北海道大学 苫小牧研究林

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1 北海道大学 苫小牧研究林 Tomakomai Experimental Forest Hokkaido University 北海道苫小牧市高丘 Phone: Fax: Address: Takaoka, Tomakomai, Hokkaido , Japan.

2 北海道大学苫小牧研究林 Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Hokkaido University 苫小牧研究林 TOEF は 1904年に森林科学分野の野外 教育研究施設 演習林 として設立されました 研究林は 苫小牧市街に接する平地にあります 面積は2,715haあり 設立時より北海道大学の教育 研究フィールドとして活用 されてきました 園地や森林資料館などは 市民の憩いの 場としても利用されています 100年以上の歴史をもつ研究林ですが 現在あるほとんど の建物は 最近40年の間に造られたものです 森林資料館 と森林観測塔は1977年に建てられました 庁舎は1979年 に建設されたものです 林冠クレーンは我が国では唯一の 大型林冠観測施設であり 1997年より運用されています Tomakomai Experimental Forest (TOEF) was established in 1904, as a field station for research and education in forest science. Most of the present facilities were constructed within the last 40 years. The Forest Museum and the Forest Observation Tower was developed in 1977 and the Administration Office Building in The forest covers 2,715ha of low-elevation terrain, near the Tomakomai city. It has been used for many years as a study site in various fields of research and education. Education: undergraduate and graduate students Field manipulation experiments: global warming, nutrient availability (fertilization), deer enclosure, etc. Core site of long-term monitoring programs: Japan Long Term Ecological Research (JaLTER), Japan Flux and Monitoring Site 1000 project (Ministry of Environment, Japan)

3 自然の成り立ち Natural History of Tomakomai Experimental Forest

4 位置と気候 Geographic Location and Climate 苫小牧研究林は北海道の南部に位置し 気候帯で は冷温帯に属します 年平均気温は6.7 年最 高 最低気温はそれぞれ です ( ) 夏季は北海道の中でも冷涼で霧の 多い日が続き 日照時間が他の季節の約半分にな ります 年降水量は1,112mmです 市内の平均 最深積雪は20 50cmです 北海道の内陸に比べ 雪は少ないですが 土壌は凍結し 凍結深度は林 内で約30cm 裸地で70cmに達します Tomakomai Experimental Forest (TOEF) is located in the southern part of Hokkaido island, Japan. It is in the cooltemperate forest zone. The maximum and minimum temperatures are 28.5 and -22.2, respectively. Precipitation is. 1,112mm / year. Basis: Japan Hokkaido Island

5 地形 地史 Landform and Geological History 苫小牧研究林の標高は20 90mと低く 斜度 が5 以下の起伏の少ない台地が大部分を占め ています 研究林全域は1667年に大噴火した 樽前山由来の火山灰土壌で覆われており 水は けが非常に良く 極めて薄い表土が5 10cm 堆積しています One of the most significant characteristics of TOEF is a flat, lowelevation landscape. The elevation ranges from 20 to 90m. Soil originated from volcanic ash deposited when Mt. Tarumae erupted about 330 years ago. The mountain is located ca. 20 km away from TOEF. 火山灰から生成された土壌 The soil developed from volcanic ash parent material. 苫小牧研究林からのぞむ樽前山. View from TOEF to Mt. Tarumae.

6 台風攪乱 Typhoon Disturbance 1904年に苫小牧研究林が設立されてからこれまで 大きな台風が3度記録されています 1954年の台風5 号 洞爺丸台風 1981年の台風5号 および2004 年の台風18号です それぞれの台風により倒れた木 の材積は 120,000 33,000 および118,000 でした 膨大な量の樹木が被害を受け 現在でも至 るところにその痕跡を見ることができます 2004年の台風によって攪乱を受けた森林 2013年4月撮影 Forest area disturbed by Typhoon No. 18 in 2004 (Photo: April, 2013) Since TOEF was established in 1904, three large typhoons were recorded: Typhoon No.5 ("Touyamaru" typhoon, named for a ship which sunk then) in 1954, Typhoon No. 5 in 1981, and Typhoon No. 18 in Wood volume damaged by each typhoon in TOEF amounted to 120,000 m3, 33,000 m3, and 118,000 m3, respectively. In particular, the Touyamaru typhoon caused such severe damage that forests in TOEF now mainly consists of trees which regenerated after the typhoon. 洞爺丸台風のルート Route of Touyamaru Typhoon (1954).

7 森林 Forests 苫小牧研究林を構成している森林は天然林 二次 林 針葉樹の人工林で それぞれの森林は全面積 の約1/3ずつを覆っています 二次林は木材生産の ための皆伐跡地に成立した森林もありますが 洞 爺丸台風による風害跡地に成立したものや 不成 績造林地に広葉樹が成長してできたものも多くあ ります The forests are generally classified as three types: oldgrowth forest, secondary forest, and conifer plantation forest. The area of each of the these types is almost the same. Oldgrowth forest has not been cut since the disturbance of volcanic eruption of Mt. Tarumae; its age is estimated ca. 300 years. Secondary forest was established mostly after wind damage by Touyamaru Typhoon in 1954 as well as abandonment of plantation sites. 苫小牧研究林 林相図 緑 自然林 黄色 二次林 赤 人工林 Map of forest types. Green: Old-growth forest Yellow: Secondary forest. Red: Plantation forest.

8 植物 Flora これまでの調査で 研究林には100種以上の樹木と 300種以上の草本植物が生育していることが分かって います 天然林で優占している樹種は おもにミズナ ラ アオダモ カエデ類 カンバ類です さらに ヤ チダモ シナノキ オオバボダイジュ アサダ アズ キナシ サワシバなども比較的良くみられます また エゾマツやトドマツなどの針葉樹も散生しています Tomakomai Experimental Forest is home to more than 100 woody plant species and 300 herbaceous species. The dominant overstory species are Quercus crispula, Fraxinus lanuginosa, Acer pictum, A. amoenum, and Betula platyphylla. In addition, frequently occurring are Fraxinus mandshurica, Tilia japonica, T. maximowicziana, Ostrya japonica, Aria alnifolia, Picea jezoensis, and Abies sachalinensis. 1. フクジュソウ (Adonis ramosa) 2. エゾヤマザクラ(Cerasus sargentii ) 3. オオバナノエンレイソウ(Trillium camschatcense) 4. クリンソウ (Primula japonica) 5. サルメンエビネ (Calanthe tricarinata) 6. オオモ ミジ(Acer amoenum) 7. ミズナラ (Querucus crispula) 8. エゾマツ (Picea jezoensis)

9 動物 Fauna 苫小牧研究林には ヒグマやエゾシカ アオサギ クマゲラなどの大型動物をはじめとした 豊かな動物 相が形成されています そのうち 哺乳類 鳥類 魚類 陸生昆虫 河川昆虫については特に重点的に研究され ています 豊かな自然が残る一方 アライグマや ミ ンクといった外来種が定着しており その管理が今 後の課題となっています 1 T. Nanba In the forest you can find among others the Sika deer, brown bear, Japanese raccoon dog and in the river salmon spawn in autumn. Intensive research has been done for various taxonomic group, such as mammals, birds, fish, and invertebrates. On the other hand, some non-native species have established and are a new concern ヒグマ (Ursus arctos) 2. エゾシカ(Cervus nippon yesoensis) 3. オオア シトガリネズミ(Sorex unguiculatus) 4. クマゲラ(Dryocopus martius) 5. エゾサンショウウオ (Hynobius retardatus) 6. キタキツネ (Vulpes vulpes schrencki) 7.ハンノアオカミキリ (Eutetrapha chrysochloris chrysochloris ) 8. サッポロマイマイ 無帯型 (Euhadra brandtii sapporo) 2 D. Nomi

10 調査 研究 Research at Tomakomai Experimental Forest

11 林冠クレーンを 用いた森林研究 Canopy Crane 苫小牧研究林には 日本で唯一の林冠研究用の大型 クレーンがあります クレーンで吊り下げられた ゴンドラに乗ると 半径40メートル 地上高25mの 空間を自由に移動することができます これを使う ことで 例えば 大木の葉の光合成速度を測定した り 普段は見ることのできない樹上性の生物の調査 などを行うことができます また クレーンの頂上 部にセンサーを設置し 林冠画像の取得や フラッ クスおよびフェノロジーの観測などを行っています On the forest canopy crane one can move the gondola within the range of 40 m horizontally and up to 25 m vertically. In research we measure the amount of photosynthesis and respiration at the top of large trees, obtain spectral reflectance, and record CO2 and H2O flux among other features.

12 温暖化実験 Global Warming Experiment 電熱線をミズナラの枝にまいたり 土壌に埋めた りすることで 樹木全体を約5 温め 温暖化に 対する応答を調べています 温めた結果 葉の中 の防御物質が増加し 葉が虫に食べられる量が減 少するなどの傾向が見られました To better understand how natural forest canopies respond to global warming, we developed a technique to warm branches and soil with electric heating cables. One of our findings was that soil warming decreased herbivory on canopy foliage. ミズナラを温めると 葉の食害度が減少した

13 ジャングルジム Jungle Gym 森の中に矢倉のようなタワー ジャングルジ ム を建て 樹木の幹 枝 葉を詳細に観察し ています 苫小牧にはこのような施設が10基 以上あります 右の例はOTTCと呼ばれる ア クリル板でできた箱型の装置をもつタイプです 箱の中は外気温よりも1.7 温められており 展葉時期や開花結実量の違いを調査しています There are more than 10 jungle gyms, which are used for observation of canopies in detail. In the jungle gym at right, we placed a box-like chamber (i.e., Open Top Canopy Chamber; OTTC) in the crown, which is warmer than the outside by 1.7. We are observing differences of phenology and sexual reproduction inside and outside the chambers. Warming Not Warming OTTC

14 フラックス タワー Flux Monitoring Tower 落葉広葉樹の二次林に建てたタワーを使って 1999年から長期のCO2フラックス観測を継続し ています JapanFluxのコアサイトとしても機 能しています 最近は 炭素循環だけでなく生 物間相互作用やエアロゾルの動態 それらに対 する窒素降下物増加の影響等も研究しています In the secondary forest, we established a flux monitoring tower and measured eddy flux since This research site is one of oldest core sites of the JapanFlux network. In 2012, at this site, we have begun studies on the effects of increased nitrogen supply on the carbon dynamics and interaction between organisms.

15 窒素施肥実験 Nitrogen-fertilization Experiment ヘリコプターで窒素を散布し 窒素が自然界に過 剰に放出された際の森林の応答を調べています An increase of nitrogen deposition in natural ecosystems is considered to change nutrient cycling. To examine the effects of increasing nitrogen deposition on forest ecosystems we performed an experiment in 9 ha research area. Nitrogen was dispersed by a helicopter in 2013, and changes in tree growth, seed production, herbivore abundance, flux, and soil respiration have been recorded. Nitrogen dispersion using a helicopter (Apr. 2013) ヘリコプターを使った散布の様子 Nitrogen particles on the ground. 地表に散布された窒素の粒子

16 シカ柵実験 Deer-fencing Experiment 北海道ではシカが年々増加しており 森林生態系 への影響が心配されています そこで苫小牧研究林 では 約20ヘクタールの森林を柵で囲い シカを高 密度で生息させる実験区と シカをまったく入れな い実験区の二つを設置しました そして 生物相や 物質循環への影響を把握する研究を行っています In Hokkaido and many other parts of Japan, a rapid increase of deer population is one of the serious threats for biodiversity and ecosystem services. We started a deerfencing project in 2004 to examine the effects of high density of deer on vegetation, diversity of invertebrates, and nutrient cycling. Deer are enclosed with high density. No deer is enclosed.

17 ミミズ除去実験 Earthworm Removal Experiment 苫小牧研究林には とてもたくさんのミミズがいま す その働きを調べるため 一部の区画でミミズを 土壌から除去し 土壌の性質や 樹木の成長などに 与える影響を調査しました またその区画の一部を 使って 落葉 リター を排除する実験を行い 地 表徘徊性甲虫への影響などを調査しました It is known that there are many earthworms living in the soil at TOEF. To understand their functions we set several triangular plots and removed earthworms from the ground. Consequently, the growth rate of trees in the plot decreased. Using the same plots we performed litter-fall removal experiments and examined their effects on abundance and diversity of ground beetles. フトミミズの仲間 (Pheretima sp.) ミミズを排除した実験区 通称 三角プロット Triangle plot for earthworm removal experiment. リター排除実験 Litter-fall removal experiment.

18 長期生態系 モニタリング調査 Long-term Ecological Research 樹木 地表徘徊性甲虫 鳥などを対象とし 毎年 決まった地点で調査を行い 森林の長期的な変化 の動向を分析する研究を行っています 右の調査 区は 環境省が実施する長期モニタリングプロ ジェクトの中核サイトの一つです この事業は 100年にわたる森林の変化を見ていくことを目的と しています 環境省モニタリングサイト1000森林 草原調査コアサイト Ministry of Environment, Monitoring Sites 1000 Project, Core Research Site We perform long-term monitoring census for trees, ground beetles, and birds as one of the core sites of nation-wide monitoring project run by the Ministry of Environment. 地表徘徊性甲虫の調査 Ground-beetle census.

19 森と川のつながり Linkage between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems 森を流れる川には 落ち葉や昆虫といった物質が絶え ず流れ込んでいます 一方 川の中の生物が陸上の鳥 や獣などに食べられたりすることで 川から陸へも物 質が移動しています 当林では こうした森と川のつ ながりを明らかにするため 河川エクスロージャと呼 ばれる遮断実験を行ったり 室内に川の水を引き入れ て生物の多様性が物質の分解機能に与える影響を調べ たりしています 河川エクスクロージャ Exclosure experiment Stream ecosystems receive large quantities of resources (e.g. invertebrates, litter and nutrient) from forest ecosystem around them. In contrast, substantial energy and nutrients move from stream to forest ecosystems through consumption of fish and other aquatic organisms by terrestrial vertebrates. We investigate such linkages between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems through field observation, monitoring, and manipulation experiments using the Horonai-river research site. 幌内川 Horonai River 川の水を実験室に引き込み 水中の生物の多様性が森 から供給される葉の分解に与える影響を明らかにする Laboratory experiment to evaluate a role of biodiversity in decomposition of litter.

20 希少種の保全 Conservation of Rare Species サッポロマイマイは北海道南部に分布する樹上性 のカタツムリです 環境省のレッドリストでは準 絶滅危惧種に指定されています 一般に 本種の ような樹上性生物は地上からの観察が難しく そ の生態は多くの謎に包まれています 当研究林で はジャングルジムを用いた樹冠での行動追跡や室 内実験などを通じて本種の生態を調査し 伐採や 植林といった森林管理が与える影響について研究 しています 樹冠での行動調査 Sapporo-maimai (Euhadra brandtii sapporo) is a nearobservation in canopy threatened land snail which is endemic to southern Hokkaido. It is an arboreal species, and in general it is difficult to be observed from the ground. In 2013, we started investigating its behavior, diet, and habitat preference to examine effects of forest management such as cutting and change of natural deciduous forest to a conifer plantation. サッポロマイマイ Euhadra brandtii sapporo 夏季の様子 食性調査 Summer Food-preference test

21 教育 普及活動 Education and Outreach of Tomakomai Experimental Forest

22 実習 & エクスカーション Field Classes and Excursions

23 園地 森林資料館 森林記念館などは 一般の方もご利用いただけます Facilities open to the public 園地 森林資料館 Forest Museum Park 森林記念館 Forest Memorial Hall

24 Appendix: List of Publications 1. 林冠クレーン Canopy crane Matsunaga, S.N., Muller, O., Nakamura, M, Nakaji, T., and Hiura, T. (2012) Seasonal variation of isoprene basal emission in mature Quercus crispula trees under experimental warming of roots and branches. Geochemical Journal 46: Inari, N., Hiura, T., Toda M.J., and Kudo, G. (2012) Pollination linkage between canopy tree flowering, bumble bee abundance, and seed production of understory plants in a cool-temperate forest. Journal of Ecology 100: Nakaji, T., Oguma, H. and Hiura, T. (2011) Groundbased monitoring of the leaf phenology of deciduous broad-leaved trees using high resolution NDVI camera images. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 67: Nakamura, M., Muller, O., Tayanagi, S., Nakaji, T. and Hiura, T. (2010) A new technique of branch warming changes leaf phenology and acorn production in tall mature trees. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 150: Nabeshima, E. and Hiura, T. (2008) Size dependency of water and nitrogen use in photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance in three Acer species with different maximum sizes. Ecological Research 23: Hikoska, K., Nabeshima, E. and Hiura, T. (2007) Seasonal changes in the relationship between photosynthesis and temperature in canopy leaves of Quercus crispula in a cool-temperate forest. Tree Physiology 27: Nabeshima, E. and Hiura, T. (2004) Size dependency of photosynthetic water and nitrogen use efficiency and hydraulic limitation in Acer mono. Tree Physiology 24: Murakami, M. and Hiura, T. (2003) Cranes in temperate forests: Tomakomai Experimental Forest, pp In: Studying forest canopies from above: The international canopy crane network. (Edited by Basset, Y., Horlyck, V. and Wright, S.J.), Smithonian tropical research institute. 2. 温暖化実験区 Experimental warning site Ueda, M.U., M.AN ller, O., Nakamura, M. and Hiura T. (2013) Soil warming decreases inorganic and dissolved organic nitrogen pools in a Japanese cool temperate forest floor where mild freezethaw cycle exists during winter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 61: Matsunaga, S.N., Muller, O., Nakamura, M, Nakaji, T., and Hiura, T. (2012) Seasonal variation of isoprene basal emission in mature Quercus crispula trees under experimental warming of roots and branches. Geochemical Journal 46: Nakamura, M., Muller, O., Tayanagi, S., Nakaji, T. and Hiura, T. (2010) A new technique of branch warming changes leaf phenology and acorn production in tall mature trees. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 150: モニ 1000 コアサイト Monitoring-site 1000 core plot Inari, N., Hiura, T., Toda M.J., and Kudo, G. (2012) Pollination linkage between canopy tree flowering, bumble bee abundance, and seed production of understory plants in a cooltemperate forest. Journal of Ecology 100: Suzuki, N. S., Ishihara, M. I., Nakamura, M., Abe S., Hiura, T. et al. (2012) Nation-wide litter fall data from 21 forests of the Monitoring Sites 1000 Project in Japan. Ecological Research Data Paper 27: Ishihara, M. and Hiura, T. (2011) Modeling leaf area index from litter collection and tree data in a deciduous broadleaf forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 151: Ishihara, M., Suzuki, S., Hiura, T. et al. (2011) Forest stand structure, composition, and dynamics in 34 sites over Japan. Ecological Research 26: Nabeshima, E., Kubo, T. and Hiura, T. (2010) Variation in tree diameter growth responses to weather conditions in deciduous broad-leaved trees. Forest Ecology and Management 259: Ishii, H., Tanabe, S. and Hiura, T. (2004) Exploring the relationship between canopy structure, stand productivity and biodiversity of natural forest ecosystems: Implications for conservation and management of canopy ecosystem functions. Forest Science 50: Ishida, K. and Hiura, T. (2002) Mating system and population genetic structure of an androdioecious tree, Fraxinus lanuginosa in northern Japan. Heredity 88: Miyazaki, Y., Hiura, T., Kato, E. and Funada, R. (2002) Reproductive allocation of storage matter in Styrax obassia in a masting year. Annals of Botany 89: Maeno, H. and Hiura, T. (2000) The effects of leaf phenology of overstory trees on the reproductive success of an understory shrub, Staphylea bumalda DC. Canadian Journal of Botany 78: 皆伐実験区 Clear cut experimental site (Project ongoing.) 5. 地はぎ実験区 Soil-removing experimental site (Project ongoing.) 6. ミミズ リターフォール操作実験区 ( 通称 三角プロット )Earthworm & litter fall manipulation exp. Site Kawaguchi, T., Iwashima, N., Masunaga, T., Hiura, T., and Kaneko, N. (2011) The role of epigeic Japanese earthworms (Megascolecidae) in soil nutrient cycling and aggregation in a deciduous oak forest soil: A long-term field experiment. Edaphologia 88: トガリネズミ実験区 Shrew exp. site (Project ongoing.) 8. シカ柵実験区 Deer-fencing exp. site Minoshima, M., Agetsuma, N., Hiura, T., and Takada, M. (2013) Sika Deer browsing affects web-building spiders differently between high and low productivities in forest understories. Ecoscience 20: 伐採 施肥実験区 Cutting & fertilization exp. site Nakamura, M., Hina, T., Nabeshima, E. and Hiura, T. (2008) Does spatial variation in leaf traits and herbivory within a canopy respond to selective cutting and fertilization? Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38: ジャングルジム Jungle gym Nakamura, M., Asanuma, M. and Hiura, T. (2010) Different responses of herbivore communities and herbivory on canopies to host plant hybridization in a cool temperate forest. Oikos 119: 森林観測塔 Observation tower Matsunaga, S. N., A. B. Guenther, J. P. Greenberg, M. Potosnak, M. Papiez, T. Hiura, S. Kato, S. Nishida, P. Harley and Y. Kajii (2009) Leaf level emission measurement of sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes from desert shrubs and temperate forest trees using a liquid extraction technique. Geochemical Journal 43: 幌内川河畔林実験区 Horonai-gawa river floodplain exp. site Miyake, Y., Hiura, T. and Nakano, S. (2005) Effects of frequent disturbance on diversity of stream invertebrates mediated by high mobility. Archivfur Hydrobiologie 162: Miyake, Y., Hiura, T., Kuhara, H., and Nakano, S. (2003) Succession in a stream invertebrate community: A transition in species dominance through colonization. Ecological Research 18: 窒素散布実験区 Fertilization experimental site (Project ongoing.) 14. フラックスタワー Flux tower Shibata, H., Hiura, T., Tanaka, Y., Koike, T. and Takagi, K. (2005) Carbon cycling and budget at a forested basin in southwestern Hokkaido, northern Japan. Ecological Research 20: 人工ギャップ実験区 Artificial gap experimental site Oguchi, R., Hikosaka, K., Hiura, T. and Hirose, T. (2008) Costs and benefits of photosynthetic light acclimation in response to gap formation in Kalopanax pictus Nakai. Oecologia 155: Oguchi, R., K. Hikosaka, T. Hiura and T. Hirose(2006) Light acclimation of photosynthesis and leaf anatomy in woody seedings in response to gap formation in a cool-temperate deciduous forest. Oecologia 149: Oguchi, R., K. Hikosaka, T. Hiura and T. Hirose(2006) Light acclimation of photosynthesis and leaf anatomy in woody seedings in response to gap formation in a cool-temperate deciduous forest. Oecologia 149: 長期観察林 Long-term forest monitoring plots Aiba, M., Hino, T., and Hiura, T. (2012) Interspecific differences in environmental and spatial controls on plant species distribution and the relationships with functional traits. Journal of Ecology 100: Takafumi, H., Kawase, S., Nakamura, M. and Hiura, T. 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25 北海道大学苫小牧研究林 Tomakomai Experimental Forest Hokkaido University 住所 北海道苫小牧市高丘電話 : ファックス : tomak@fsc.hokudai.ac.jp 苫小牧研究林 HP: 森林生態学研究室 HP: 苫小牧研究林では森林や河川の生態学に興味をもつ学生さんを募集しています 研究室見学などを希望される方はお気軽にご連絡ください

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