電子マネー・システムにおけるセキュリティ対策:リスク管理に焦点を当てて

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1 1999 IC IC masataka.suzuki@boj.or.jp hirokawa@imes.boj.or.jp une@imes.boj.or.jp //

2 IC Edy Edy IC IC PASMO IC /2008.8

3 2 3 IC 4 NIST CRYPTREC 5 Une and Kanda [2007] Suica WebMoney % CRYPTRECCryptography Research and Evaluation Committees 41

4 /2008.8

5

6 /2008.8

7 IC Kocher [1996]Kocher, Jaffe, and Jun [1999] 1990 CMVPCryptographic Module Validation Program 1995 JCMVPJapan Cryptographic Module Validation Program, IPA IC 45

8 EMVCo EMVCo [2006] 6. NESSIENew European Schemes for Signatures, Integrity, and Encryption NESSIE consortium [2003] CRYPTREC 2003 NIST [2005] Une and Kanda [2007]2007 IC Cartes Bancaires IC RSA 200 IC IC IC 46 /2008.8

9

10 Chida, Manbo, and Shizuya [2001] Chida, Manbo, and Shizuya [2001] unforgeability /2008.8

11

12 /2008.8

13 IC 1 IC IC 51

14 M1 M2 M3 52 /2008.8

15 8 M1M3 M1 M2 M3 7 M1M3 3 ID U, ID U 0 ID U Λ V U PK U, SK U PK U 0, SK U 0 PK U Λ, SK U Λ PK I, SK I K E X.Y/ S X.Y/ DT DB.ID/ DB.PK/ DB.V/ U U 0 U Λ12 U U U 0 U Λ X Y X X Y ID 15 M1M3 9 M1 K ID U DT E K.ID U ; DT/ M2 K S I.ID U / DT E K.S I.ID U /; DT/ 12 U Λ

16 9 1 2 M1 K, ID U, V U M2 K, S I.ID U /, V U M3 SK U, S I.PK U /, V U M1 K M2 K, PK I M3 PK I M1 K, DB.ID/ M2 K, PK I, SK I, DB.ID/ M3 PK I, SK I, DB.PK/ M1 K, DB.ID/, DB.V/ M2 K, PK I, SK I, DB.ID/, DB.V/ M3 PK I, SK I, DB.PK/, DB.V/ 3 M1 K, DB.ID/ M2 K, PK I, SK I, DB.ID/ M3 PK I, SK I, DB.PK/ 4 M1M3 M1 K, DB.ID/, DB.V/ 5 M1 K, ID U M2 K, S I.ID U / M3 SK U, S I.PK U / M2 K, PK I, SK I, DB.ID/, DB.V/ M3 PK I, SK I, DB.PK/, DB.V/ M3 SK U DT S U.DT/ 1, 2 M1 K E K.ID U ; DT/ DT M2 K E K.S I.ID U /; DT/ PK I S I.ID U / DT M3 PK I S I.PK U / PK U PK U S U.DT/ DT 35 M1 K E K.ID U,DT)ID U M2 K E K.S I.ID U /,DT) PK I S I.ID U / ID U M3 PK I S I.PK U / PK U PK U S U.DT/ 4, 5 54 /2008.8

17 2 2. D0D1. ID 13 S0A U 0A I 0 S1A U 1A I 1. M1M3 10 M3 10 M1 D0-S0 M2 D0-S1-A I

18 10 M1 M2 M3 M1M3 D0-S0 S0 D0 D0-S1 S1 D1-S0 S0 D1 D1-S1 S1 D0-S0-A I 0 S0 A I 0 D0-S1-A I 0 S1 A I 0 D0 D0-S0-A I 1 S0 A I 1 D0-S1-A I 1 S1 A I 1 D1-S0-A I 0 S0 A I 0 D1-S1-A I 0 S1 A I 0 D1 D1-S0-A I 1 S0 A I 1 D1-S1-A I 1 S1 A I 1 D0-A U 0-A I 0 A U 0 A I 0 D0-A U 1-A I 0 D0 A U 1 A I 0 D0-A U 1-A I 1 A U 1 A I 1 D1-A U 0-A I 0 A U 0 A I 0 D1-A U 1-A I 0 D1 A U 1 A I 0 D1-A U 1-A I 1 A U 1 A I 1 3 IC PC PC 56 /2008.8

19 3 4 S1 K A U 1 SK U SK U 0 A I 1 SK I D1 11 M1 K M2 K SK I 4 M3 SK U SK U SK U 0 SK U SK U 0 SK I

20 11 M1 M2 M D0-S0 D0-S1 K K D1-S0 K K D1-S1 K D0-S0-A I 0 D0-S1-A I 0 K D0-S0-A I 1 SK I D0-S1-A I 1 K, SK I K D1-S0-A I 0 K K D1-S1-A I 0 K K, SK I D1-S0-A I 1 K, SK I SK I K, SK I D1-S1-A I 1 K, SK I D0-A U 0-A I 0 D0-A U 1-A I 0 SK U, SK U 0 D0-A U 1-A I 1 SK U, SK U 0, SK I SK U D1-A U 0-A I 0 SK U, SK U 0 D1-A U 1-A I 0 SK U, SK U 0 D1-A U 1-A I 1 SK U, SK U 0, SK I 58 /2008.8

21 M1 K M2 M K SK I K, SK I SK U SK U, SK U SK U, SK U 0, SK I M1 M2 K 1, 2 M M M1 M2 M2 M1 15 1, M1 KM2 K SK I M3 SK U SK U 0 SK I 59

22 4, 5 4, /2008.8

23 Suica PASMO Edy nanaco WAON Octopus 250, ,995 20,000 20, ,000 1,035 HKD 14, ,000 20,000 50,000 29,999 50,000 1,000 HKD 14,410 Octopus Cards Limited QUICPay id Smartplus 20,000 30,000 OneTouch (Barclaycard) 10 GBP 2,192 JCB DCMX UFJ Barclaycard QUICPayiDSmartplus Suica 2 Suica PASMO 1 2 PASMO Edy am/pm nanaco -1 5 nanaco WAON WAON Octopus If the remaining value on an Octopus is positive (e.g. HK$0.1 or above) but insufficient to cover the payment of a particular transaction, then the Octopus can still be used provided the resulting negative value does not exceed HK$35. QUICPay 2 OneTouch OneTouch payment is a new cashless way to pay for low value purchases of 10 and under more quickly and conveniently. id DoCoMo Smartplus UFJ 61

24 IC EMV EMVCo [2004] RSA 17 EMV Octopus OneTouch 1 HKD = JPY1 GBP = JPY UFJ 17 EMVCo RSA URL 18 IP 62 /2008.8

25 , 5 4,

26 -2 1, 2 1, , 4, , /2008.8

27 , 4 2, ID

28 -2 1, , , 2 66 /2008.8

29 -2 1,

30 . 15 1, 2 3 4, 5 3 4, 5 68 /2008.8

31 15 WL BL 69

32 /2008.8

33 M1 15 M1 E K.ID U ; DT/E K.ID U 0 ; DT/E K.ID U Λ ; DT/ M1 K K K K K ID U 0 ID U Λ K U U ID U 0 ID U Λ DB.ID/ 71

34 K K 2 15 M2 15 M2 E K.S I.ID U /,DT)E K.S I.ID U 0 /; DT/ E K.S I.ID U Λ /; DT/ M2 K SK I K SK I 4 K K S I.ID U 0 / K U U ID U 0 SK I S I.ID U Λ / 72 /2008.8

35 SK I SK I S I.ID U / S I.ID U 0 /S I.ID U Λ / K K SK I K 13 M2 SK I ID U Λ S I.ID U Λ / S I.ID U Λ / K K 4, 5 M2 ID U Λ DB.ID/ K SK I 73

36 3 15 M3 15 M3 S U.DT/, S I.PK U / S U 0.DT/,S I.PK U 0 /S U Λ.DT/,S I.PK U Λ / M3 SK U SK U SK U 0 SK U SK U 0 SK I 4 SK U SK U U U SK U 0 S U Λ.DT/ SK I S I.PK U Λ / SK U SK U SK U 13 M3 SK U 0 S I.PK U 0 / SK U 4, 5 M3 ID U 0 SK I 15 M3 74 /2008.8

37 SK U SK U 0 SK I SK U SK U 0 13 M3 SK I PK U Λ S I.ID U Λ / PK U Λ SK U Λ SK U SK U 0 4, 5 M3 PK U Λ DB.PK/ SK U SK U 0 S U Λ.DT/ SK I S I.PK U Λ / 75

38 IC EMV IPA IPA ISECvol. 98 no Chida, E., M. Manbo, and H. Shizuya, Digital Money A Survey, Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, vol. 7, no. 2, Tohoku University, 2001, pp EMVCo, EMV Integrated Circuit Card Specification for Payment Systems (EMV 4.1): Book 2 Security and Key Management, EMVCo, 2004., EMV Security Guidelines: EMVCo Security Evaluation Process, v1.0, EMVCo, Kocher, P., Timing Attacks on Implementations of Diffie-Hellman, RSA, DSS, and Other Systems, Proc. of CRYPTO 96, Springer-Verlag, 1996, pp , J. Jaffe, and B. Jun, Differential Power Analysis, Proc. of CRYPTO 99, Springer-Verlag, 1999, pp National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Recommendation on Key Management, SP800-57, NIST, ( New European Schemes for Signatures, Integrity, and Encryption (NESSIE) consortium, Portfolio of recommended cryptographic primitives, NESSIE, ( Une, M., and M. Kanda, Year 2010 Issues on Cryptographic Algorithms, Monetary and Economic Studies, vol. 25, no. 1, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, 76 /2008.8

39 Bank of Japan, 2007, pp

40 78 /2008.8

No.7, (2006) 2 Electronic Funds Transfer as the Foundation of the Monetary Value of Electronic Money - A Study on the JBA 1 Integrated Circuit

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