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1 / / / * :6 1 88/6/ : 89/3/ * tabatabaei@tabrizu.ac.ir Mill.) (Prunus dulcis /25mg/l) ) ( ) :

2 / / / Interactive Effect of Boron Toxicity and Rootstock on the Growth, Photosynthetic Rate and Nutrient Concentratio of Almond Tree M Oraei 1, SJ Tabatabaei 2*, A Imani 3 and E Fallahi 4 Received: 6 September 2009 Accepted: 6 June Ph.D Student of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 2 Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 3 Assistant Professor, Seed and Plant Improvement Ititute, Karaj, Iran 4 Professor, University of Idaho, Parma Research and Exteion Center, U of I Lane, Parma, Idaho, 83660, USA. *Corresponding author: tabatabaei@tabrizu.ac.ir Abstract Boron toxicity is an important disorder that can limit plant growth in arid and semi-arid environments. It has been proven that use of tolerant rootstocks impede B uptake or traport to the aerial portio of plants. This may alleviate B toxicity in the scion, coequently improves the tolerance to excess B in the root zone. An experiment was conducted to find interactive effect of B toxicity and rootstock on vegetative growth, photosynthetic rate and nutrient concentratio of almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) cv. ーFerragnes ア grown in the controlled environment. Three levels of B (0.25, 10, 20 mg/l) from H 3 BO 3 and two almond rootstocks (GF 677, Tuono) were factorially combined in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The results showed that the higher concentration of B had a significant diminish effects on vegetative and physiological characteristics as well nutrient concentratio of almond. The severity of the adverse effects of boron toxicity varied among rootstocks. Fresh and dry weights of leaf and root, leaf number, leaf area, photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll index was decreased with increasing B levels. Increased B levels led to decreased N, NO 3 -, P, K in the leaves while, B concentratio were increased. The concentration of B in stem was closely related to the development of B toxicity in rootstocks, imply that the mechanism of tolerance to higher B concentration in Tuono is associated with exclusion mechanism such as restrict B traport from root system to aerial parts. Hence, under excess B conditio Tuono can be used as tolerant rootstock for different almond cultivars. Keywords: Boron toxicity, Photosynthesis, Prunus dulcis Mill, Scion-rootstock combination D.A.Weeb.) (Prunus dulcis [Mill.] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

3 131412( ( ) ( ) mg/kg dwt mg/kg dwt ( ) /3mg/l ( ) mg/l ) mg/l ( ) ( ) ( /5-0/75mg/l ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (T ) (v/v) 1: (0/ mg/l) ) 677 (Tuono 12 GF ) ) ph / EC 12 ph Ferragnes 2 GF 677 (Inter-specific hybrid clonal rootstock) 3 Tuono (Seedling rootstock) 4 Genco

4 / / / (Walz, Da, 1 Germany) IRGA Model1010, CO 08molm -2 s mg/l Japan) (SPAD-502, Minolta, ( ) (FM) (TM) (DM) C0ク :6 1 LRW (%) = [(FM ィCDM) / (TM ィC DM)] チ USA) 12( Li-Cor, Model Li-1300, : チ 6 1( / )=6 1 (%) C0ク ( ) C0ク / (Motic,Cl ,China) nm ( ) C0ク C0ク nm ( ) ( ) SAS / LSD % Excel ( ) F/GF F/GF mg/l Least significant difference 1 Infra Red Gas Analyzer 2 Leaf relative water content 3 Specific leaf area 4 Azomethine-H method

5 mg/l mg/l ( ) Manzanillo 12 Picual mg/l ( ) mg/l ( ) CAB- 6P 12 12Gisela mg/l ( ) mg/l (30mg/l) ( ) F/GF mg/l mg/l ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) F/GF mg/l mg/l ( ) ( ) Shoot/ root ratio

6 1314( / / / *: (g plant -1 ) 38/73 27/31 41/58 35/ (g plant -1 ) 121/44 88/50 143/75 103/25 : (g plant -1 ) 38/99 18/96 3/40 10/ (g plant -1 ) 119/01 58/52 8/33 41/ (mg /l) 0/ /25 F/GF チ (%) 28/04 81/50 72/50 18/35 8/28 57/96 25/ ( (LSD 31/80 5/416 * 4/422 7/660 12/75 10/095 8/242 14/276 7/88 2/518 2/056 3/561 12/21 7/222 5/009 10/219 11/ ) -1 s (umol m a b c d e F/GF677 f (mg/l) F/GF ( ) ) ( ) ( ) Stomatal and non-stomatal factors

7 CO II ( ) pepo) 12(Cucurbita CO ( ) ( ) ( ) (LRWC) ( ) LRWC ( ) ( ) mg/l ( ) F/GF F/GF mg/l ( (2007

8 / / / (mg/l) (cm 2 g -1 ) (%) (%) 10/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / F/GF チ / ( (LSD 10/ / / / * 13/ / / / / / / / / (%) 1110/ /1512 : *: : F/GF mg/l ( ) ) 2 (cm a d c (mg/l) b f F/GF677 e ( ) mg/l

9 ( ( UNIT) (SPAD a a b (mg/l) c b F/GF677 c ( ) mg/l mg/l mg/l (ROS) ( ( F/GF (mg/l) 0/ (mg/g dwt) 35/05 29/ (mg/g dwt) 10/58 10/ (mg/g dwt) 53/34 50/ (mg/kg dwt) 44/00 40/00 39/00 45/50 39/75 39/50 41/25 54/95 38/84 37/77 8/67 9/47 8/30 6/19 22/81 31/70 23/18 18/ / チ (%) 2/ ( (LSD 1/699 1/362 2/360 3/21 1/329 1/085 1/879 2/28 0/837 0/684 1/184 7/50 2/161 3/742 7/86 : *: :

10 131914( / / / ( ) ( ) ( ) MM ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) F/GF mg/l Nitrate reductase activity

11 dwt) (mg/kg F/GF677 d e c bc b a (mg/l) mg/l Manzanillo Picual mg/l ( ) Prunus) (Malus 12Pyrus ( ) ( ( ) ) ) ) mg/l mg/l mg/l F/GF F/GF mg/l mg/l mg/l

12 / / / dwt) (mg/kg F/GF677 d d b c a c (mg/l) Tuono ( ) Prunus Prunus ) ) Prunus ( ) ( ) Prunus) 12 12Pyrus 12(Malus Maloideae 12 Prunoideae Exclusion mechanism

13 ( ) ( ) ( ) mg/kg dwt mg/kg dwt ( ) ( ) ( ) Alpaslam M and Gunes A, Interactive effects of boron and salinity stress on the growth,.permeability and mineral composition of tomato and cucumber plants. Plant and Soil 236: Apostol KG, and Zwiazek JJ, Boron and water uptake in jack pine (Pinus banksiana) seedlings. Environmental and Experimental of Botany 51: Ardic M, Sekmen AH, Turkan I, Tokur S, and Ozdemir F, The effects of boron toxicity on root antioxidant systems of two chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) cultivars. Plant and Soil 314: Ayers RS, and Westcot DW, Water quality for agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Natio, FAO irrigation and drainage. Paper 29. Benlloch M, Arboleda F, Barranco D, and Fernandez-Escobar R, Respoe of young olive trees to sodium and boron excess in irrigation water. Hort Science 26(7): Benton J, Laboratory guide for conducting soil tests and plant analysis. CRC Press, New York. Brown PH, and Hu H, Phloem mobility of boron is species dependent: evidence for phloem mobility.in sorbitol-rich species. Annals of Botany 77: Brown PH, and Shelp BJ, Boron mobility in plants. Plant and Soil 193:

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