..................................... 1 0.................................................. 1 0.3................................. 0.4........................................... 3
Gauss Gauss ɛ 0 E ds = Q (1) xy σ (x, y, z) (2) a ρ(x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2 (r, θ, φ) (1) xy A Gauss ɛ 0 E ds = ɛ 0 EA Q = ρa ɛ 0 EA = ρea E = (ρ/ɛ 0 )e
7 -a 7 -a February 4, 2007 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 1 Gauss Gauss ɛ 0 E ds = Q (1) xy σ (x, y, z) (2) a ρ(x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2 (r, θ, φ) (1) xy A Gauss ɛ 0 E ds = ɛ 0 EA Q = ρa ɛ 0 EA = ρea E = (ρ/ɛ 0 )e z
1/2 ( ) 1 * 1 2/3 *2 up charm top -1/3 down strange bottom 6 (ν e, ν µ, ν τ ) -1 (e) (µ) (τ) 6 ( 2 ) 6 6 I II III u d ν e e c s ν µ µ t b ν τ τ (2a) (
August 26, 2005 1 1 1.1...................................... 1 1.2......................... 4 1.3....................... 5 1.4.............. 7 1.5.................... 8 1.6 GIM..........................
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1: (a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) 2: (a) (b) (c) 1(b) [1 10] 1 degree k n(k) walk path 4
![(a) (b) (c) (d) 1: (a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) 2: (a) (b) (c) 1(b) [1 10] 1 degree k n(k) walk path 4](/thumbs/91/105665060.jpg "(a) (b) (c) (d) 1: (a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) 2: (a) (b) (c) 1(b) [1 10] 1 degree k n(k) walk path 4")
1 vertex edge 1(a) 1(b) 1(c) 1(d) 2 (a) (b) (c) (d) 1: (a) (b) (c) (d) 1 2 6 1 2 6 1 2 6 3 5 3 5 3 5 4 4 (a) (b) (c) 2: (a) (b) (c) 1(b) [1 10] 1 degree k n(k) walk path 4 1: Zachary [11] [12] [13] World-Wide
IA
IA 31 4 11 1 1 4 1.1 Planck.............................. 4 1. Bohr.................................... 5 1.3..................................... 6 8.1................................... 8....................................
現代物理化学 2-1(9)16.ppt
--- S A, G U S S ds = d 'Q r / ΔS = S S = ds =,r,r d 'Q r r S -- ds = d 'Q r / ΔS = S S = ds =,r,r d 'Q r r d Q r e = P e = P ΔS d 'Q / e (d'q / e ) --3,e Q W Q (> 0),e e ΔU = Q + W = (Q + Q ) + W = 0
2 FIG. 1: : n FIG. 2: : n (Ch h ) N T B Ch h n(z) = (sin ϵ cos ω(z), sin ϵ sin ω(z), cos ϵ), (1) 1968 Meyer [5] 50 N T B Ch h [4] N T B 10 nm Ch h 1 µ
![2 FIG. 1: : n FIG. 2: : n (Ch h ) N T B Ch h n(z) = (sin ϵ cos ω(z), sin ϵ sin ω(z), cos ϵ), (1) 1968 Meyer [5] 50 N T B Ch h [4] N T B 10 nm Ch h 1 µ](/thumbs/49/25515566.jpg "2 FIG. 1: : n FIG. 2: : n (Ch h ) N T B Ch h n(z) = (sin ϵ cos ω(z), sin ϵ sin ω(z), cos ϵ), (1) 1968 Meyer [5] 50 N T B Ch h [4] N T B 10 nm Ch h 1 µ")
: (Dated: February 5, 2016), (Ch), (Oblique Helicoidal) (Ch H ), Twist-bend (N T B ) I. (chiral: ) (achiral) (n) (Ch) (N ) 1996 [1] [2] 2013 (N T B ) [3] 2014 [4] (oblique helicoid) 2016 1 29 Electronic
Onsager SOLUTION OF THE EIGENWERT PROBLEM (O-29) V = e H A e H B λ max Z 2 Onsager (O-77) (O-82) (O-83) Kramers-Wannier 1 1 Ons
Onsager 2 9 207.2.7 3 SOLUTION OF THE EIGENWERT PROBLEM O-29 V = e H A e H B λ max Z 2 OnsagerO-77O-82 O-83 2 Kramers-Wannier Onsager * * * * * V self-adjoint V = V /2 V V /2 = V /2 V 2 V /2 = 2 sinh 2H
128 3 II S 1, S 2 Φ 1, Φ 2 Φ 1 = { B( r) n( r)}ds S 1 Φ 2 = { B( r) n( r)}ds (3.3) S 2 S S 1 +S 2 { B( r) n( r)}ds = 0 (3.4) S 1, S 2 { B( r) n( r)}ds
127 3 II 3.1 3.1.1 Φ(t) ϕ em = dφ dt (3.1) B( r) Φ = { B( r) n( r)}ds (3.2) S S n( r) Φ 128 3 II S 1, S 2 Φ 1, Φ 2 Φ 1 = { B( r) n( r)}ds S 1 Φ 2 = { B( r) n( r)}ds (3.3) S 2 S S 1 +S 2 { B( r) n( r)}ds
120 9 I I 1 I 2 I 1 I 2 ( a) ( b) ( c ) I I 2 I 1 I ( d) ( e) ( f ) 9.1: Ampère (c) (d) (e) S I 1 I 2 B ds = µ 0 ( I 1 I 2 ) I 1 I 2 B ds =0. I 1 I 2
9 E B 9.1 9.1.1 Ampère Ampère Ampère s law B S µ 0 B ds = µ 0 j ds (9.1) S rot B = µ 0 j (9.2) S Ampère Biot-Savart oulomb Gauss Ampère rot B 0 Ampère µ 0 9.1 (a) (b) I B ds = µ 0 I. I 1 I 2 B ds = µ 0
a L = Ψ éiγ c pa qaa mc ù êë ( - )- úû Ψ 1 Ψ 4 γ a a 0, 1,, 3 {γ a, γ b } η ab æi O ö æo ö β, σ = ço I α = è - ø çèσ O ø γ 0 x iβ γ i x iβα i
解説 4 matsuo.mamoru jaea.go.jp 4 eizi imr.tohoku.ac.jp 4 maekawa.sadamichi jaea.go.jp i ii iii i Gd Tb Dy g khz Pt ii iii Keywords vierbein 3 dreibein 4 vielbein torsion JST-ERATO 1 017 1. 1..1 a L = Ψ
応力とひずみ.ppt
in yukawa@numse.nagoya-u.ac.jp 2 3 4 5 x 2 6 Continuum) 7 8 9 F F 10 F L L F L 1 L F L F L F 11 F L F F L F L L L 1 L 2 12 F L F! A A! S! = F S 13 F L L F F n = F " cos# F t = F " sin# S $ = S cos# S S
m d2 x = kx αẋ α > 0 (3.5 dt2 ( de dt = d dt ( 1 2 mẋ kx2 = mẍẋ + kxẋ = (mẍ + kxẋ = αẋẋ = αẋ 2 < 0 (3.6 Joule Joule 1843 Joule ( A B (> A ( 3-2
3 3.1 ( 1 m d2 x(t dt 2 = kx(t k = (3.1 d 2 x dt 2 = ω2 x, ω = x(t = 0, ẋ(0 = v 0 k m (3.2 x = v 0 ω sin ωt (ẋ = v 0 cos ωt (3.3 E = 1 2 mẋ2 + 1 2 kx2 = 1 2 mv2 0 cos 2 ωt + 1 2 k v2 0 ω 2 sin2 ωt = 1
Kroneher Levi-Civita 1 i = j δ i j = i j 1 if i jk is an even permutation of 1,2,3. ε i jk = 1 if i jk is an odd permutation of 1,2,3. otherwise. 3 4
[2642 ] Yuji Chinone 1 1-1 ρ t + j = 1 1-1 V S ds ds Eq.1 ρ t + j dv = ρ t dv = t V V V ρdv = Q t Q V jdv = j ds V ds V I Q t + j ds = ; S S [ Q t ] + I = Eq.1 2 2 Kroneher Levi-Civita 1 i = j δ i j =
67.5km 299.4km 2 2 2 16km 1/6 47km 2 1 1 (m) (km 2 ) 2,700 7.6 9,927 47.1 8,100 13.4 8,120 4.8 52 0.4 1,100 6.0 2,200 3.8 6,982 45.3 4,473 14.4 5,000 9.5 2 (km 2 ) (km) 1 299.4 67.5 2 284.5 38.8 3 267.0
master.dvi
4 Maxwell- Boltzmann N 1 4.1 T R R 5 R (Heat Reservor) S E R 20 E 4.2 E E R E t = E + E R E R Ω R (E R ) S R (E R ) Ω R (E R ) = exp[s R (E R )/k] E, E E, E E t E E t E exps R (E t E) exp S R (E t E )
講義ノート 物性研究 電子版 Vol.3 No.1, (2013 年 T c µ T c Kammerlingh Onnes 77K ρ 5.8µΩcm 4.2K ρ 10 4 µωcm σ 77K ρ 4.2K σ σ = ne 2 τ/m τ 77K
2 2 T c µ T c 1 1.1 1911 Kammerlingh Onnes 77K ρ 5.8µΩcm 4.2K ρ 1 4 µωcm σ 77K ρ 4.2K σ σ = ne 2 τ/m τ 77K τ 4.2K σ 58 213 email:takada@issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp 1933 Meissner Ochsenfeld λ = 1 5 cm B = χ B =
18 2 F 12 r 2 r 1 (3) Coulomb km Coulomb M = kg F G = ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 = [N]. Coulomb
![18 2 F 12 r 2 r 1 (3) Coulomb km Coulomb M = kg F G = ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 = [N]. Coulomb](/thumbs/93/114079295.jpg "18 2 F 12 r 2 r 1 (3) Coulomb km Coulomb M = kg F G = ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 = [N]. Coulomb")
r 1 r 2 r 1 r 2 2 Coulomb Gauss Coulomb 2.1 Coulomb 1 2 r 1 r 2 1 2 F 12 2 1 F 21 F 12 = F 21 = 1 4πε 0 1 2 r 1 r 2 2 r 1 r 2 r 1 r 2 (2.1) Coulomb ε 0 = 107 4πc 2 =8.854 187 817 10 12 C 2 N 1 m 2 (2.2)
i 18 2H 2 + O 2 2H 2 + ( ) 3K
i 18 2H 2 + O 2 2H 2 + ( ) 3K ii 1 1 1.1.................................. 1 1.2........................................ 3 1.3......................................... 3 1.4....................................
( ) 1 1.1? ( ) ( ) ( ) 1.1(a) T m ( ) 1.1(a) T g ( ) T g T g 500 74% ( ) T K ( 1.1(b) 15 T g T g 10 13 T g T g T g [ ] A ( ) exp (1.1) T T 0 Vogel-Fulcher T 0 T 0 T K T K Ortho-Terphenil (OTP) SiO 2 (1.1)
1: Sheldon L. Glashow (Ouroboros) [1] 1 v(r) u(r, r ) ( e 2 / r r ) H 2 [2] H = ( dr ψ σ + (r) 1 2 ) σ 2m r 2 + v(r) µ ψ σ (r) + 1 dr dr ψ σ + (r)ψ +
![1: Sheldon L. Glashow (Ouroboros) [1] 1 v(r) u(r, r ) ( e 2 / r r ) H 2 [2] H = ( dr ψ σ + (r) 1 2 ) σ 2m r 2 + v(r) µ ψ σ (r) + 1 dr dr ψ σ + (r)ψ +](/thumbs/93/112757023.jpg "1: Sheldon L. Glashow (Ouroboros) [1] 1 v(r) u(r, r ) ( e 2 / r r ) H 2 [2] H = ( dr ψ σ + (r) 1 2 ) σ 2m r 2 + v(r) µ ψ σ (r) + 1 dr dr ψ σ + (r)ψ +")
1 1.1 21 11 22 10 33 cm 10 29 cm 60 6 8 10 12 cm 1cm 1 1.2 2 1 1 1: Sheldon L. Glashow (Ouroboros) [1] 1 v(r) u(r, r ) ( e 2 / r r ) H 2 [2] H = ( dr ψ σ + (r) 1 2 ) σ 2m r 2 + v(r) µ ψ σ (r) + 1 dr dr
W u = u(x, t) u tt = a 2 u xx, a > 0 (1) D := {(x, t) : 0 x l, t 0} u (0, t) = 0, u (l, t) = 0, t 0 (2)
3 215 4 27 1 1 u u(x, t) u tt a 2 u xx, a > (1) D : {(x, t) : x, t } u (, t), u (, t), t (2) u(x, ) f(x), u(x, ) t 2, x (3) u(x, t) X(x)T (t) u (1) 1 T (t) a 2 T (t) X (x) X(x) α (2) T (t) αa 2 T (t) (4)
( ) ,
II 2007 4 0. 0 1 0 2 ( ) 0 3 1 2 3 4, - 5 6 7 1 1 1 1 1) 2) 3) 4) ( ) () H 2.79 10 10 He 2.72 10 9 C 1.01 10 7 N 3.13 10 6 O 2.38 10 7 Ne 3.44 10 6 Mg 1.076 10 6 Si 1 10 6 S 5.15 10 5 Ar 1.01 10 5 Fe 9.00
1
GL (a) (b) Ph l P N P h l l Ph Ph Ph Ph l l l l P Ph l P N h l P l .9 αl B βlt D E. 5.5 L r..8 e g s e,e l l W l s l g W W s g l l W W e s g e s g r e l ( s ) l ( l s ) r e l ( s ) l ( l s ) e R e r
30
3 ............................................2 2...........................................2....................................2.2...................................2.3..............................
1 No.1 5 C 1 I III F 1 F 2 F 1 F 2 2 Φ 2 (t) = Φ 1 (t) Φ 1 (t t). = Φ 1(t) t = ( 1.5e 0.5t 2.4e 4t 2e 10t ) τ < 0 t > τ Φ 2 (t) < 0 lim t Φ 2 (t) = 0
1 No.1 5 C 1 I III F 1 F 2 F 1 F 2 2 Φ 2 (t) = Φ 1 (t) Φ 1 (t t). = Φ 1(t) t = ( 1.5e 0.5t 2.4e 4t 2e 10t ) τ < 0 t > τ Φ 2 (t) < 0 lim t Φ 2 (t) = 0 0 < t < τ I II 0 No.2 2 C x y x y > 0 x 0 x > b a dx
CRA3689A
AVIC-DRZ90 AVIC-DRZ80 2 3 4 5 66 7 88 9 10 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 1 0 OPEN ANGLE REMOTE WIDE SET UP AVIC-DRZ90 SOURCE OFF AV CONTROL MIC 2 16 17 1 2 0 0 1 AVIC-DRZ90 2 3 4 OPEN ANGLE REMOTE SOURCE OFF
4.6 (E i = ε, ε + ) T Z F Z = e βε + e β(ε+ ) = e βε (1 + e β ) F = kt log Z = kt log[e βε (1 + e β )] = ε kt ln(1 + e β ) (4.18) F (T ) S = T = k = k
![4.6 (E i = ε, ε + ) T Z F Z = e βε + e β(ε+ ) = e βε (1 + e β ) F = kt log Z = kt log[e βε (1 + e β )] = ε kt ln(1 + e β ) (4.18) F (T ) S = T = k = k](/thumbs/94/119235351.jpg "4.6 (E i = ε, ε + ) T Z F Z = e βε + e β(ε+ ) = e βε (1 + e β ) F = kt log Z = kt log[e βε (1 + e β )] = ε kt ln(1 + e β ) (4.18) F (T ) S = T = k = k")
4.6 (E i = ε, ε + ) T Z F Z = e ε + e (ε+ ) = e ε ( + e ) F = kt log Z = kt loge ε ( + e ) = ε kt ln( + e ) (4.8) F (T ) S = T = k = k ln( + e ) + kt e + e kt 2 + e ln( + e ) + kt (4.20) /kt T 0 = /k (4.20)
TOP URL 1
TOP URL http://amonphys.web.fc.com/ 1 19 3 19.1................... 3 19.............................. 4 19.3............................... 6 19.4.............................. 8 19.5.............................
Lipids of Seeds Manjiro NODA Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Kyoto Prefectural University (Sakyo-ku, Kyoto)
Lipids of Seeds Manjiro NODA Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Kyoto Prefectural University (Sakyo-ku, Kyoto) and Other Lipids", Vol. 11, p. 137 (1970) 2) C.Y. Hopkins,
北アルプス_燕岳～穂高_－2.doc
1 ( )22 2001 2226 30 1300m 27kg 2 JR 1000 22 10 3 500-400 au 300 N 2763m 4 N N 10 N 500m PM9:00 5 ( 2 ) 7 23 2001 2226 10 N N 40 10 30 6 5m N N N 12 3 49 30 20 2922m 7 K ( ) U S N ( ) 50 15 N 35 (2758m)
II 2 II
II 2 II 2005 yugami@cc.utsunomiya-u.ac.jp 2005 4 1 1 2 5 2.1.................................... 5 2.2................................. 6 2.3............................. 6 2.4.................................
Part () () Γ Part ,
Contents a 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7. 8.. 8.. 8.3. 8 Part. 9. 9.. 9.. 3. 3.. 3.. 3 4. 5 4.. 5 4.. 9 4.3. 3 Part. 6 5. () 6 5.. () 7 5.. 9 5.3. Γ 3 6. 3 6.. 3 6.. 3 6.3. 33 Part 3. 34 7. 34 7.. 34 7.. 34 8. 35
c y /2 ddy = = 2π sin θ /2 dθd /2 [ ] 2π cos θ d = log 2 + a 2 d = log 2 + a 2 = log 2 + a a 2 d d + 2 = l
![c y /2 ddy = = 2π sin θ /2 dθd /2 [ ] 2π cos θ d = log 2 + a 2 d = log 2 + a 2 = log 2 + a a 2 d d + 2 = l](/thumbs/85/91372642.jpg "c y /2 ddy = = 2π sin θ /2 dθd /2 [ ] 2π cos θ d = log 2 + a 2 d = log 2 + a 2 = log 2 + a a 2 d d + 2 = l")
c 28. 2, y 2, θ = cos θ y = sin θ 2 3, y, 3, θ, ϕ = sin θ cos ϕ 3 y = sin θ sin ϕ 4 = cos θ 5.2 2 e, e y 2 e, e θ e = cos θ e sin θ e θ 6 e y = sin θ e + cos θ e θ 7.3 sgn sgn = = { = + > 2 < 8.4 a b 2
5 36 5................................................... 36 5................................................... 36 5.3..............................
9 8 3............................................. 3.......................................... 4.3............................................ 4 5 3 6 3..................................................
d (i) (ii) 1 Georges[2] Maier [3] [1] ω = 0 1
![d (i) (ii) 1 Georges[2] Maier [3] [1] ω = 0 1](/thumbs/94/121850661.jpg "d (i) (ii) 1 Georges[2] Maier [3] [1] ω = 0 1")
16 5 19 10 d (i) (ii) 1 Georges[2] Maier [3] 2 10 1 [1] ω = 0 1 [4, 5] Dynamical Mean-Field Theory (DMFT) [2] DMFT I CPA [10] CPA CPA Σ(z) z CPA Σ(z) Σ(z) Σ(z) z - CPA Σ(z) DMFT Σ(z) CPA [6] 3 1960 [7]
Aharonov-Bohm(AB) S 0 1/ 2 1/ 2 S t = 1/ 2 1/2 1/2 1/, (12.1) 2 1/2 1/2 *1 AB ( ) 0 e iθ AB S AB = e iθ, AB 0 θ 2π ϕ = e ϕ (ϕ ) ϕ
1 13 6 8 3.6.3 - Aharonov-BohmAB) S 1/ 1/ S t = 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/, 1.1) 1/ 1/ *1 AB ) e iθ AB S AB = e iθ, AB θ π ϕ = e ϕ ϕ ) ϕ 1.) S S ) e iθ S w = e iθ 1.3) θ θ AB??) S t = 4 sin θ 1 + e iθ AB e iθ AB + e
熊本県数学問題正解
00 y O x Typed by L A TEX ε ( ) (00 ) 5 4 4 ( ) http://www.ocn.ne.jp/ oboetene/plan/. ( ) (009 ) ( ).. http://www.ocn.ne.jp/ oboetene/plan/eng.html 8 i i..................................... ( )0... (
A
A05-132 2010 2 11 1 1 3 1.1.......................................... 3 1.2..................................... 3 1.3..................................... 3 2 4 2.1............................... 4 2.2
36 th IChO : - 3 ( ) , G O O D L U C K final 1
36 th ICh - - 5 - - : - 3 ( ) - 169 - -, - - - - - - - G D L U C K final 1 1 1.01 2 e 4.00 3 Li 6.94 4 Be 9.01 5 B 10.81 6 C 12.01 7 N 14.01 8 16.00 9 F 19.00 10 Ne 20.18 11 Na 22.99 12 Mg 24.31 Periodic
70 5. (isolated system) ( ) E N (closed system) N T (open system) (homogeneous) (heterogeneous) (phase) (phase boundary) (grain) (grain boundary) 5. 1
5 0 1 2 3 (Carnot) (Clausius) 2 5. 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 5. 1. 1 (system) 1) 70 5. (isolated system) ( ) E N (closed system) N T (open system) (homogeneous) (heterogeneous) (phase) (phase boundary) (grain)
液晶の物理１：連続体理論（弾性，粘性）
The Physics of Liquid Crystals P. G. de Gennes and J. Prost (Oxford University Press, 1993) Liquid crystals are beautiful and mysterious; I am fond of them for both reasons. My hope is that some readers
T g T 0 T 0 fragile * ) 1 9) η T g T g /T *1. τ τ η = Gτ. G τ
615-851 ryoichi@chemekyoto-uacjp 66-852 onuki@scphyskyoto-uacjp 1 T g T T fragile *2 1 11) 1 9) η T g T g /T *1 τ 198 τ η = Gτ G τ T c η τ 12) strong fragile T c strong η η exp(e/k B T ) 1 2/3 E SiO 2
Gmech08.dvi
51 5 5.1 5.1.1 P r P z θ P P P z e r e, z ) r, θ, ) 5.1 z r e θ,, z r, θ, = r sin θ cos = r sin θ sin 5.1) e θ e z = r cos θ r, θ, 5.1: 0 r
(Onsager )
05819311 (Onsager ) 1 2 2 Onsager 4 3 11 3.1................ 11 3.2............ 14 3.3................... 16 4 18 4.1........... 18 4.2............. 20 5 25 A 27 A.1................. 27 A.2..............
(1) (2) (3) (4) HB B ( ) (5) (6) (7) 40 (8) (9) (10)
2017 12 9 4 1 30 4 10 3 1 30 3 30 2 1 30 2 50 1 1 30 2 10 (1) (2) (3) (4) HB B ( ) (5) (6) (7) 40 (8) (9) (10) (1) i 23 c 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b d e f g h i (2) 23 23 (3) 23 ( 23 ) 23 x 1 x 2 23 x
006 11 8 0 3 1 5 1.1..................... 5 1......................... 6 1.3.................... 6 1.4.................. 8 1.5................... 8 1.6................... 10 1.6.1......................
03J_sources.key
Radiation Detection & Measurement (1) (2) (3) (4)1 MeV ( ) 10 9 m 10 7 m 10 10 m < 10 18 m X 10 15 m 10 15 m ......... (isotope)...... (isotone)......... (isobar) 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 2 3 99.985% 0.015% ~0% E
July 28, H H 0 H int = H H 0 H int = H int (x)d 3 x Schrödinger Picture Ψ(t) S =e iht Ψ H O S Heisenberg Picture Ψ H O H (t) =e iht O S e i
July 8, 4. H H H int H H H int H int (x)d 3 x Schrödinger Picture Ψ(t) S e iht Ψ H O S Heisenberg Picture Ψ H O H (t) e iht O S e iht Interaction Picture Ψ(t) D e iht Ψ(t) S O D (t) e iht O S e ih t (Dirac
18 ( ) ( ) [ ] [ ) II III A B (120 ) 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 II III A B (120 ) ( ) 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 II III A B (120 ) ( [ ]) 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 II III A B (
![18 ( ) ( ) [ ] [ ) II III A B (120 ) 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 II III A B (120 ) ( ) 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 II III A B (120 ) ( [ ]) 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 II III A B (](/thumbs/100/143999768.jpg "18 ( ) ( ) [ ] [ ) II III A B (120 ) 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 II III A B (120 ) ( ) 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 II III A B (120 ) ( [ ]) 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 II III A B (")
8 ) ) [ ] [ ) 8 5 5 II III A B ),,, 5, 6 II III A B ) ),,, 7, 8 II III A B ) [ ]),,, 5, 7 II III A B ) [ ] ) ) 7, 8, 9 II A B 9 ) ) 5, 7, 9 II B 9 ) A, ) B 6, ) l ) P, ) l A C ) ) C l l ) π < θ < π sin
meiji_resume_1.PDF
β β β (q 1,q,..., q n ; p 1, p,..., p n ) H(q 1,q,..., q n ; p 1, p,..., p n ) Hψ = εψ ε k = k +1/ ε k = k(k 1) (x, y, z; p x, p y, p z ) (r; p r ), (θ; p θ ), (ϕ; p ϕ ) ε k = 1/ k p i dq i E total = E
p = mv p x > h/4π λ = h p m v Ψ 2 Ψ
II p = mv p x > h/4π λ = h p m v Ψ 2 Ψ Ψ Ψ 2 0 x P'(x) m d 2 x = mω 2 x = kx = F(x) dt 2 x = cos(ωt + φ) mω 2 = k ω = m k v = dx = -ωsin(ωt + φ) dt = d 2 x dt 2 0 y v θ P(x,y) θ = ωt + φ ν = ω [Hz] 2π
. p.1/14
. p.1/14 F(x,y) = (F 1 (x,y),f 2 (x,y)) (x,y). p.2/14 F(x,y) = (F 1 (x,y),f 2 (x,y)) (x,y) (x,y) h. p.2/14 F(x,y) = (F 1 (x,y),f 2 (x,y)) (x,y) (x,y) h h { F 2 (x+ h,y) F 2 2(x h,y) F 2 1(x,y+ h)+f 2 1(x,y
massis21
1306. 06050804 000400 14 (1464) 0705070500, 0501080406 24, 2010 VOLUME 30, NO. 14 (1464) SATURDAY, APRIL 24, 2010 130603 2-0705070500, 0501080406 24, 2010 08010705090805020505 08 08ｨ 080408000505040709