China

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1 GIES Workshop Global Innovation and HRST Atsushi Sunami Associate Professor, Director of Science and Technology Program National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies June 30th, 2007

2 Is the world flat from the Japanese perspective?

3 Total Private R&D and the Share of Overseas R&D 6, % 5,000 4,000 3, % 2.8% 3, % 3, % 3, % 4, % 3, % 4, % 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% R&D Expenditure % 2,000 2, % 1, % 0 0.0% METI

4 The future plan for Japanese firms oversea operations ASIA Europe Others North America Expand The status quo Contract (unit:%) Expansion of Production or thinking about the expansion China ASEAN NIEs Others METI

5 Outsourcing of Software Industry in Japan By Country and Region 2002 n=58, 2003 n=58, 2004 n=77 (yen in million) Country comparison 2004 from the previous year 1 China 9,833 26,280 33, % 2 U.S. 3,260 4,988 5, % 3 India 1,908 6,312 4,255 67% 4 Australia 0 2,626 3, % 5 U.K. 20 1,827 2, % 6 Philippines 1,864 2,494 2,117 85% 7 Korea 1,952 1,871 1,415 76% 8 France % 9 Canada % 10 Vietnam % Others 888 1, % Total 20,251 48,960 52, % JISA

6 Number of Foreign Engineers Employed in the Software Industry in Japan (including part-time) 1000 ( 人 ) China Korea India Philippines Vietnam 出典 :( 社 ) 電子情報技術産業協会 ( 社 ) 日本パーソナルコンピュータソフトウェア協会 ( 社 ) 情報サービス産業協会 2005 年コンピュータソフトウェア分野における海外取引および外国人就労等に関する実態調査 ( 回答 318 社 調査票発送件数 953 社 回収率 33%) JISA

7 Demand for IT Engineers in Japan Based on the number of Visas with Category Technology by Entry Based on the number of resident permits issued with category technology Nationality Nationality Total 3,396 3,308 2,759 2,643 3,506 Total 16,531 19,439 20,717 20,807 23,210 China 942 1, ,016 1,398 China 10,334 11,382 11,433 11,079 11,981 Korea Korea 1,537 2,175 2,682 3,019 3,623 India India 841 1,286 1,750 2,001 2,298 Philippines Philippines US 1, US Thai England France France Vietnam Malaysia Australia Canada Taiwan Australia Others Others 1,477 1,849 1,993 1,976 2,278 MOJ

8 Inflow of High-skilled Labor Force # of Foreign Students in Japan by Nationality (2004) Country # of Students % Country # of Students % China 80, % Russia % Korea 15, % Brazil % Taiwan 4, % Germany % Malaysia 2, % England % Vietnam 1, % Australia % Thai 1, % Cambodia % USA 1, % Canada % Indonesia 1, % Laos % Bangladesh 1, % Iran % Mongol % Egypt % Sri Lanka % Turkey % Myanmar % Bulgaria % Nepal % Uzbekistan % Philippines % Mexico % India % Others 3, % 出典 :NSF Science and Engineering indicators OECD 総務省統計 France % Total 121, % MOJ

9 Type of Work for Chinese students granted with working visa 医療 0.1% 投資 経営 0.5% 研究 1.6% Research 芸術 0.3% 教育 0.1% 技能 0.1% その他 0.1% Professor 教授 6.7% Technology 技術 22.0% 人文知識 国際業務 68.5% Back-office Support MOJ

10 Size of the firms employed Foreign Students Others その他 ( 不詳を含む ) 15% 15% 2,000 人 ~ 9% 1,000~1.999 人 3% 1~49 人 46% 300~999 人 7% 100~299 人 11% 50~99 人 9% MOJ

11 Large Firms (over 2000 workers) employed Foreign Students by type of industry Financial Services Computer Education 飲食業 0.3% 運輸 2.7% 金融保険 3.6% 教育 11.8% コンピューター関連 11.8% 旅行業 0.3% 土木 建設 1.5% その他 11.8% 商業 貿易 5.7% 電機 16.6% その他製造業 10.9% Electronics 機械 9.7% 食品 2.4% Machines 繊維 衣料 0.6% 化学 2.4% 運送機器 ( 自動車等 ) 7.9% Auto, Transportation Chemical MOJ

12 Activities of Japanese Universities and PRI in China # of Offices established by Japanese universities increased in last few years: more than 20 offices Riken and AIST both active in searching for the joint projects Some are more active than others. U-R-R-U Model (Kyushu University and Shanghai Jiaotong)

13 International Cooperation MOU s signed by Japanese Universities (unit:nations) Asia M&N East Africa Oceania N. America Latin America Europe Total MEXT

14 By Region (Share) 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 36.4% 31.9% 23.2% 4.3% 6.6% 41.8% 26.2% 21.5% % 2.6% 0.9% 0.8% Asia Middle and near East Africa Oceania NA LA Europe Others MEXT

15 Change of Youth population (20-24 years old) China India Europe U.S.A. Japan MEXT

16 Rise in the number of foreign researchers and ratio to total number of researchers (thousands of persons) (%) Number of 'researchers' and 'University professors' 0.0 Number of researchers Number of professor Ratio of researchers and professors to the total number of researchers Ratio of foreign researchers to total number of researchers Year NISTEP

17 Foreign Professors in Japanese Universities 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 (Year) 4, % 3.4% 3.4% 3.5% 3.0% 3.1% 3.2% 3.2% 5,286 5, % 4,776 5,038 5, % 4, % 2.1% 4, % 1.9% 3,554 3,858 2,415 2,685 3,092 3,054 3,192 3,331 3,466 2,727 2,856 2,594 2,461 2,183 2,144 2,304 1,929 1, ,619 1, ,184 1,312 1,438 1,561 1,600 1,622 1,632 1,647 1,610 1, % 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% Private Public National NISTEP

18 The breakdown of foreign researchers in Japan by nationality (as of end of 2003) China 19.4% Republic of Korea/North Korea India 33.4% France 2.8% Germany Russia 12.6% U.K. Canada 3.2% 4.7% 3.3% 2.4% 2.2% 4.6% 11.3% U.S. Australia Others NISTEP

19 人 140, , ,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 Chinese Students studying abroad and returning 留学生と帰国した留学生の推移 留学生帰国生 Abroad Returned 年 China Statistical Yearbook 2005

20 10,000 # of Chinese Students in Japan and in the US Japan US ( 注 ) 日本は毎年 5 月 1 日現在 米国は年度 ( 原典 ) 文部科学省サイト Open Doors, Institute of International Education RIETI, Dr. Kwan s HP

21 5-1. アンケート 2/ 海外での研究活動の場として 中国人研究開発人材 / 全体 日本を選択した理由 研究施設や研究設備が充実している 対象とする分野において 日本の研究レベルが高い などの回答が多い 1. 対象とする研究分野において 日本の研究レベルが高いため 2. 有名な研究者の下で研究できるため 3. 研究施設や研究設備が充実しているため 4. 地理的に近く 行き来しやすいため 5. 文化的に親しみがもてるため 6. 自国での指導教官や上司から推薦されたため 7. 国費留学での 日本 の割り当て枠が得られたため 8. 申し込みに対する 日本 からの返答が早かったため 9. 第一志望の国や地域で不採用となったため 10. 上記以外 記入無 N=122 % 出典 : 政策研究大学院大学 科学技術動向に関する評価 研究科学技術動向等に関する評価分析日本におけるアジア科学技術人材の活動実態に関する調査 2007 年 3 月 The Japan Research Institute, Limited. All Rights Reserved.

22 5-2. アンケート 2/ 海外での研究活動の場として 日本を選択した理由 教授 助教授 講師 助手 と比較し ポストドクター の場合 自国での指導教官や上司から推薦されたため という回答の割合が高くなっている 中国人研究開発人材 / 教授 助教授 講師 助手 中国人研究開発人材 / ポストドクター 1. 対象とする研究分野において 日本の研究レベルが高い 有名な研究者の下で研究できるため 研究施設や研究設備が充実しているため 地理的に近く 行き来しやすいため 文化的に親しみがもてるため 自国での指導教官や上司から推薦されたため 国費留学での 日本 の割り当て枠が得られたため 申し込みに対する 日本 からの返答が早かったため 第一志望の国や地域で不採用となったため 上記以外 19.4 記入無 N=31 N=49 出典 : 政策研究大学院大学 科学技術動向に関する評価 研究科学技術動向等に関する評価分析日本におけるアジア科学技術人材の活動実態に関する調査 2007 年 3 月 The Japan Research Institute, Limited. All Rights Reserved.

23 Government Policies Currently Considered Japan can cooperate with Asian countries in the same areas of technology where both of them have relative strength The cooperation in the areas of energy and environment will be Japan s high priority. Encourage more scientists and engineers from Asia to work in Japan s industrial R&D sector absorbing over-supply of university graduates and take advantage of brain circulation rather than protecting technology outflow from Japan Japan needs a comprehensive approach in creating a governance system for international mobility of HRST in the era of global innovation Thank You

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