(PV: Photovoltaics) PV (CCT: Critical Clearing Time) PV P-δ CCT CCT PV PV CCT P-δ CCT PV CCT P-δ PV PV PV : CCT[s] PV

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2 (PV: Photovoltaics) PV (CCT: Critical Clearing Time) PV P-δ CCT CCT PV PV CCT P-δ CCT PV CCT P-δ PV PV PV : CCT[s] PV PV PV PV PV i

3 PV PV 8. PV PV PV CCT δ v P PV P P ii

4 δ v P PV P P PV PV PV PV PV PV PV Y PV PV PV PV PV iii

5 A P-δ 8 B CCT 8 iv

6 PV PV PV 3. (PV: Photovoltaics) PV.. PV [] CO [] CO (I) PV PV [3] 997 PV 8 [GW] PV 5 4[GW] (.4) [4] 6[GW] (9 ) [5] PV [%] PV (II) PV PV. [6] 8GW 3 53GW 8[GW] 3 95[GW] (.) 58[GW] 3 88[GW] (.) 83[GW] 3 33[GW] (.3) [4] PV [%] ( GW ) PV

7 Cumulative installed PV power [MW] year.: PV [3] PV introduce power [GW] estimate in 8/7 estimate in 9/4 3 or 4 years earlier year.:.: [GW] [4] 3 5 8% 5 7% 38 49% 4% 6 % 63 % 33 % 6 % 8 96

8 .: [GW] [4] % 5 7% 39 54% 4 49% 6 3% 63 % 4% 33 % : [GW] [4] % 49 5% 63 58% 86 56% 6 % 63 9% 3% 33 % : [GW] [4] % 46 9% 4 6% 43 59% 3 8% 5 % % 3 % 7 4 (III) PV PV ( ) [7] PV PV.3 [8] km ( 8 3 ) (IV).4 [9] ITIC. 3

9 .35.3 aerial cable fault underground cable fault fault rate [num/km] year.3: 6%. % IEEE346 Information Technology Industry Council (ITIC) SEMI(Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International) SEMI F47 Cheng-Chieh Shen IEC PLC(Programmable Logic Controller) PLC (I) [] Tan MPPT PV.5 PV I r PV P pv I pv V ac I ac V pv I pv MPPT MPPT(Maximum Power Point Tracking) PV MPPT V pv.6 PV.6[s] % % (.6(a)) PV [W] 6[W] 5.5[s] 4

10 .4: ITIC and SEMI F47 curves, and three PLC s voltage sags tolerance test results. IV A 4% B MPPT V P V C (.6(c)).7 PV.6[s] % 4% (.7(a)) PV 6[W] 5[W].5[s] 5[W] IV A 4% B MPPT V P V C (.7(c)). PV PV PV 5

11 Ir PV array I pv Inverter V ac V pv V ref I ac MPPT.5: PV [] (a) (a) (b) (b) (c) IV.6: PV [] (c) IV.7: PV [] PV PV PV ( ) 6

12 .3 PV PV PV PV PCS P-δ..PV : 7

13 PV PV PV PV.[pu] (.4).[pu] PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV (PV ) PV. PV... PV PV module PV V P V I P V. PV VI [] PV V P V V P V MPPT PV V P V Boost Converter PV V P V V DC S V DC C DC Grid Converter V DC V AC PV PV 3 PV MPPT 8

14 .: [] Boost Converter Grid Converter I AC Q Q 3 I PV L B D V DC V AC Grid PV module V PV S C DC Q Q 4.: PV [] 9

15 .. PV.3 PV [] Active Power Control MPPT ACL MPPT(Maximum Power Point Tracking) ACL(Active Current Limit) PV PV Boost Converter PV V pv PV PV module V pv Grid converter PLL(Phase Locked Loop). PV PV (.4).[pu] ACL.[pu] /..83[pu] [3].[pu] Y [4] PV. PV PV PV.. PV 4 PV PV PV PV ( 3.8) PV.5[pu] PV π

16 Active Power Control Boost converter PV module MPPT ACL V DC V DC select max V DC k. V pv P Ir V P pv IEEE 547 I max P PV V DC I AC =(I Pdes +I Qdes ) / θ I =θ V -θ PLL -atan(i Qdes /I Pdes ) I AC θ I Voltage Control + V AC * V AC - PI + - I Qmax -I Qmax Active AntiIlanding NBP Phase Locked Loop V AC θ V dq V D V Q G PLL (s) /ω ω /s ω PLL.3: PV []

17 .4 available area. P const Voltage[p.u.] I const Power [p.u.].4: PV PV PV PV PV

18 x d P-δ Y 3. PV PV 3.3 PV PV 3.4 PV PV PV PV PV PV 3.: Y 3.: PV PV 3.3: PV PV 3

19 3.4: sn PV PV PV 3 PV 4 (.4) 5 6 (.54[pu]) 6 7 PV PV.5[pu] 8 PV PV 9 PV PV 3. PV PV 3.. ( ) PV ( 3.) (I) [6] 3. / (II) ( ) 3.(a) n 4

20 v g G v t δ xl v synchronous generator I 3.: r l infinite bus n 3.(b) x P x = P = n k= x k (3.) n P k (3.) k= (3.) (3.) x P P x x P (3.3) (3.4) x = P = n k= x k = n x = x n (3.3) n P k = np (3.4) k= n (3.3) (3.4) δ v x P G x P G... δ3 v 3 δ v x P G δ3 v 3 P n G x n (a) n (b) 3.: (III) ( 3.3(a)) ( 3.3(b)) ( 3.3(c)) 5

21 (3.5) (3.6) x 3 = x 3c = x 3 + x 3 + x 3 = x 3 + x (3.5) x 3 + x 3 + x 3 = x 3 + x (3.6) δ3 v 3 x 3 v δ3 v 3 x 3f x 3 x 3 v x 3 x 3 CB x 3 CB x 3 CB CB (a) (b) δ3 v 3 x 3c v x 3 x 3 (c) 3.3: (IV) PV 3.4 PV pu [MVA] 5[kV] (3.5) (3.6).4[pu].57[pu] v 3.[pu] v P P 3.[pu] synchronous generator δ v G P δ3 v 3 P 3 CB.34[pu].34[pu] x 3 v CB.3[pu] infinite bus 3.4: PV (MVA ) 6

22 (V) PV PV PV [7] PV (VI) 3.5 PV 3.5 ( 3.3) ( 3.) ( 3.4) x x 3.4[pu].57[pu] ((III) ) P m = P PV (. ) G synchronous generator δ v P x P PV δ+δ3 i δ3 v 3 P 3 CB.34[pu].34[pu] x 3 v CB.3[pu] infinite bus 3.5: 3.5: x ([MVA] )[pu] x ( ) x ( ) x ( ) x ( ) [MVA] 5[Hz] 3.6 x,x 3 ( x =.5[pu] x ) 3.6 ( 3.3) ( 3.) ( 3.4) x x 3.6[pu] (CB:Circuit Breaker) 7

23 .8[pu] P 3 =.[pu] PV P =.5[pu] P 4 =.9[pu] ( ) x P v x G δ synchronous generator P PV δ +δ 3 i x 3 δ 3 v 3.4[pu] v P 3 CB.4[pu] CB.4[pu] infinite bus P 4 Load i 4 δ 3 3.6: (MVA ) 3.6: x ([MVA] )[pu] x ( ) x ( ) x ( ) x ( ) P δ CCT PV PV 3.3 AVR [8] PSS 8

24 P PSS PV ( 3.8(c))(Lpt=) [4] 3.3. xl ra xl xlmd xmd xld xlfd xlmd xlf xld xmd rkd rfd (a) (b) (d ) 3.7: 3.7(a) [5] 3.7(b) x d x d = x l (3.7) x md + x lmd +x lfd x l x md x lmd 3.3. (+ ) ( 3.) x d AVR&PSS d q ( ) (Lgt=5) AVR(Automatic Voltage Regulator) PSS(Power System Stabilizer) AVR [8] ( 3.8(a)) PSS P PSS ( 3.8(b))(LAT=53) [4]

25 PV PV PV ( ) P-δ ( 5 ) 6 Y ( 3.8(c))(Lpt=) [4] PV.5 CV U.5[pu].[pu] EA EAS + - G PSS EFS/G5 UL + G +T 3 s + + +T s - +T 4 s + LL G6 s +T 6 s G5 +T 5 s G=., G=5., T =.3, UL=., LL=-., T 3=., T 4=.5, G5=., T 5=.3, UL=5.5, LL=-4.8, G6=., T 6=. (a) AVR Pg EA VC Pgs +D UL + T s +T s +T 4 s +T 6 s G - +T +T 5 s +T 8 s Vs s +T 3 s +T 7 s -D LL D=., T =., T =.7, T 3 =.5, T 4 =., T 5 =., T 6 =., T 7 =., G=., T 8 =., UL=., LL=-. (b) PSS UL LL EA EF W CV W HT S g - δ +Gs +T s TQTS PLM X SR LVG - /T 3 T /T 6 VM U s L P TH +T 4 s +T 4 s cross Sec -K + TP + K δ=4.,k=.3,t =.,T =.,T 3 =.,T 4 =5.,T 5 =.5,T 6 =9.,U=.,L=.,G=. (c) 3.8: AVR PSS [9] P m P e P m P e > P m P e < P m P e =

26 3.9: PV ( 3.3) PV PV 3.7 (3.4 ) [MVA].54[pu].[pu].64[pu].64[pu].64[pu] PV.5[pu].4[pu].4[pu] (3..3 ).[pu] PV.5[pu].5[pu].5[pu].[pu].5[pu] PV.5[pu].[pu].[pu].5[pu] x (4.4) : ([MVA] )[pu]

27 3.3.7 ( 3.3) PV PV ( 3.8) PV PV PV (3.3.6 ) PV PV PV PV (.5[pu] ) [pu].83[pu].9[pu] 6 (.54[pu]) 3.4. (. ).9[pu] 6 (.54[pu]) 3.5 AVR [8] PSS

28 P PSS PV ( 3.8(c))(Lpt=) [4] PV ( ) PV.9[pu] 6 (.54[pu]) PV PV PV ( ) PV PV PV PV 3. 3.: 3.8 c 3

29 3.8: sn PV P mc + = P / PV δ c = π/ 3 P = P 3 + P 4 4 if(v 3 >.83) P 4 = P 4 else P 4 =.v 3 5 P 4 =.54[pu] 6 P 4c =[pu] 7 PV P =.5[pu] 8 PV P =[pu] 9 PV P c =P P m c: P : PV δ c : PV P : P 4 : P 4 : P : PV P c : PV 4

30 4 CCT PV 4.: ( ) v x d v 3=. - v 3 (4.).[pu] v.[pu] δ - δ PV [rad]( π/[rad]) [rad] δ 3 (4.9) - δ 4 [rad] [rad] P (4.5) P P PV (4.9) P P 3 (4.) P 3 P 4 (4.39) P 4 x.38 x 3.4 *)v 3 =.[pu] 6 **) δ c = π/[rad] δ P v δ 3 v e jδ v 3 e jδ 3 jx + i e j(δ +δ 3 ) = v 3e jδ 3 v jx (4.) (4.) v 3 v 3 (x + x 3 ) = x 3 v e j(δ δ 3 ) + jx x 3 i e jδ + x v e jδ (4.) 5

31 P G δ v synchronous generator x.385 [pu] δ3 v 3 CB P 3.6 [pu].6 [pu] x 3 CB v.7 [pu] infinite bus 4.: ( ) (4.) v 3 (4.3) v 3 = x 3v e j(δ δ 3 ) + jx x 3 i e jδ + x v e jδ 3 x + x (4.3) (4.3) v 3 x 3 v sin (δ δ 3 ) + x x 3 i cos δ x v sin δ 3 = x 3 v (sin δ cos δ 3 cos δ sin δ 3 ) + x x 3 i cos δ x v sin δ 3 = (i)δ (x 3 v sin δ ) cos δ 3 (x 3 v cos δ + x v ) sin δ 3 = x x 3 i cos δ.. (4.4) (4.4) δ 3 Z cos (δ 3 α) = x x 3 i cos δ (4.5) Z = (x 3 v sin δ ) + (x 3 v cos δ + x v ) (4.6) tan α = x 3v cos δ + x v x 3 v sin δ (4.7) (a) x x 3 i cos δ Z (x x 3 i cos δ ) (x 3 v sin δ ) + (x 3 v cos δ + x v ) (x3 v sin δ ) i + (x 3 v cos δ + x v ) (4.8) x x 3 cos δ δ 3 = cos ( x x 3 i cos δ Z (b) x x 3 i cos δ Z <- < x x 3 i cos δ Z (ii) δ = (4.4) δ = ) + α (4.9) θ - cos θ (x 3 v + x v ) sin δ 3 = x x 3 i cos δ (4.) 6

32 (a) x x 3 i cos δ x 3 v + x v ( ) δ 3 = sin x x 3 i cos δ x 3 v + x v (4.) δ 3 (4.5) P (b) x x 3 i cos δ x 3 v + x v θ - sin θ δ v 3 v 3 (4.3) v 3 = x 3v cos (δ δ 3 ) x x 3 i sin δ + x v cos δ 3 x + x (4.) δ 3 (4.9) v P P + jq P + jq = V Ī = v e jδ v e jδ v 3 e δ3 jx = v jx + v v 3 e j(δ δ3) jx (4.3) v 3 v 3 = v 3 (4.3) (4.3) P + jq = v + v e j(δ δ3) x 3 v e j(δ δ3) jx x 3 i e jδ + x v e jδ3.. (4.4) jx jx x + x 3 = v x 3 v jx jx (x + x 3 ) j v jx x 3 i e j(δ δ δ3) + x v e jδ x x + x 3 P P = v x x x 3 i cos (δ δ δ 3 ) + x v sin δ x + x 3 P = v v sin δ i x 3 v cos (δ δ δ 3 ) x + x (4.5) P 4..4 PV P P + jq P + jq = V Ī (4.6) = v 3 e jδ3 i e j(δ+δ3) (4.7) = v 3 i e jδ (4.8) P P = v 3 i cos δ (4.9) (4.) v 3 P 7

33 4..5 P 3 P 3 P PV P P loss (4.) P 3 = P + P + P loss (4.) P loss = (4.) (4.) (4.) P 3 = P + P (4.) P δ P v 3 P v x G δ synchronous generator P PV δ +δ 3 i x 3 δ 3 v 3.4[pu] v P 3 CB.4[pu] CB.4[pu] infinite bus P 4 Load i 4 δ 3 4.: ( ) ( 3.6) P 4 ( 3.6) 3 PV I 4t I 4t = i e j(δ+δ3) (4.3) 4. 3 PV I 4l I 4l = i e j(δ +δ 3 ) + i 4 e j(δ 4+δ 3 ) (4.4) I 4t I 4l (4.5) 8

34 e jφ I 4t e jφ I 4l e jφ (4.6) i e j(δ +δ 3 +φ) i e j(δ +δ 3 +φ) + i 4 e j(δ 4+δ 3 +φ) (4.7) i cos δ + δ 3 + φ i cos δ + δ 3 + φ i 4 cos(δ 4 + δ 3 + φ) (4.8) i sin δ + δ 3 + φ i sin δ + δ 3 + φ i 4 sin(δ 4 + δ 3 + φ) (4.9) 4.. δ 3 (4.8) (4.9) δ 3 = cos ( x x 3 (i cos δ i 4 cos δ 4 ) Z ) + α (4.3) Z = (x 3 v sin δ ) + (x 3 v cos δ + x v ) (4.3) tan α = x 3v cos δ + x v x 3 v sin δ (4.3) 4.. v 3 (4.9) (4.) v 3 = x 3v cos (δ δ 3 ) x x 3 (i sin δ i 4 cos δ 4 ) + x v cos δ 3 x + x (4.33) 4..3 P (4.8) (4.5) P = v v sin δ x 3 v (i cos (δ δ δ 3 ) i 4 cos (δ δ 4 δ 3 )) x + x (4.34) 4..4 PV P (4.9) P = v 3 i cos δ (4.35) 4..5 P 4 P 4 + jq 4 P 4 + jq 4 = V 4 Ī (4.36) = v 3 e jδ3 i 4 e j(δ4+δ3) (4.37) = v 3 i 4 e jδ (4.38) P 4 P 4 = v 3 i 4 cos δ (4.39) (4.) v 3 P 9

35 4..6 S A x A [pu] S B x B [pu] S A = V X A (4.4) S B = V X B (4.4) x B = x A S B S A (4.4) x A =.35[pu] S A = [MVA] S B = [MVA] x B x x =.35 = 7.38[pu] (4.43) x B 3 x.5[pu] x (4.44) x =.5.35 =.8[pu] (4.44) x [5] ω S g s ds g dt = δ (4.45) = T M (4.46) S g ([s]) M ([s]) ω ([rad/s]) δ ([rad/s]) T ( - ) s S g d ds g dt (S g) = S g dt ω MS g = = T dδ ω M dt (4.47) T dδ (4.48) P c (δ e ) > P c (δ e ) < 3

36 P c (δ e ) = T c (CCT: Critical Clearing Time) 4. P-δ δ c δ s T c 4..8 δ c δ s T c M d δ ω dt = P m (4.49) T c δ c δ c = δ s + Tc P m ω M dtdt = δ s + P mω M T c (4.5) ω = πf M(δ c δ s ) T c = (4.5) πf P m f : (5[Hz]) P m : 3

37 5 P-δ CCT PV CCT PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV (PV ) PV.9[pu] 6 (.54[pu]) PV PV PV ( ) PV PV PV PV PV ( ) PV PV P-δ 5. PV PV 4 (.. ) PV PV PV PV ( 3.8) 3

38 PV.5[pu] PV 5.. PV PV PV ( 3.8) PV.5[pu] CCT (I) 5. PV CCT PV PV.5[pu] PV.[pu] ( [MVA]) CCT PV PV CCT CCT ( ) 5.: PV CCT [s] PV.7 (II) P-δ PV P-δ 5. P-δ 5.(a) CCT.363[s] 5.(b) PV P.5[pu].[pu] δ s P m CCT.7[s] 5. P-δ.36[s] CCT PV.7[s] PV PV.5[pu] ( ) CCT 33

39 .5 P m.5 CCT=.363[s] cap=.[pu] v =.8[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c.5 P m..5 CCT=.7[s] cap=.[pu] v =.[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c δ s δ [deg] δ c δ e δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e (a) (b) PV 5.: PV.5 Pm.5 CCT=.36[s] cap=.[pu] v =.3[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c.5 P m..5 CCT=.7[s] cap=.[pu] v =.[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e (a) (b) PV 5.: PV 34

40 5.. PV PV PV.5[pu] ( 3.8) PV CCT ( 5.) PV CCT (I) 5. PV CCT PV PV.5[pu](PV ).5[pu].5[pu].75[pu] CCT PV CCT 5.: PV CCT [s] PV PV (II) P-δ PV P-δ 5.3 P-δ 5.3(a) CCT.363[s] 5.3(b) PV P.5[pu].75[pu] P m CCT.5[s].5 P m.5 CCT=.363[s] cap=.[pu] v =.8[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c.5 P m.75.5 CCT=.5[s] cap=.[pu] v =.9[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c δ s δ [deg] δ c δ e δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e (a) ( ) (b) PV 5.3: PV 5.4 PV P-δ 5.4(a) CCT.5[s] 5.4(b) PV P P m CCT.75[s] 35

41 .5 P m.5 CCT=.[s] cap=.5[pu] v =.8[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c.5 P m.75.5 CCT=.75[s] cap=.75[pu] v =.3[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e (a) (b) PV 5.4: PV P-δ 5..3 PV PV PV ( 3.8) PV CCT ( 5.3) (I) 5.3 PV CCT PV P CCT 5.3: PV CCT [s] PV (II) P-δ PV P-δ 5.5 P-δ 5.5(a) CCT.363[s] 5.5(b) PV P c CCT.69[s] 5.5(a) (P-δ ) P c P 3c PV 5.5(b) PV P c δ 7[deg].5[pu] PV 36

42 PV δ PV (4.5) PV i P P = v v sin δ i x 3 v cos (δ δ δ 3 ) x + x (5.) P δ δ δ 3 δ PV δ = δ δ 3 (4.9) (4.6) (4.7) δ 3 = cos ( x x 3 i cos δ Z ) + α (5.) Z = (x 3 v sin δ ) + (x 3 v cos δ + x v ) (5.3) tan α = x 3v cos δ + x v x 3 v sin δ (5.4) δ = π PV /.(PV PV.[pu] ) PV i =..5=.6[pu] Z = (x 3 v ) + (x v ) = (.57.8) + (.38.).693. (5.5) tan α = x 3v cos δ + x v = (5.6) x 3 v sin δ.57.8 ( ) δ 3 = cos x x 3 i cos δ + α (5.7) Z cos ( ) + tan (.57) (5.8) cos (.57) + tan (.57).89[rad] (5.9) δ δ 3 = π.89 = (5.) cos(δ δ 3 ) cos(.39) (5.) i x 3 v cos (δ δ δ 3 ) x + x 3 = [pu] (5.) δ =9[deg].4[pu] 5.6 PV P-δ 5.6(a) CCT.5[s] 5.6(b) PV P c CCT.44[s] PV CCT 5..4 PV PV PV PV ( 3.8) CCT 37

43 .5 P m.5 CCT=.363[s] cap=.[pu] v =.8[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c.5 P m.5 CCT=.69[s] cap=.[pu] v =.8[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c δ s δ [deg] δ c δ e δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e (a) ( ) (b) PV 5.5: PV P-δ.5 P m.5 CCT=.[s] cap=.5[pu] v =.8[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c.5 P m.5 CCT=.44[s] cap=.5[pu] v =.8[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e (a) ( ) (b) PV 5.6: PV P-δ 38

44 (I) 5.4 PV CCT PV CCT 5.4: PV CCT [s] PV (II) P-δ PV P-δ 5.7(a) P-δ CCT.363[s] 5.7(b) 5.7(a) PV P-δ PV P Q PV δ π P-δ (4.) v 3 = x 3v cos (δ δ 3 ) x x 3 i sin δ + x v cos δ 3 x + x (5.3) PV δ π v 3 P v 3 P = v v 3 sin(δ δ 3 ) x (5.4) v 3 P CCT.39[s].5 P m.5 CCT=.363[s] cap=.[pu] v =.8[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c.5 P m.5 CCT=.39[s] cap=.[pu] v =.8[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c δ s δ [deg] δ c δ e δ s δ [deg] δ c δ e (a) ( ) (b) PV 5.7: PV P-δ 39

45 5. 3 (3.4 ) ( 3.8) [pu].83[pu] ( 3.8) CCT CCT (I) 5.5 CCT CCT 5.5: CCT [s] (II) P-δ P-δ 5.8(a) P-δ CCT.36[s] 5.8(b) 5.8(a) P-δ P 4 CCT.369[s] 5.9 P-δ 5.9(a) CCT.7[s] 5.9(b) ( 5.4 ) CCT.68[s] (.54[pu]) ( 3.8) P P m CCT 4

46 .5 Pm.5 CCT=.36[s] cap=.[pu] v =.3[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c.5 Pm.5 CCT=.369[s] cap=.[pu] v =.3[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e (a) ( ) (b) 5.8: P-δ.5 Pm.5 CCT=.7[s] cap=.5[pu] v =.[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c.5 Pm.5 CCT=.68[s] cap=.5[pu] v =.[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e (a) (b) 5.9: P-δ 4

47 (I) 5.6 CCT P P m CCT 5.6: CCT [s] (II) P-δ P-δ 5. P-δ 5.(a) CCT.36[s] (.[pu]) ( ).5[pu].4[pu] 5.(b) CCT.77[s].5 Pm.5 CCT=.36[s] cap=.[pu] v =.3[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c.5.5 P m.4 CCT=.77[s] cap=.64[pu] v =.[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e δ s δ [deg] δ c δ e (a) ( ) (b) 5.: P-δ 5. P-δ 5.(a) CCT.7[s] 5.(b) v 3 CCT.5[s] 5..3 CCT 4

48 .5 Pm.5 CCT=.7[s] cap=.5[pu] v =.[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c.5.5 P m.4 CCT=.5[s] cap=.4[pu] v =.3[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e (a) ( ) (b) 5.: P-δ (I) 5.7 CCT sin P 3c CCT PV CCT (.7[s]) 5.7: CCT [s] (II) P-δ P-δ 5. P-δ 5.(a) CCT.36[s] 5.(b) P c P-δ CCT.87[s] PV P c P 3c P c P-δ (4.34) i 4 P = v v sin δ x 3 v (i cos (δ δ δ 3 ) i 4 cos (δ δ 4 δ 3 ) x + x (5.5) 5.3 P-δ 5.3(a) CCT.7[s] 5.3(b) P-δ P-δ.6[pu] P m (.5[pu]) CCT.9[s] PV ( 5.(b)).7[s] 43

49 .5 Pm.5 CCT=.36[s] cap=.[pu] v =.3[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c.5 Pm.5 CCT=.87[s] cap=.[pu] v =.3[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e (a) ( ) (b) 5.: P-δ.5 Pm.5 CCT=.7[s] cap=.5[pu] v =.[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c.5 Pm.5 CCT=.9[s] cap=.5[pu] v =.[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e (a) ( ) (b) 5.3: P-δ 44

50 5.3 (.. ) PV PV ( 3.8) 5.3. PV (3.3.6 ) PV PV ([MVA]) P-δ CCT (I) 5.8 CCT CCT 5.8: CCT [s] PV (II) P-δ P-δ 5.4(a) P-δ 5.4(b) 5.4(a) P-δ (II-) P-δ.[pu].5[pu] ([MVA]) x.38[pu].636[pu] δ s 34[deg] 4[rad] P c δ e 55[deg] 48[deg] 45

51 (II-) [s] 5[s] (4.5) CCT M M(δ c δ s ) T c = (5.6) πf P m ( ) (δ c δ s ) P m CCT.5 P m.5 CCT=.363[s] cap=.[pu] v =.8[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c.5 P m.5 CCT=.[s] cap=.5[pu] v =.8[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c δ s δ [deg] δ c δ e δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e (a) ( ) (b) 5.4: P-δ 5.3. PV PV PV ( ) LFC( ) PV P-δ PV (.5[pu]) CCT (I) 5.9 PV CCT PV CCT (II) P-δ PV P-δ PV 46

52 5.9: PV CCT [s] PV (II-) 5.5(a) P-δ 5.5(b) PV P-δ 5.5(a) 5.5(b) PV.5[pu] CCT.5 P m.5 CCT=.363[s] cap=.[pu] v =.8[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c.5 P mc.75 P m.5 CCT=.33[s] cap=.[pu] v =.8[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c δ s δ [deg] δ c δ e δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e (a) ( ) (b) PV 5.5: PV P-δ (II-) 5.6(a) PV P-δ 5.6(b) 5.5(a) P-δ P-δ.5 P mc.75 P m.5 CCT=.58[s] cap=.5[pu] v =.8[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c.5 P mc.75 Pm.5 no CCT cap=.5[pu] v =.[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e δ s δ e δ [deg] (a) (b) 5.6: PV P-δ 47

53 5.4 (.. ) PV ( 3.8) 5.4. P δ CCT (I) 5. CCT 5.: CCT[s] (II) P-δ P-δ 5.7 P-δ 5.7(a) 5.7(b).5 P m.5 CCT=.363[s] cap=.[pu] v =.8[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c.5 Pm.5 CCT=.36[s] cap=.[pu] v =.3[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c δ s δ [deg] δ c δ e δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e (a) (b) 5.7: P-δ 48

54 P P (4.5) P = v v sin δ i x 3 v cos (δ δ δ 3 ) x + x (5.7) P (4.34) P = v v sin δ x 3 v (i cos (δ δ δ 3 ) i 4 cos (δ δ 4 δ 3 ) x + x (5.8) (II-) δ =[deg] PV P i 4 (.9[pu]) PV i (.5[pu]) P δ P P (II-) P v x +x 3 x =.38[pu] x 3 =.57[pu] v =.[pu] 3 x =.5[pu] x 3 =.8[pu] v =.3[pu] P-δ. P max =.4[pu] (5.9) P max =.3.79[pu] (5.) δ =75[deg] P-δ.[pu] CCT (II-3) 5.8 P-δ 5.8(a) 5.8(b) CCT P-δ CCT 5.4. PV PV ( 3.8) P P m CCT (I) 5. CCT CCT 49

55 .5 P m.5 CCT=.[s] cap=.5[pu] v =.8[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c.5 Pm.5 CCT=.7[s] cap=.5[pu] v =.[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e (a) (b) 5.8: P-δ 5.: CCT [s] (II) P-δ P-δ P (II-) P 5.9(a) P-δ CCT.363[s] 5.9(b) P.[pu] PV P (.5[pu]) PV.[pu].5[pu] M ([MVA]) [s] 5[s] P m.5[pu].[pu] (4.5) CCT M P m M(δ c δ s ) T c = (5.) πf P m CCT.5/.87 ( CCT.3[s]) δ s δ c δ s CCT.9[s] (II-) P.[pu].[pu] P-δ δ =8[deg].97[pu].[pu] P-δ 5.(b) P-δ.37[pu] 5

56 .5 P m.5 CCT=.363[s] cap=.[pu] v =.8[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c.5 P m..5 CCT=.9[s] cap=.5[pu] v =.3[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c δ s δ [deg] δ c δ e δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e (a) ( ) (b) 5.9: P-δ.5 Pm.5 CCT=.36[s] cap=.[pu] v =.3[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c.5 P m..5 CCT=.36[s] cap=.[pu] v =.[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e (a) ( ) (b) 5.: P-δ 5

57 PV PV 5.5. CCT 5. PV CCT PV Case No. 5. sn(scenario number) trans. const. trans. reduce load const. load reduce PV CCT.7[s] 5.: CCT[s] sn PV PV PV PV.7 9 PV (I) PV PV CCT CCT PV PV PV ( 3.8) PV PV.5[pu] CCT PV PV.5[pu] ( 3.8) PV PV CCT ( 5.) PV CCT 5

58 CCT[s] Case No. trans. const. load const. trans. reduce load reduce 5.: CCT[s] PV PV ( 3.8) PV CCT ( 5.3) PV PV ( 3.8) CCT (II) CCT.83[pu].83[pu] ( 3.8) CCT CCT 6 (.54[pu]) ( 3.8) P P m CCT CCT (III) CCT 53

59 PV (3.3.6 ) PV PV P-δ CCT PV PV (.5[pu]) CCT (IV) CCT P δ CCT PV PV ( 3.8) P P m CCT 5.5. PV PV PV ( 3.8) PV PV CCT ( 5.3) CCT (I) 5.3 PV CCT PV 5. PV CCT PV PV PV CCT PV CCT PV 54

60 5.3: PV CCT[s] sn PV PV PV * PV PV PV.7 99 PV PV PV *: -:CCT ( ) CCT[s] Case No. trans. const. load const. trans. reduce load reduce 5.: PV 55

61 (II) P-δ PV CCT 5.3 PV P-δ 5.3(a) CCT.5[s] 5.3(b) CCT.5[s] PV P 3c PV PV P c CCT.5.5 P m.4 CCT=.5[s] cap=.4[pu] v =.3[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c.5.5 P m.4 CCT=.5[s] cap=.4[pu] v =.3[pu] P c P c P 3c P 4c v 3c δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e (a) sn 5 (b) sn 95 PV 5.3: P-δ (III) PV P-δ (4.33) PV v 3 = x 3v cos (δ δ 3 ) x x 3 (i sin δ i 4 cos δ 4 ) + x v cos δ 3 x + x (5.) PV i δ 3 PV i (4.9) (4.6) (4.7) δ 3 = cos ( x x 3 i cos δ Z ) + α (5.3) Z = (x 3 v sin δ ) + (x 3 v cos δ + x v ) (5.4) tan α = x 3v cos δ + x v x 3 v sin δ (5.5) 5.4(a) δ =9[deg] PV i v 3 5.4(b) 5.(b) 5.4(a) PV i v 3 5.4(b) PV i.5[pu] v 3 PV i v 3 56

62 v 3 [s].73 v 3 [s] i [pu] i [pu] (a) sn 5 (b) sn : δ =9[deg] PV i v 3 (IV) PV CCT 5.4 PV ( ) PV ( ) PV PV PV PV 5.4: CCT CCT PV * PV *: 57

63 6 Y Y CCT 5 AVR PSS PV Y Y CCT PV CCT Y P EF v EF ( / ) pu [pu] δ [deg] 6. PV PV 3 (.. ) PV PV PV ( 3.8) PV.5[pu] PV PV Y 6.. PV PV PV ( 3.8) PV.5[pu] CCT (I) 6. PV CCT 58

64 PV PV.5[pu] PV.[pu] ( [MVA]) CCT PV PV CCT CCT ( ) 6.: PV CCT [s] PV.9.7 (II) Y PV Y 6.(a) Y CCT.37[s] 6.(b) PV P.5[pu].[pu] δ s P m δ P m CCT.9[s].5 CCT=.37[s] CCT=.9[s] δ [deg] δ [deg] time [s] δ P e t e g time [s] δ P e t e g EF/ (a) (b) PV 6.: PV 6.. PV PV PV.5[pu] ( 3.8) PV CCT ( 6.) PV CCT 59

65 (I) 6. PV CCT PV PV.5[pu](PV ).5[pu].5[pu].75[pu] CCT PV CCT 6.: PV CCT [s] PV PV (II) Y PV Y 6.(a) Y CCT.37[s] 6.(b) PV P.5[pu].75[pu] P m CCT.8[s].5 CCT=.37[s] CCT=.8[s] δ [deg] δ [deg] time [s] δ P e t e g time [s] δ P e t e g EF/ (a) (b) PV 6.: PV 6..3 PV PV PV ( 3.8) PV CCT ( 6.3) 6

66 (I) 6.3 PV CCT PV P CCT 6.3: PV CCT [s] PV (II) Y PV Y 6.3(a) Y CCT.37[s] 6.3(b) PV Y PV P.88[pu].76[pu] CCT.47[s].5 CCT=.3[s] CCT=.47[s] δ [deg] δ [deg] time [s] δ P e t e g P time [s] δ P e t e g P (a) (b) PV 6.3: PV 6. 3 (3.4 ) ( 3.8) 6

67 6...83[pu].83[pu] ( 3.8) CCT CCT (I) 6.4 CCT CCT 6.4: CCT [s] (II) Y PV Y 6.4(a) Y CCT.3[s] 6.4(b) 6.4(a) P 4 P CCT.34[s].5 CCT=.337[s] CCT=.34[s] δ [deg] δ [deg] time [s] δ P e t e g P time [s] δ P e t e g P 4 (a) (b) 6.4: 6.5(a) Y CCT.47[s] 6.5(b) 6.5(a) 6.5(a) δ 9[deg](t=.9[s]).75[pu] δ 9[deg](t=.[s]).7[pu] CCT.4[s] 6

68 .5 CCT=.47[s] CCT=.4[s] δ [deg] δ [deg] time [s] δ P e t e g P time [s] δ P e t e g P 4 (a) (b) 6.5: (.54[pu]) ( 3.8) P P m CCT (I) 6.5 CCT P P m CCT 6.5: CCT [s] (II) Y Y 6.6(a) Y CCT.337[s] 6.6(b) P δ CCT.737[s] 6.7(a) Y CCT.47[s] 6.7(b) e g CCT.8[s] 63

69 .5 CCT=.33[s] CCT=.737[s] δ [deg] δ [deg] time [s] δ P e t e g time [s] δ P e t e g (a) (b) 6.6:.5 CCT=.47[s] CCT=.8[s] δ [deg] δ [deg] time [s] δ P e t e g time [s] δ P e t e g (a) (b) 6.7: 64

70 6..3 CCT (I) 6.6 CCT CCT 6.6: CCT [s] (II) Y PV Y 6.8(a) Y CCT.337[s] 6.8(b) Y P P-δ CCT.87[s].5 CCT=.337[s] CCT=.87[s] δ [deg] δ [deg] time [s] δ P e t e g P time [s] δ P e t e g EF/ (a) (b) 6.8: 6.3 (.. ) PV PV ( 3.8) 65

71 6.3. AVR&PSS (3.3. ) x d CCT (I) 6.7 CCT δ q e g x d AVR PSS.[pu] CCT PV CCT 6.7: CCT [s] PV.7.7 (II) Y Y 6.9(a) CCT.363[s] 6.9(b) Y e g P CCT.3[s] 6.9 PV Y TP ( ) ( ) CCT.7[s] 66

72 .5 P m.5 CCT=.363[s] cap=.[pu] v =.8[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c.5.5 CCT=.37[s] δ [deg] δ s δ [deg] δ c δ e time [s] δ P e t e g (a) P-δ (b) Y.5 CCT=.7[s] δ [deg] time [s] δ P e t e g TP 6.9: PV Y 6.3. PV (3.3.6 ) PV PV ([MVA]) P-δ CCT (I) 6.8 CCT CCT Y 6.8: CCT [s] PV

73 (II) Y PV Y 6.(a) Y CCT.37[s] 6.(b) P-δ Y P.43[s].88[pu].8[s].8[pu] [s] 5[s] CCT.87[s].5 CCT=.37[s] CCT=.87[s] δ [deg] δ [deg] time [s] δ P e t e g time [s] δ P e t e g (a) (b) 6.: 6.(a) Y 6.(b) P-δ CCT.47[s].8[pu].7[pu].5 CCT=.33[s] CCT=.47[s] δ [deg] δ [deg] time [s] δ P e t e g time [s] δ P e t e g (a) (b) 6.: PV PV PV ( ) LFC( ) 68

74 PV P-δ PV (.5[pu]) CCT (I) 6.9 PV CCT PV CCT 6.9: PV CCT [s] PV (II) Y PV Y 6.(a) Y CCT.37[s] 6.(b) PV CCT.37[s] PV T P 6.4(a) T P.75[pu] 5[s] CCT Y 6.3(a) Y CCT.87[s] 6.3(b) PV CCT.87[s] 6.4(b) T P.75[pu] 5[s] T P 6.4 (.. ) PV ( 3.8) 69

75 .5 CCT=.3[s] CCT=.3[s] δ [deg] δ [deg] time [s] δ P EA v TP time [s] δ P EA v TP (a) (b) PV 6.: PV.5 CCT=.9[s] CCT=.9[s] δ [deg] δ [deg] time [s] δ P EA v TP time [s] δ P EA v TP (a) (b) PV 6.3: PV.5 CCT=.37[s] CCT=.87[s] δ [deg] δ [deg] time [s] time [s] δ P e t e g TP δ P e t e g TP (a) (b) 6.4: PV Y 7

76 6.4. P δ CCT (I) 6. CCT PV CCT 6.: CCT[s] PV.9.7 (II) Y PV Y 6.5(a) Y CCT.37[s] 6.5(b) EF.4[pu] CCT.337[s].5 CCT=.37[s] CCT=.33[s] δ [deg] δ [deg] time [s] δ P e t e g time [s] δ P e t e g (a) (b) 6.5: 6.4. PV PV ( 3.8) 7

77 P P m CCT (I) 6. CCT CCT 6.: CCT [s] (II) Y PV Y 6.6(a) Y CCT.37[s] 6.6(b).5 [MVA] 65[MVA] P P.5[pu].[pu] δ 7[deg] CCT.6[s].5 CCT=.37[s] CCT=.6[s] δ [deg] δ [deg] time [s] δ P e t e g time [s] δ P e t e g EF/ (a) (b) 6.6: Y PV CCT CCT 6. 7

78 CCT PV CCT CCT Y CCT ( 5.4) 6.: CCT[s] PV PV PV PV PV

79 7 7. PV P-δ CCT CCT PV PV CCT P-δ CCT PV CCT P-δ PV PV PV 7. PV PV PCS 74

80 75

81 TA C 76

82 4 77

83 [] Wikipedia, - Wikipedia, %BD%E9%9B%BB%E6%B%A, 3 [] Wikipedia, - Wikipedia, %83%E6%B8%A9%E6%9A%96%E5%8C%96, 3 [3] IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY, Trends in photovoltaic applications. Survey report of selected IEAcountries between 99 and 8, Report IEA-PVPS T-8, p5, 9 [4],, 9-8 [5], ( ), 9 [6], 3,, 9 [7],, VOL.3, No., [8],, p., 8 [9] Cheng-Chieh Shen, A Voltage Sag Index Considering Compatibility Between Equipment and Supply, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL., NO., APRIL 7 [] Tan Tiam Yun, A model of PV generation suitable for stability analysis, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, v 9, n 4, p , December 4 [] Minwon Park, a novel simulation method for PV power generation systems using real weather conditions, ISIE. IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics Proceedings (Cat. No.TH857), p 56-3 vol., [] S. Achilles, Transmission System Performance Analysis for High-Penetration Photoboltaics, NREL/SR-58-43, 8 [3],,, R95, [4], - -L Y S (H9 ), 9 [5], - -,, ISBN , p. 9, 9 [6],,, ISBN , pp , [7],,,,,, (-3) ( ) 78

84 [8],,, vol 536, p5 (995-) [9], - -,, ISBN , p. 49, 9 79

85 .,,,, K. M. Liyanage, - -, (-9).,,,, K. M. Liyanage, - -,, PE--3 PSE-- (-9) 3.,,,,,, PSE--3 (-) 4.,,,,, / /, PE--3/PSE- -4/SPC--77 (-3) ( ) 5.,,,,, (-3) ( ).,,,,,, (-3) ( ) 8

86 A P-δ A. P-δ x.38[pu] P δ s =3[deg].5[pu] PV P.5[pu] P 3 P P.[pu] v 3.[pu] v.8[pu] P P m P c P m δ e P c PV P 3c PV P c v 3c v 3 δ c 76[deg] CCT.33[s].5 P mc.75 P m.5 CCT=.33[s] cap=.[pu] v =.8[pu] P c P c P 3c v 3c δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e A.: P-δ 8

87 B CCT synchronous generator δ v G P δ3 v 3 P 3 CB.34[pu].34[pu] x 3 v CB.3[pu] infinite bus B.: (-) P-δ A. PV i = P v v δ P = v v sin δ x + x (B.) P-δ ( B.) x 3 =.3 x t =.4 δ P c P (-) δ s δ e P 3 = P (B.) P P m P 3 (=.[pu]) P = P m =.[pu] (B.3) δ s P =.[pu] δ (B.) ( B.3) ( ) δ s = sin (x + x 3 )P m (B.4) v v (B.4) 4[deg] 8

88 .5 P P c P [pu] δ [deg] B.: P-δ (PV ) δ e P c =.[pu] δ δ e ( δ s = sin (x + x ) 3)P m (B.5) v v δ e 7[deg].5 P P c P m. P [pu] δ s δ [deg] δ e B.3: P-δ δ s δ e (PV ) (-3) δ c δ c 83

89 ( ) ( ) δ δ c CCT c (P m )dδ e s c (P c P m )dδ = (B.6) (B.6) 6 δ c NR δ c 53[deg] P [pu].5 P m..5 up down P P c δ s δ c δ [deg] δ e B.4: P-δ δ s (PV ) (-4) T c P m δ s δ c (B.7) T c M(δ c δ s ) T c = (B.7) πf P m M [s] f 5[Hz].7[s] 84