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1 A STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL ENURESIS IN CHILDREN : VOIDING CYSTOURETHROGRAPHIC AND CYSTOMETRIC STUDY Kiyotaka Kitagawa Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University. (Director : Prof. K. Kuroda) Functional enuretics were studied by voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) and cystometry. VCUG was done on 106 cases, and cystometry on 48 cases. Both were performed on 35 cases. 1) All cases had smooth vesical outline at rest. Abnormal base plate at rest was recognized in 14 of 26 cases (53. 8%). This finding was often appeared in older children and the prognosis of enuresis was poor. 2) On voiding, the form of the bladder was various. Mural irregularity was recognized in 42 of 106 cases (40. 6%), and it was more often in younger children. 3) The constricted bladder neck was recognized in 58 of 106 cases (54. 7%). This finding was more often recognized in boys (67. 1%) than in girls (23. 3%). The diameter of the bladder neck in mid voiding varies from 5 mm to 20 mm. Girls usually had a wider diameter. 4) The diameter of the prostatic urethra in mid voiding was under 13 mm except one case. The diameter of the mid urethra was relatively large, and the functional distal urethral stenosis was considered. The ring-like filling defect was observed in five cases. 5) The author classified voiding cystourethrogram from type I to type IV. Type I had smooth bladder neck. Type II had anterior defect of the bladder neck. Type III had posterior defect of the bladder neck. Type IV had anterior and posterior defects of the bladder neck. In boys type III and type IV were often seen, and in girls type I was usually seen. 6) On cystometry uninhibited contraction was observed in 45. 8% of 48 cases, and more in boys. It was considered that girls with uninhibited contraction had high possibility of urinary tract infection. 7) Mural irregularity and constricted bladder neck on VCUG were correlated with abnormal cystometric findings.
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3 Table 1 Voiding cystourethrography in enuresis Table 2 Base plate at rest Table 3 Mural irregularity on VCUG
4 Table 5 Diameter of the bladder ueck on vcug Table 4 Bladder neck on VCUG
5 Table 6 Diameter of the prostatic (or mid) urethra on vcug Table 7 Diameter of the membranous (or distal) urethra on VCUG Table 8 Type of the Bladder neck on vcug
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7 Table 9 Cystometric findings in enuresis
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13 676 Fig. Fig. 5前 3 Urethral fold 像 立 腺 部 尿 道 の 拡張 と リン グ 状 陰影 欠 損)器 質 的 通過 障 害 を 認 めず) Fig. Tg+6 4女 児 に お け る 広 いmid Suspensory 異 常 所 見 あ り(器 ligalnentに uretllra よ る 影i響. 質 的 通 過 障 害 な し) 頚 部}こ も
14 677 Fig7外 尿 道 口狭 窄 に よる前 部 尿 道 の 円筒 状 像 Fig8(b)H型 のVCUG Fig.8(a)1型 のVCUG Fig8(c)1型 のVCUG
15 1) Blomfield, J. M. and Douglas, J. W. B.: Bedwetting; prevalence among children aged 4-7
16 years. Lancet, 1, , ) Brodny, M. L. and Robins, S. A.: Enuresis; the use of cystourethrography in diagnosis. J. A. M. A., 126, , ) Fisher, O. D. and Forsythe, WI.: Micturating cysto-urethrography in the investigation of enuresis. Arch. Dis. Childh., 29, , ) Kjellberg, S. R., Ericsson, NO. and Rudhe, U.: The lower urinary tract in childhood , The Year Book Publishers, Inc., Chicago, ) Burrows, E. H.: Urethral lesions in infancy and childhood , Charles C Thomas, Springfield, ) Hertz, M.: Cystourethrography. 3-20, 35-36, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, ) Rose, D. K.: Determination of bladder pressure with the cystometer. J. A. M. A., 88, , ) Sitkery, J.: Untersuchungen caber die Pathologie der sogenannten Enuresis nocturna. Zschr. Urol., 33, , ) Stockwell, L. and Smith, C. K.: Enuresis; a study of causes, types and therapeutic results. Amer. J. Dis. Child., 59, , ) Linderholm, B. E.: The cystometric findings in enuresis. J. Urol., 96, , ) Shopfner, C. E.: Urinary tract pathology associated with constipation. Radiology, 90, , ) Williams, D. I.: The radiological diagnosis of lower urinary obstruction in the early years. Brit. J. Radiol., 27, , ) Muellner, SR. and Fleischner, F. G.: Normal and abnormal micturition; a study of bladder behavior by means of the fluoroscope. J. Urol., 61, , ) Hutch, J. A.: A new theory of the anatomy of the internal urinary sphincter and the physiology of micturition. Invest. Urol., 3, 36-58, ) Shopfner, C. E. and Hutch, J. A.: The normal urethrogram. Radiol. Clinic North America, 6, , ) Backer, E. De. and Williams, DI.: Cineradiology in enuretic girls; the wide bladder neck syndrome. Brit. J. Urol., 33, , ) Taylor, J. S.: Primary dilatation of the bladder neck and urethra in boys. Brit. J. Urol., 41, , ) Preiss, U.: Die Miktionszystourethrographie als Bestandteil der Infusionsurographie im Kindesalter. Zschr. Urol., 65, 81-88, ) Stanton, L, and Willi. ams, DI.: The wide bladder neck in children. Brit. J. Urol., 45, 60-64, ) Rudhe, U. and Ericsson, N. O.: Roentgen evaluation of primary bladder neck obstruction in children. Acta Radiol., 3, , ) Shopfner, C. E.: Roentgenological evaluation of bladder neck obstruction. Amer. J. Roentgenol., 100, , ) Sheach, J. M.: Enuresis in children. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 47, , ) Rhamy, R. K., Garrett, R. A, and Carr, JR.: Cineradiographic characteristics of infravesical obstruction. J. Urol., 88, , ) King, L. R., Mellins, H. Z. and Scott, W. W.: Radiographic evaluation of the bladder neck in childhood. J. Urol., 91, 52-57, ) Young, H. H., Frontz, W. A. and Baldwin, J. C.: Congenital obstruction of the posterior urethra. J. Urol., 3, , ) Waterhouse, K.: The dilated posterior urethra. I. Male. J. Urol., 90, 71-75, ) Clayton, C. B., Dee, P. M., Scott, J. E. S. and Simpson, W.: The micturating urethrogram in female children. Brit. J. Radiol., 39, , ) Lyon, R. P, and Smith, D. R.: Distal urethral stenosis. J. Urol., 89, , ) Weiss, J. M., Dykhuizen, R. F., Sargent, C. R. and Tandy, R. W.: Urinary tract infection in girls. 1. A computerized analysis of urethral stenosi;.. J. Urol., 100, , ) Shopfner, C. E.: Roentgen evaluation of distal urethral obstruction. Radiology, 88, , ) Permutter, AD.. Colodny, A., Harris, P. D. and Gross, R. E.: Urethral meatal stenosis in female children simulating bladder-neck obstruction. J. Pediat., 69, , 1966.
17 39) Graham, J. B., King, L. R., Kropp, K. A. and Uehling, D. T.: The significance of distal urethral narrowing in young girls. J. Urol., 97, , ) Immergut, M., Culp, D. and Flocks, R. H.: The urethral caliber in normal female children. J. Urol., 97, , ) Omogbehin, B. and Willich, E.: Die Miktions- Zystourethrographie im Kindesalter-Frfahrungen mit der suprapubischen Blasenpunktion an 210 Fallen. Z. Kinderchir., 15, , ) Campbell, M. F.: Enuresis its urologic aspects. J. Urol., 28, , ) Lapides, J.: Observation on normal and abnormal bladder physiology. J. Urol., 70, 74-83, ) Lapides, J.: Cystometry. J. A. M. A., 201, , ) Arnold, J. H.: Cystometry and enuresis. J. Urol., 96, , ) Esperanca, M. and Gerrard, J. W.: Nocturnal enuresis; studies in bladder function in normal children and enuretics. Canad. Med. Ass. J., 101, , ) Troup, C. W. and Hodgson, N. B.: Nocturnal functional bladder capacity in enuretic children. J. Urol., 105, , ) Starfield, B.: Functional bladder capacity in enuretic and nonenuretic children. J. Pediat., 70, , ) Pompeius, R.: Cystometry in pediatric enuresis. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol., 5, , ) Torrens, M. J. and Collins, C. D.: The urodynamic assessment of adult enuresis. Brit. J. Urol., 47, , ) Whiteside, C. G. and Arnold, E. P.: Persistent primary enuresis; a urodynamic assessment. Brit. Med. J., 1, , ) Bates, C. P., Whiteside, C. G. and Turner- Warwick, R.: Synchronous cine/pressure/ flow/cysto-urethrography with special reference to stress and urge incontinence. Brit. J. Urol., 42, , ) Grossman, H. B., Kof, S. A. and Diokno, A. C.: Cystometry in children. J. Urol., 117, , ) Andersen, J. T. and Bradley, W. E.: Cystometry; detrusor reflex activation, classification and terminology. J. Urol., 118, , ) Muschat, M.: The value of cystometry. J. Urol., 33, , ) Rose, D. K.: The present status of cystometry. J. A. M. A., 107, , ) Lapides, J, and Costello, R. T.: Uninhibited neurogenic bladder; a common cause for recurrent urinary infection in normal women. J. Urol., 101, , ) Gleason, D. M. and Bottaccini, M. R.: The vital role of the distal urethral segment in the control of urinary flow rate. J. Urol., 100, , ) Muellner, S. R.: The physiology of micturition. J. Urol., 65, , ) Muellner, S. R.: Development of urinary control in children. J. A. M. A., 172, , 1960.
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