Renewable energy, and envieonment: a life cycle approarch

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1 2016/3/1- Japanese-German Workshop on Renewable Energies Electricity and heat supply from municipal solid waste in Japan : Current situation and challenges Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University Tomohiro TABATA, Tsai PEII 1

2 Today s topics Preface The relationship between energy use and carbon dioxide emission Importance of renewable energy utilization Current Situation of WtE in Japan Examination of questionnaire survey External use of electricity and heat Future challenges (especially heat) Environmental and economic evaluation of biogas production from kitchen waste Considering energy demand in houses Summary 2

3 My research interest Raw materials and products Fossil fuel Water Waste CO 2 SO x PM Waste energy Waste water input output Waste management Renewable energy Living activities Work Education Leisure Hospital Welfare Environmental evaluation to find solutions to minimize natural resource inputs and environmental burden. 3

4 My previous works Waste management Waste Management & Research (IF:1.297), 2010 Waste Management & Research (IF:1.297), 2013 Waste Management & Research (IF:1.297), 2016 Renewable energy Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (IF:5.901), 2011 Energy (IF:4.844), 2012 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (IF:5.901), /3/1 Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University 4

5 Preface Greenhouse gases reduction for sustainable development Japan offered to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in FY2030 by 26% from FY2013 based on its energy mix, and the Japanese target has been included into the Paris agreement (IEEJ, 2015) *FY: Fiscal year, FY2030 starts April 2030, and ends March Japanese local municipalities also tackles GHG reduction by setting the target. Shima Basic Environmental Plan and Action plan for Climate Change They established a target for Shima to reduce greenhouse gases emissions by 30% from 2013 levels by (c)shima city 2016/3/1 Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University (c)shima city 5

6 Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita) CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) Energy use and CO 2 emissions in Japan 5, , , , , Year Source: The World Bank (2014) Energy use CO2 emissions In Japan, 90% of national CO 2 emissions derives from combustion of the fossil fuel Increase of the energy use has a direct connection into increase of the CO 2 emission 6

7 Primary energy supply in Japan (10 18 J) 石油 Oil Natural gas 天然ガス Hydro power 水力 21.3% 石炭 Coal Nuclear power 原子力 新エネルギー 地熱等 Renewable energy % 17.4% 9.7% 17.6% 16.9% 19.6% % 9.6% 11.5% 10.7% 16.5% 16.8% % 13.8% 18.5% Renewable energy + hydro power 11.6% 14.8% 20.8% % 19.2% 22.5% % 3.2% 0.4% 24.2% 25.1% % 69.9% 75.5% 71.6% 64.7% 55.4% 55.9% 53.6% 49.1% 46.8% 39.8% 42.7% 55.9% Source: Agency for natural Resources and Energy (2015) (Fiscal Year) ( 年度 ) 7

8 Reduction of the use of fossil fuels To find an optimal point between energy supply and demand Minimization Demand side Optimal point Installment of energy saving devices Change in living activities with lower energy use Minimization Supply side Transformation from fossil fuel based energy system to renewable energy based energy system (biomass, wind, photovoltaics and so on) 8

9 Renewable power capacities in 2014 Source: REN21 Renewables Global Status Report (2015) 9

10 Renewable energy supply [PJ] Renewable energy supply in Japan PJ=10 15 J % 18% 4% Waste as energy source % Solar Wind Biomass Geo-thermal Waste Waste heat supply Source: Agency for natural Resources and Energy (2015) Only 4.3% of primary energy is derived from the renewable energy Installment of the renewable energy has been increasing 7% 5% 10

11 Electricity and heat supply from waste Electricity Combustibles Incineration Heat Electricity and Heat Waste-to-energy (WtE) is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste (from Wikipedia) WtE solutions, together with innovative recovery techniques, could help reduce dependence on fossil-based fuels (Augustine et al., 2007) In Japan, 1,179 incineration plants has operated, and 80% of municipal solid waste (MSW) produced is incinerated. Promoting energy production from MSW is reasonable 11

12 Electricity and heat production for external use Unit: 10 6 Wh/t-MSW München (Germany) Heat: 2.57 Malmö (Sweden) Heat: 2.68 W N S E Sapporo Electricity: 0.18 Heat: 0.03 Electricity: 0.02 Heat: 0.02 Zürich (Switzerland) Heat: 1.26 Electricity: 0.28 Heat: 0.06 Kita-Kyushu Kobe Osaka Nagoya Sendai Tokyo 23 wards Electricity: 0.08 Heat: 0.01 Electricity: 0.21 Heat: 0.05 Electricity: 0.16 Heat: 0.01 Electricity: 0.23 Heat: 0.04 Source: Ministry of Environment, Japan (2014) & Themelis (2011) Electricity production is comparable with that in Europe (Ex. München : 0.41) Heat production in Japan is extremely small than European cases 2016/3/1 Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University 12

13 Electricity and heat production for external use One of the reasons for the higher ratio of heat production in Europe is the utilization of WtE heat for district heating District heating is effective for the reduction of both GHG emission and fossil fuel usage 778 incineration plats is equipped with WtE technology. Tokyo (near city) Kobe (near city) Shima (in the mountain) It is important to understand the current situation of heat utilization in Japan and to discuss challenges to future electricity and heat utilization solutions, including district heating. We examined the current situation of heat and electricity production by incineration plants in Japan for external uses 13

14 Current situation of WtE in Japan (1) Examination of questionnaire survey The main questionnaire items focused on Treatment capacity Electricity and heat (hot water and vapour) production External facilities for heat and electricity supply And reasons for not providing heat supply The questionnaire was sent to 1361 municipalities that have MSW treatment facilities, such as incineration plants The survey lasted from 8 October 2014 to 5 December municipalities replied (collection rate of 38.8%) 14

15 Rate of incineration plants (2) Presence or absence of WtE equipment 100% 90% 80% Incineration plant that has no equipment for electricity and/or heat production 70% 60% 50% 70% 80% 66% Incineration plant that produced electricity and/or heat, with this both consumed for internal use and supplied to external facilities 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 8% 5% 18% 6% 4% 24% 11% 10% 1% Hot water (N=498) Vapour (N=498) Electricity (N=498) Incineration plant that has no equipment for heat and/or electricity Incineration plant that produced electricity and/or heat, with this supplied to external facilities Incineration plant that produced electricity and/or heat, with this consumed for internal use Almost all produced electricity for external use was sold to major Japanese electric power companies 15

16 Hot water ごみ処理量あたり温水生産量 production for external ( 外部供給 facilities ) [MJ/t] [MJ/t-MSW] Vapour ごみ処理量あたり蒸気生産量 production for external ( facilities 外部供給 ) [MJ/t-MSW] [MJ /t] (3) External heat supply vs. population density MJ=10 6 J 2,500 2,500 2,000 A Hot water 2,000 F Vapour 1,500 1,500 1,000 B 500 D C 0 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 1,000 Population 人口密度 density [ 人 [persons/km /km2] 2 ] 1, E H G 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 Population 人口密度 density [ 人 [persons/km /km2 2 ] 18% of incineration plants produce >500 MJ/t-MSW hot water or vapour Several incineration plants located in regions with population density <1000 persons/km 2 produce <500 MJ/t-MSW of heat 16

17 External facilities 蒸気供給施設の種類 蒸気供給施設の種類 温水供給施設の種類 温水供給施設の種類 External facilities 温水供給施設の種類 1 6 (4) External facilities 5 6 for heat supply 温水供給施設の種類 4 年間処理量あたり温水生産量 [MJ/t] 公共施設病院工場 市場浴場 プールごみ 下水処理 6 5 District ,000 1,500 2,000 地域熱供給 heating 6 2,500 3,000 for housing 年間処理量あたり温水生産量 [MJ/t] There was external use of the hot water supply for MSW and sewage sludge treatment in cities with low population density There were two cases in Tokyo s 23 wards where WtE contributed to 1 2 district heating for housing 1 Some cities, incineration plants were located near neighbouring areas of concentrated industry (factories, markets, and related uses) 温水供給施設の種類 5 温水供給施 温水供給施設の種類 1 2 MSW 3 and 4 公共施設病院工場 市場浴場 プール 5ごみ 下水処理 5 地域熱供給 ,000 sewage sludge 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 年間処理量あたり温水生産量 treatment [MJ/t] 温水供給施設の種類 温水供給施設の種類 温水供給施設の種類 1 2 公共施設病院工場 市場 Bathhouse 4 浴場 プール 3 and 4 ごみ 下水処理地域熱供給 ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 hot pool 年間処理量あたり温水生産量 [MJ/t] Factories, 1 2 公共施設病院 3 工場 市場 3 浴場 プールごみ 下水処理地域熱供給 6 market 0 and 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 related uses 年間処理量あたり温水生産量 [MJ/t] 5 Hot water 1 Hospital 公共施設 2 病院 2 工場 市場浴場 プールごみ 下水処理地域熱供給 ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 年間処理量あたり温水生産量 [MJ/t] Communal 1 公共施設 1 病院工場 市場浴場 プールごみ 下水処理地域熱供給 4 facility ,000 1,0004,000 1,500 6,000 8,000 2,00010,000 12,000 2,500 14,000 3,000 16, ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 年間処理量あたり温水生産量人口密度 [MJ/t] [ 人 /km2] 年間処理量あたり温水生産量 [MJ/t] Population density [persons/km 2 ] 18,000 公共施設 病院 公共施設 5 病院公共施設工場 市場病院工場 市場浴場 プール浴場 プールごみ 下水処理ごみ 下水処理地域熱供給地域熱供給工場 市場浴場 プールごみ 下水処理 District 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 地域熱供給 heating 6 2,500 3,000 for housing Vapour 年間処理量あたり温水生産量 [MJ/t] 公共施設 病院 2 MSW 3 5 and 4 工場 市場浴場 プールごみ 下水処理 5 地域熱供給 ,000 sewage sludge 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 年間処理量あたり温水生産量 treatment [MJ/t] 温水供給施設の種類 公共施設病院工場 市場 Bathhouse 3 浴場 プール and 4 ごみ 下水処理地域熱供給 0 hot 500 pool 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 年間処理量あたり温水生産量 [MJ/t] Factories, 公共施設病院工場 市場 3 浴場 プールごみ 下水処理地域熱供給 market 0 and 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 related uses 年間処理量あたり温水生産量 [MJ/t] 2 1 Hospital 公共施設病院 2 0 工場 市場 500 1,000 浴場 プール1,500 ごみ 下水処理 2,000 地域熱供給 2,500 3,000 年間処理量あたり温水生産量 [MJ/t] Communal 1 公共施設 1 病院工場 市場浴場 プールごみ 下水処理地域熱供給 facility 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18, ,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 人口密度 [ 人 /km2] Population 人口密度 density [ 人 /km2] [persons/km 2 ] 公共施設病院公共施設工場 市場病院浴場 プール工場 市場浴場 プールごみ 下水処理ごみ 下水処理地域熱供給地域熱供給 17

18 (5) Examples of external heat supply If redundant capacity is close to 0, the incineration plant has significant heat production 18

19 (5-1) Example of external supply Municipality Union Tamagawa Population density 8,877 [persons/km 2 ] Use for external facility 1,838 [MJ/t-MSW] External facility Hospital Direct distance 0.91[km] 2016/3/1 Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University 19

20 (5-2) Example of external supply Municipality Asahikawa city Population density 457 [persons/km 2 ] Use for external facility 7,399 [MJ/t-MSW] External facility Communal facility Direct distance 0.26[km] 2016/3/1 Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University 20

21 (5-3) Example of external supply Municipality Kita-Kyushu city Population density 1,967 [persons/km 2 ] Use for external facility 20 [MJ/t-MSW] External facility Factory Direct distance 0.29[km] 2016/3/1 Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University 21

22 (6) Reasons for not providing heat supply Note: Answered more than one Other reasons その他その他その他 (N=16) (N=16) (N=16) その他 (N=16) Population density < 500persons/km 2 500~999 > 1,000 その他 (N=16) その他その他 (N=16) (N=16) 63% 63% 63% 63% 63% 63% 25% 25% 25% 25% 13% 13% 13% 13% 13% 地形や高低差の問題で施設に供給することが難しい地形や高低差の問題で施設に供給することが難しい Unsuitable 地形や高低差の問題で施設に供給することが難しい geographic (N=9) (N=9) 78% (N=9) (N=9) 78% 22% 78% 78% 22% 22% 22% 地形や高低差の問題で施設に供給することが難しい地形や高低差の問題で施設に供給することが難しい (N=9) (N=9) 78% 78% 22% conditions 22% 22% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Low electric efficiency 発電効率が低い発電効率が低い発電効率が低い (N=17) (N=17) 発電効率が低い (N=17) (N=17) (N=17) 76% 76% 76% 76% equipment 発電効率が低い発電効率が低い (N=17) (N=17) 76% 76% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% Low ごみの量及び質による発電目標値に達しない amount of MSW (N=12) (N=12) (N=12) 92% 92% 92% 92% 8% 8% ごみの量及び質による発電目標値に達しない (N=12) 92% ごみの量及び質による発電目標値に達しない and bad MSW quality (N=12) (N=12) 92% 92% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 76% 16% Low treatment 余熱利用できるほどの規模ではない scale (N=58) (N=58) (N=58) 76% 余熱利用できるほどの規模ではない (N=58) 76% 76% 9% 9% 76% 16% 16% 16% 16% 16% 余熱利用できるほどの規模ではない余熱利用できるほどの規模ではない (N=58) (N=58) 76% 76% 16% 16% 6% 16% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 事業費や維持管理費が高い (N=36) (N=36) 78% 78% 6% 17% 17% High operating 事業費や維持管理費が高い and (N=36) (N=36) 78% 78% 78% 6% 6% 17% 17% 事業費や維持管理費が高い (N=36) 78% 6% 17% 17% 事業費や維持管理費が高い (N=36) 17% 事業費や維持管理費が高い maintenance cost (N=36) 78% 17% (N=36) 78% 3% 17% 17% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% No consumers 近くに需要施設がない (N=34) (N=34) 79% 79% 3% 18% 18% around 79% 79% 79% 3% 18% 18% 近くに需要施設がない近くに需要施設がない近くに需要施設がない (N=34) (N=34) (N=34) 3% 79% 79% 3% 79% 18% 18% the 近くに需要施設がない (N=34) 79% 18% 近くに需要施設がない plant (N=34) 79% 18% (N=34) 79% 18% 0% 20% 40% 0% 60% 20% 80% 40% 100% 60% 80% 100% 0% 0% 0% 20% 20% 0% 40% 40% 20% 回答の割合 60% 60% 40% 80% 80% 60% 100% 100% 80% 100% 0% 20% 0% 20% 40% 20% 40% 60% 40% 60% 80% 60% 80% 100% 80% 100% 0% 0% 20% 20% 40% 40% 100% 回答の割合 60% 60% 80% 回答の割合 100% 0% 20% 40% Ratio 回答の割合 of answer 60% 回答の割合 80% 100% 500 未満 (N=73) 500~1,000 未満未満 (N=73) (N=9) 回答の割合回答の割合 500~1,000 以上 (N=14) 未満 (N=9) 1,000 以上 (N=14) 25% 25% 25% Several respondents 未満未満 (N=73) answered 500~1, 未満 (N=73) they 未満未満 (N=9) (N=9) 500~1,000 are not 以上 able 以上未満 (N=14) (N=9) 1,000 以上 (N=14) 500 未満 (N=73) ~1,000 未満 (N=73) 未満 (N=9) 500~1,000 1,000 未満以上 (N=9) (N=14) to heat 1,000 以上 because (N=14) there are 未満未満 (N=73) (N=73) 500~1,000 未満未満未満 (N=9) (N=9) 1,000 1,000 以上以上 (N=14) (N=14) 500 未満 (N=73) 500~1,000 未満 (N=9) 1,000 以上 (N=14) no customers around the plant and because the scale of treatment is small Almost all incineration plants are located far away from urban areas 13% 13% 13% 22

23 Future challenges (especially heat) Incineration plants located in areas with a lower population density had lower energy demand; to be efficient, these incineration plants require heat utilization facilities with higher energy demand, such as factories, and/or multiple demand facilities It requires to discuss the future challenges for creating heat supply and demand of waste energy To investigate co-construction of incineration and heat supply facilities that use WtE at the planning phase of constructing new towns and areas of concentrated industry To promote heat utilization is to change the form of heat supply 2016/3/1 Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University 23

24 (1) Bio-gas production at sewage treatment plant Kobe Biogas Project Sewage Treatment Plant of Kobe city produces bio-gas by refining digestive gas generated from sewage sludge undergoes an anaerobic digestion Produced gas has been used as an automotive fuel, and used as alternative city gas Source: Kobe city and RAUL CO., LTD. 24

25 (2) Environmental and economic evaluation of bio-gas production from kitchen waste Hypothetical evaluation for the environmental and economic impact of having kitchen waste segregated, mixed with sewage sludge, and used to produce biogas, which was then mixed with city gas in Kobe City Current situation Electricity generation Combustibles Incineration Segregation Heat Sewage Sludge Kitchen waste segregation Bio-gas production Injection into the city s gas pipes 25

26 Energy production [1,000MJ/year] エネルギー生産量 [1000MJ/ 年 ] CO 2 emissions [t-co 2 /year] (3-1) Evaluation of alternate scenarios Energy production in FY2020 CO 2 emissions in FY , , , ,000 50,000 2,600 households CO2 排出量 [t-co2/ 年 ] 500, , , , , % 0 FY2011 FY2020 FY2020 現状 (FY2011) BAU(FY2020) 生ごみ分別 (FY2020) BAU Kitchen waste segregation scenarios -100,000 Operation FY2011 FY2020 FY2020 現状 (FY2011) BAU(FY2020) 生ごみ分別 (FY2020) CO2( 売電 ) CO2( バイオ ) CO2( プラ ) CO2 合計 BAU Plastic burning Kitchen waste segregation scenarios Biomass burning Benefit BAU is business as usual scenario Kitchen waste segregation scenarios can produce more energy comparing with the BAU scenario, and can reduce CO 2 emissions 26

27 LIME2 統合化結果 [ 百万円 / 年 ] Environmental impact [1,000 thousand JPY/year] Treatment cost [Thousand JPY/year] (3-2) Evaluation of alternate scenarios Environmental impact assessment in FY2020 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 FY2011 FY % 現状 (FY2011) BAU(FY2020) 生ごみ分別 (FY2020) 都市域大気汚染廃棄物酸性化地球温暖化 BAU Global warming FY2020 Kitchen waste segregation scenarios Acidification Waste Air pollution コスト [ 千円 / 年 ] Treatment cost in FY2020 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000, ,000,000-2,000,000 FY2011 FY2020 現状 (FY2011) BAU(FY2020) 生ごみ分別 (FY2020) BAU 収益コスト合計 11.3% FY2020 Kitchen waste segregation scenarios Cost Benefit Kitchen waste segregation scenarios can also reduce environmental impact, and treatment cost Segregation of the kitchen waste and its bio-gas production are good method from energy, environmental and economic perspectives 27

28 Energy use [TJ/year] (4) Considering energy demand in houses Present and future prediction of energy use in Kobe city (2010~2035) TJ=10 12 J 4.4% >= 70 Energy use will gradually decrease according to decline of population and number of household 30% of householders is above 70 years old in

29 Energy use [TJ/year] (4) Considering energy demand in houses To conduct sensitivity analysis by supposing their houses are rebuilt in all electrification houses if householders were be 60 years old Composition of energy use in Kobe city (2035) TJ=10 12 J If 90% of old householders were rebuilt their houses, electricity use increase 13%, and gas use decrease 8% Promotion of all electrification houses might decrease city gas demand produced by kitchen waste Electricity Gas Light oil 29

30 Summary Increase of the energy use generally has a direct connection into increase of the CO 2 emission. Enhancement of the renewable energy is important to transform existing fossil fuel based energy system. WtE solutions could help reduce dependence on fossil-based fuels. Electricity production is comparable with that in European cities. But heat production in Japan is extremely small than European cases Japanese MSW incineration plants located in areas with a lower population density had lower energy demand. These incineration plants require heat utilization facilities with higher energy demand, such as factories, and/or multiple demand facilities Segregation of the kitchen waste and its bio-gas production are good method from energy, environmental and economic perspectives. But it is also important to investigate how renewable energy supply is effective taking into account future trends of energy demand 30

31 For more information Tomohiro TABATA ( 田畑智博 ) tabata@people.kobe-u.ac.jp Thank you for your attention! References 1. Tabata & Tsai (2016) Waste Management & Research, DOI: / X Tabata & Chiba (2014) Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste Acknowledgments This research was supported by the Environmental Research and Technology Development Fund [3K143016]. 31

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