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Transcription

1 1 A-bar bound non-argument bound 2 A-bar binding non-argument binding 3 A-bar chain non-argument chain 4 A-bar position non-argument position 5 abbreviation 6 abbreviatory notation 7 abduction 8 abduction 9 abessive 10 A-binding argument binding 11 ablative 12 ablative 13 ablative absolute 14 ablaut 15 ablaut 16 aboriginal language 17 A-bound argument-bound 18 abridged clause 19 abruptness 20 absolute 21 absolute ablative 22 absolute adjunct 23 absolute autonomy thesis 24 absolute case 25 absolute comparative 26 absolute construction 27 absolute exception 28 absolute form 29 absolute free adjunct 30 absolute genitive 31 absolute infinitive 32 absolute judgement 33 absolute merger 34 absolute nasalization rule 35 absolute neutralization 36 absolute participle 37 absolute reflexive 38 absolute superlative 39 absolute universal 40 absolutive case

2 41 absorption 42 abstraction operator 43 abstract noun 44 abstract verb 45 accent 46 accent 47 accent association rule 48 accent component 49 accent hop 50 accent language 51 accent shift rule 52 accentual foot A-foot 53 accentual melody 54 accentuation 55 accentuation 56 acceptability 57 acceptable 58 accessibility 59 accessibility hierarchy 60 accessible 61 accessible grammar 62 accessible SUBJECT 63 accessory noun phrase 64 accidental gap 65 accommodation 66 accommodation theory 67 accompaniment case 68 accomplishment verb 69 accusative case 70 accusative case marking system 71 accusative language 72 accusative of description 73 accusative of exclamation 74 accusative of quality 75 accusative syntax 76 accusative with gerund 77 accusative with infinitive 78 accusative with participle 79 A-chanin argument-chain 80 achievement verb

3 81 acoustic 82 acoustic feature 83 acoustic image 84 acoustic phonetics 85 acoustics 86 acquisition 87 acquisition model 88 acrolect 89 acronym 90 acrophonic 91 acrophony 92 across-the-board 93 across the board rule 94 actant 95 action 96 action 97 actional passive 98 actional verb 99 action chain 100 action complement 101 action nominal 102 action noun 103 action verb 104 activation 105 active articulator 106 active case 107 active language 108 active vocabulary 109 active voice 110 activity 111 activity gerund 112 activo-passive voice 113 actor 114 actor-action 115 actor-action construction 116 actor-action-goal construction 117 actor-action-goal type 118 actor-action type 119 act-out 120 actualization

4 121 actualization 122 actuation 123 acute 124 acute accent 125 acute vowel 126 adaptive change 127 addition 128 additive adjunct 129 address 130 addressee 131 addresser 132 address term 133 adequacy 134 adessive 135 adessive 136 adhortative mood 137 adjacency 138 adjacency condition 139 adjacency constraint 140 adjacency pair 141 adjacency relation 142 adjacent assimilation 143 adjacent cycle 144 adjacent cyclic node 145 adjectival 146 adjectival 147 adjectival clause 148 adjectival passive 149 adjectival phrase AP 150 adjective 151 adjective clause 152 adjective complement 153 adjective denoting number or amount 154 adjective modifier 155 adjective phrase AP 156 adjective preposing 157 adjective shift 158 adjoined relative clause 159 adjoin, to 160 adjunct

5 161 adjunct 162 adjunct-head type 163 adjunction transformation 164 adjunct movement 165 adjustment rule 166 admissible projection 167 adnex 168 adnominal 169 adposition 170 adpositional phrase 171 adstratum 172 advanced 173 advanced tongue root 174 advancement 175 adverb 176 adverbial 177 adverbial 178 adverbial accusative 179 adverbial adjunct 180 adverbial case 181 adverbial clause 182 adverbial genitive 183 adverbial modifier 184 adverbial phrase 185 adverb of cause 186 adverb of degree 187 adverb of frequency 188 adverb of manner 189 adverb of place 190 adverb of quantity 191 adverb of time 192 adverb preposing 193 adversative conjunction 194 adversative passive 195 affect 196 affected 197 affected 198 affectedness 199 affected subject 200 affection

6 201 affective 202 affective 203 affective meaning 204 affective preposing 205 affectum object 206 affect α 207 affinity 208 affirmation 209 affirmative 210 affirmative conjunction 211 affirmative polarity item 212 affix 213 affixation 214 affixation rule 215 affix hopping rule 216 affix movement rule 217 affix tier 218 affricate 219 affricated stop 220 affrication 221 after-thought 222 afterthought 223 agent 224 agent constraint 225 agentive case 226 agentive nominal 227 agentive verb 228 agentivity 229 agent noun 230 agent-orientedness 231 agent-postposing transformation 232 agglutinating language 233 agglutinating morphology 234 agglutinative language 235 agrammatism 236 agraphia 237 agreement 238 agreement AGR 239 airflow 240 air stream

7 241 air stream feature 242 air stream mechanism 243 Aktionsart 244 algorithm 245 algorithm 246 algorithm 247 alienable possession 248 allative 249 alliteration 250 alliterative verse 251 allograph 252 allomorph 253 allomorphic alternation 254 allomorphy rule 255 allophone 256 allophonic assimilation 257 allophonics 258 allophonic transcription 259 allophony rule 260 alphabet 261 alphabetic notation 262 alphabetic writing system 263 alpha-switch rule 264 alternant 265 alternating stress rule 266 alternation 267 alternative conjunction 268 alternative question 269 alveolar 270 alveolar arch 271 alveolar consonant 272 alveolar flap 273 alveolar fricative 274 alveolar nasal 275 alveolar plosive 276 alveolar spirant 277 alveolar stop 278 alveolo-palatal 279 amalgamation 280 amalgamation rule

8 281 ambient 282 ambient it 283 ambiguity 284 ambiposition 285 ambisyllabic ambisyllabicity 287 ambivalence 288 amelioration 289 amelioration of meaning 290 American Sign Language ASL 291 Ameslan 292 amnesic aphasia 293 amorphous sentence 294 amplifier 295 amplitude 296 anacoluthia 297 anacoluthon 298 anagram 299 analogical change 300 analogical creation 301 analogical extension 302 analogical leveling 303 analogical restoration 304 analogical transfer 305 analogy 306 analphabetic notation 307 analysis by synthesis 308 analysis of variance ANOVA 309 analysis tree 310 analytic 311 analytic causative 312 analyticity 313 analytic language 314 analytic procedure 315 analytic proposition 316 analytic sentence 317 analyzability 318 anaphor 319 anaphor 320 anaphora

9 321 anaphora 322 anaphora rule 323 anaphoric 324 anaphoric control 325 anaphoric destressing 326 anaphoric epithet 327 anaphoric expression 328 anaphoric index 329 anaphoric island 330 anaphoricity 331 anaphoric presupposition 332 anaphoric proform 333 anaphoric relation 334 anaptyxis 335 ancestor adjunction 336 ancestral form 337 angled bracket 338 angled bracket notation 339 animacy 340 animacy hierarchy 341 animal language 342 animate 343 animate noun 344 Anlautgesetz 345 annalistic present 346 anomalous 347 anomalous finite 348 anomalous verb 349 anomaly 350 antecedent 351 antecedent 352 antecedent-binding 353 anterior 354 anteriority 355 anti-causative 356 anticipation leakage 357 anticipatory assimilation 358 anticipatory it 359 anticipatory there 360 anti-cyclic rule

10 361 anti-ergative 362 antipassive 363 anti-resultative 364 antisymmetric 365 antithesis 366 antithetical adversative 367 antonym 368 antonymous 369 antonymy 370 anywhere rule 371 aorist 372 aorist 373 A-over-A principle 374 aperture 375 apex of tongue 376 aphaeresis 377 aphasia 378 aphesis 379 aphoristic sentence 380 apical 381 apical 382 apico-alveolar 383 apocope 384 apodosis 385 apophony 386 aposiopesis 387 appellative 388 appended statement 389 applicative 390 applied linguistics 391 applied psycholinguistics 392 applied sociology of language 393 applosive 394 apposition 395 appositional compound 396 appositive 397 appositive clause 398 appositive clause formation 399 appositive genitive 400 approximant

11 401 approximate 402 approximate conversion 403 approximation 404 approximative case 405 apraxia 406 AP shift adjective phrase shift 407 arbitrary 408 arbitrary 409 arbitrary reference 410 arc 411 archaism 412 archimorpheme 413 archiphoneme 414 archi-segment 415 archi-unit 416 arc pair grammar 417 areal feature 418 areal linguistics 419 areal typology 420 argot 421 argument 422 argument 423 argument 424 argument binding A-binding 425 argument position A-position 426 argument projection 427 argument string 428 argument structure 429 arrangement 430 article 431 article of complete determination 432 article of incomplete determination 433 articulation 434 articulation 435 articulation base 436 articulator 437 articulatory 438 articulatory feature 439 articulatory habit 440 articulatory organ

12 441 articulatory phonetics 442 artificial intelligence 443 artificial language 444 artificial palate 445 arytenoid cartilage 446 ascending diphthong 447 ascription 448 aspect 449 aspect switch 450 aspectual 451 aspectual verb 452 aspirate 453 aspirated 454 aspirated fricative 455 aspirated stop 456 aspiration 457 asserted coreference 458 assertion 459 assertive 460 assertive proposition 461 assertive sentence 462 assertive word 463 assibilation 464 assimilation 465 association 466 association 467 association 468 association 469 association area 470 association area 471 association convention 472 associationism 473 association law 474 association line 475 association norm 476 association rule 477 association value 478 association with focus 479 associative law 480 associative meaning

13 481 associative relationship 482 assonance 483 assumption 484 assumption 485 asyllabic 486 asymmetric 487 asymmetrical vowel harmony system 488 asymmetric command 489 asyndesis 490 asyndeton 491 asyntactic compound 492 atelic 493 atomic feature 494 atone 495 atonic 496 atonic form 497 attachment transformation 498 attainable grammar 499 attested form 500 attitudinal disjunct 501 attraction 502 attribute(1) 503 attribute(2) 504 attribute(3) 505 attribute adjective 506 attribute agreement 507 attribute grammar 508 attribution 509 attributive 510 attributive 511 attributive 512 attributive 513 attributive adjective 514 attributive adjunct 515 attributive genitive 516 attributive infinitive 517 attributive participle 518 attributive use 519 attributive use 520 attunement

14 521 audible range 522 auditive 523 auditive mood 524 auditory 525 auditory impression 526 auditory localization 527 auditory organ 528 auditory perception 529 auditory phonetics 530 augmentative 531 augmented context-free grammar 532 augmented phrase structure grammar 533 augmented transition network ATN 534 Auslautgesetz 535 automatic alternation 536 automatic spreading 537 automatization 538 automaton 539 automaton 540 autonomous 541 autonomous phonemics 542 autonomous phonetics 543 autonomous syntax 544 autonomy 545 autosegment 546 autosegmental association 547 autosegmental domain 548 autosegmental morphology 549 autosegmental phonology 550 autosegmental realignment 551 autosegmental rule 552 autosegmental spreading 553 autosegmental tension 554 autosegmental tier 555 autosegmental tree 556 auxiliary AUX 557 auxiliary hypothesis 558 auxiliary inversion 559 auxiliary reduction 560 auxiliary reduction rule

15 561 auxiliary template 562 auxiliary verb 563 availability 564 aversive case 565 avoidance style 566 avoid pronoun principle 567 axiom 568 axiomatic functionalism 569 axiomatic system 570 babbling 571 baby language 572 baby talk 573 back 574 back 575 back channel 576 back-derivation 577 back-formation 578 back-formation 579 backgrounding 580 backness adjustment 581 back of tongue 582 back referencing 583 back-shift 584 back-shifted perfect 585 back-shifted present 586 back-shifted preterite 587 back-shifting 588 back slang 589 backtracking 590 back vowel 591 backward 592 backward anaphora 593 backward anaphora constraint 594 backward linear tense logic frame 595 backward pronominalization 596 balanced bilingualism 597 ballad quatrain 598 ballad stanza 599 band of resonance 600 bare infinitive

16 601 barrier 602 barrierhood 603 base 604 base 605 base 606 base component 607 base form 608 base melody 609 base phrase marker 610 base rule 611 basic core vocabulary 612 basic meaning 613 basic sentence 614 basic series 615 basic string 616 basic subject 617 basic syllable composition 618 basic tier 619 basic tone melody 620 basic vocabulary 621 basic word order 622 basilect 623 beat 624 beat addition 625 beat deletion 626 beat movement 627 beginning 628 beginning rhyme 629 behavioral repertoir 630 behaviorism 631 behavioristic psychology 632 behavioristic theory of language acquisition 633 belief-context 634 benefactive 635 benefactive 636 beneficiary 637 bidialectalism 638 bidirectional harmony 639 bidirectional rule 640 bidirectional spreading

17 641 bifurcation thesis 642 bijection principle 643 bijection principle 644 bilabial 645 bilabial 646 bilabial plosive 647 bilabial trill 648 bilateral 649 bilateral implication 650 bilateral opposition 651 bilingual 652 bilingual 653 bilingual education 654 bilingualism 655 binarism 656 binary branching 657 binary coordination schema 658 binary domain 659 binary feature 660 binary opposition 661 binary quantification 662 binary quantifier 663 binary relation 664 binary taxonomy 665 binary transformation 666 binaural effect 667 binder 668 binding 669 binding condition 670 binding domain 671 binding theory 672 bind, to 673 biolinguistics 674 bisyllabic word 675 bit 676 biuniqueness 677 biuniqueness condition 678 bladal 679 blade-alveolar 680 blade of tongue

18 681 blank verse 682 bleeding 683 bleeding order 684 bleeding relation 685 bleeding rule 686 blend 687 blending 688 blocking 689 blocking category 690 blocking segment 691 body language 692 body of the tongue 693 body part 694 body-part lexeme 695 Boolean condition 696 Boolean condition on analyzability 697 borrowed word 698 borrowing 699 bottom-to-top method 700 bottom-up parser 701 bottom-up parsing 702 bottom-up processing 703 bound allomorph 704 bound anaphor 705 bound anaphora 706 boundary 707 boundary condition 708 boundary feature 709 boundary signal 710 boundary symbol 711 boundary tone 712 boundary weakening 713 bounded 714 bounded rule 715 bounded transformation 716 bound form 717 bound idiom 718 bounding category 719 bounding condition 720 bounding node

19 721 bounding theory 722 bound morpheme 723 boundness condition 724 bound variable 725 boustrophedon 726 bow-wow theory 727 brace 728 brace notation 729 bracket 730 bracketing erasure 731 bracket notation 732 braille 733 branch 734 branching diagram 735 branching node 736 branching rhyme 737 branching rule 738 branching sensitivity parameter 739 breadth-first search 740 breaking 741 breaking 742 breast voice 743 breath 744 breath group 745 breathy sound 746 breve 747 bridge verb 748 brightness 749 broad focus 750 broad notation 751 broad Romic 752 broad transcription 753 Broca's aphasia 754 Broca's area 755 Broca's speech area 756 broken couplet 757 buccal 758 buccal cavity 759 buffer 760 bunched

20 761 bundle of isoglosses 762 cacophony 763 cacuminal 764 cadence 765 cadence 766 caesura 767 calculability 768 calligraphy 769 calque 770 cancellability 771 cancellation 772 canonical form 773 canonical government configuration 774 canonical structural realization CSR 775 cant 776 capital 777 cardinal consonant 778 cardinality 779 cardinal numeral 780 cardinal vowel 781 caritive case 782 Cartesian linguistics 783 Cartesian product 784 case 785 case absorption 786 case assigner 787 case assignment rule 788 case binding 789 case category 790 case checking 791 case ending 792 case feature 793 case filter 794 case form 795 case frame 796 case grammar 797 case hierarchy 798 case marker 799 case marking 800 case marking

21 801 case particle 802 case relation 803 case resistance principle 804 case role 805 case structure 806 case theory 807 casual style 808 catalysis 809 cataphora 810 cataphoric 811 categorial analysis 812 categorial component 813 categorial feature 814 categorial grammar 815 categorial perception 816 categorial phonology 817 categorial rule 818 categorial selection c-selection 819 categorization 820 category 821 category 822 category feature 823 category grammar 824 category label 825 category-neutral base 826 category symbol 827 category type 828 catena 829 causal adverb clause 830 causal case 831 causal clause 832 causal conjunction 833 causation 834 causation 835 causative 836 causative 837 causative 838 causative 839 causative agentive 840 causative aspect

22 841 causative construction 842 causative hierarchy 843 causative transformation 844 causative verb 845 causative voice 846 causativization 847 causee 848 causer 849 cavity 850 cavity feature 851 cavity friction 852 c-command constituent command 853 c-domain constituent domain 854 CED condition on extraction domain 855 cedille 856 center embedding 857 centering 858 centering diphthong 859 center of tongue 860 central 861 central determiner 862 centralization 863 centralized 864 central vowel 865 centrifugal language 866 centripetal language 867 Centum language 868 cerebral 869 cerebral dominance 870 cerebral limbic system 871 CFG context-free grammar 872 chain 873 chain composition 874 chain convention 875 chain head 876 chaining structure 877 chain shift 878 chain variable 879 channel 880 channel

23 881 character 882 character 883 chart parser 884 checked 885 checked 886 checked syllable 887 checked vowel 888 chest-pulse theory 889 chest register 890 chest voice 891 child language 892 chi-square test 893 choice relation 894 chomeur 895 Chomsky adjunction 896 chopping rule 897 chopping transformation 898 chrone 899 chroneme 900 chuintant 901 circumfix 902 circumflex accent 903 circumnominal relative clause 904 circumstantial voice 905 citation form 906 class 907 class 908 class cleavage 909 class dialect 910 classical conditioning 911 classicism 912 classification system 913 classificatory function 914 classifier 915 class language 916 class meaning 917 class word 918 clausal topicalization 919 clausal topicalization 920 clause

24 921 clause-bound 922 clause boundary 923 clause chaining 924 clause complex 925 clause linkage 926 clause marker 927 clause mate 928 clause mate restriction 929 clause of comparison 930 clause of concession 931 clause of condition 932 clause of place 933 clause of purpose 934 clause of reason 935 clause of result 936 clause of time 937 clause structure 938 clause type 939 clause union 940 clear beginning 941 clear l 942 clear vowel 943 cleaving 944 cleft extrapositon 945 clefting 946 cleft sentence 947 cliche 948 click 949 click experiment 950 cline 951 clipping 952 clipping 953 clitic 954 clitic doubling 955 cliticization 956 cliticize, to 957 clitic pronoun 958 clitic reduction 959 close contact 960 closed class

25 961 closed set 962 closed syllable 963 close juncture 964 close transition 965 close vowel 966 closing diphthong 967 closure 968 closure principle 969 Cloze procedure 970 cluster 971 cluster 972 cluster analysis 973 cluster deaspiration 974 cluster simplification 975 coalescence 976 co-argument 977 co-articulation 978 coda 979 coda 980 codability 981 code 982 code 983 code 984 code 985 code conversion 986 code switching 987 codification 988 coding 989 cognate 990 cognate accusative 991 cognate language 992 cognate object 993 cognate verb 994 cognition 995 cognitive attitude 996 cognitive faculty 997 cognitive function 998 cognitive meaning 999 cognitive psychology 1000 cognitive saliency

26 1001 cognitive science 1002 cognitive structure 1003 cognitive synonymy 1004 cognitive system 1005 cognitive theory 1006 coherence 1007 cohesion 1008 cohesive relation 1009 cohortative 1010 co-hyponym 1011 coinage 1012 coindexing 1013 collapsing 1014 collective noun 1015 colligation 1016 collocation 1017 collocation 1018 collocational restriction 1019 colloquial 1020 colloquialism 1021 colloquial style 1022 color term 1023 column 1024 column 1025 combinatory change 1026 combinatory variant 1027 comitative 1028 comma intonation 1029 command 1030 command 1031 comment 1032 commissive 1033 common case 1034 common core 1035 common gender 1036 common language 1037 common noun 1038 communality 1039 communication 1040 communication

27 1041 communication network 1042 communication predicate 1043 communication process 1044 communication theory 1045 communicative act 1046 communicative behavior 1047 communicative competence 1048 communicative dynamism 1049 communicative function 1050 communicative intent 1051 communicative intention 1052 communicative strategy 1053 commutation test 1054 commutative law 1055 compact 1056 compactness 1057 comparative 1058 comparative 1059 comparative 1060 comparative adverb clause 1061 comparative clause 1062 comparative construction 1063 comparative degree 1064 comparative deletion 1065 comparative grammar 1066 comparative linguistics 1067 comparative method 1068 comparative philology 1069 comparative phonetics 1070 comparative reconstruction 1071 comparative structure 1072 compared element 1073 compared element deletion 1074 comparison 1075 compatibility 1076 compensatory lengthening 1077 competence 1078 competence-performance dichotomy 1079 comp-indexing 1080 complement

28 1081 complement 1082 complement 1083 complementary distribution 1084 complementary set 1085 complementation 1086 complementation 1087 complement clause 1088 complement convention 1089 complement deletion 1090 complement extraposition 1091 complementizer 1092 complementizer deletion 1093 complementizer placement 1094 complementizer substitution universal 1095 complementizer-trace phenomenon 1096 complement linking 1097 complement sentence 1098 complement structure 1099 complement subject deletion 1100 complement subject interpretation 1101 complement subject raising 1102 complement system 1103 complete intransitive verb 1104 complete merger 1105 completeness 1106 complete transitive verb 1107 complete verb 1108 completive 1109 completive 1110 completive interjection 1111 completive minor sentence 1112 complex form 1113 complexity 1114 complex nominal 1115 complex NP complex noun phrase 1116 complex NP contraint complex noun phrase con 1117 complex NP shift noun phrase shift 1118 complex object 1119 complex segment 1120 complex sentence

29 1121 complex symbol 1122 complex tense 1123 complex tone 1124 complex verb 1125 complex vowel 1126 complex word 1127 component 1128 componential analysis 1129 composition 1130 compositionality principle 1131 compositional semantics 1132 compositional structure 1133 compound bilingualism 1134 compounding 1135 compound phoneme 1136 compound rule 1137 compound sentence 1138 compound stress rule 1139 compound tone 1140 compound type 1141 compound verb 1142 compound vowel 1143 compound word 1144 comprehension 1145 computation 1146 computation 1147 computational capacity 1148 computationalism 1149 computational lexicology 1150 computational linguistics 1151 computational theory 1152 conative 1153 concatenated clause 1154 concatenated interrogative clause 1155 concatenated relative clause 1156 concatenation 1157 concatenation 1158 concatenation algebra 1159 concatenation system 1160 concealed question

30 1161 concept 1162 concept formation 1163 conceptional neuter 1164 conceptscript 1165 conceptual analyzer 1166 conceptual dependency 1167 conceptual dependency theory 1168 conceptualization 1169 conceptual structure 1170 concessive clause 1171 concessive conjunction 1172 conclusive aspect 1173 conclusive verb 1174 concord 1175 concordance 1176 concrete adjective 1177 concrete noun 1178 condensed adjective 1179 condensed relative 1180 conditional 1181 conditional clause 1182 conditional mood 1183 conditional relevance 1184 conditional sentence 1185 conditional sound change 1186 conditional stimulus 1187 conditional variant 1188 conditioned 1189 conditioned allophone 1190 conditioned change 1191 conditioned merger 1192 conditioned phonetic change 1193 conditioned reflex conditional reflex 1194 conditioned sound change 1195 conditioned variant 1196 conditioning 1197 condition on application of transformation 1198 condition on extraction domain CED 1199 condition on proper binding 1200 condition on recoverability of deletion

31 1201 condition on syllable template 1202 conditions box 1203 conduct 1204 conduction aphasia 1205 configuration 1206 configuration 1207 configurational 1208 configurational language 1209 configuration of attitude 1210 configurative feature 1211 confirmative question 1212 confirmative statement 1213 confirmatory response 1214 conflict principle 1215 congruence 1216 congruent function 1217 congruity principle 1218 conjoined sentence 1219 conjoining transformation 1220 conjoint 1221 conjoint possessive pronoun 1222 conjugating finite 1223 conjugation 1224 conjunct 1225 conjunct 1226 conjunct 1227 conjunction 1228 conjunction 1229 conjunction 1230 conjunctional phrase 1231 conjunction copying 1232 conjunction reduction 1233 conjunction substitution 1234 conjunctive 1235 conjunctive 1236 conjunctive adjective 1237 conjunctive adverb 1238 conjunctive ordering 1239 conjunctive pronoun 1240 conjunct movement

32 1241 connected 1242 connectedness condition 1243 connective 1244 connotation 1245 connotation 1246 connotational meaning 1247 connotative meaning 1248 consecutive clause 1249 consequent 1250 consistency 1251 consistency 1252 consistency condition 1253 consistent word order type 1254 consonance 1255 consonant 1256 consonantal 1257 consonantal alternation 1258 consonantal verb 1259 consonant cluster 1260 consonant cluster reduction 1261 consonant disharmony 1262 consonant gradation 1263 consonant harmony 1264 consonantism 1265 consonant script 1266 consonant shift 1267 consonant truncation 1268 conspiracy 1269 conspiracy theory 1270 constancy 1271 constant 1272 constant 1273 constant 1274 constant movement rule 1275 constant string 1276 constative 1277 constative sentence 1278 constituent 1279 constituent analysis 1280 constituent command c-command

33 1281 constituent control 1282 constituent domain c-domain 1283 constituent negation 1284 constituent question 1285 constituent sentence 1286 constituent structure 1287 constituent structure grammar 1288 constituent structure rule 1289 constitute 1290 constitutive rule 1291 constraint 1292 constraint on crossing association lines 1293 constricted glottis 1294 constriction 1295 construal rule 1296 construal rule 1297 construct 1298 construction 1299 constructional homonymity 1300 construction pattern 1301 contact 1302 contact 1303 contact 1304 contact clause 1305 contact language 1306 contact linguistics 1307 contact theory 1308 contagion 1309 contamination 1310 content 1311 content analysis 1312 content clause 1313 contentive 1314 content word 1315 context 1316 context 1317 context-dependent 1318 context-free 1319 context-free grammar CFG 1320 context-free language

34 1321 context-free phrase structure grammar 1322 context-free phrase structure rule 1323 context-free rewriting rule 1324 context-free rule 1325 context-free sound change 1326 context-free subcategorization rule 1327 context of situation 1328 context of utterance 1329 context predicate 1330 context-sensitive 1331 context-sensitive grammar 1332 context-sensitive language 1333 context-sensitive phrase structure rule 1334 context-sensitive phrase structure grammar 1335 context-sensitive rewriting rule 1336 context-sensitive rule 1337 context-sensitive sound change 1338 context-sensitive subcategorization rule 1339 contextual assimilation 1340 contextual feature 1341 contextualization 1342 contextual meaning 1343 contextual neutralization 1344 contextual restriction 1345 contextual style 1346 contextual word 1347 contiguity 1348 contiguity disorder 1349 continuant 1350 continuant 1351 continuative aspect 1352 continuative perfect 1353 continuative relative clause 1354 continuative tense 1355 continuous 1356 continuous perfect 1357 continuous spectrum 1358 continuous tense 1359 continuum 1360 contoid

35 1361 contorted variant 1362 contour 1363 contour 1364 contour display 1365 contour tone 1366 contracted clause 1367 contracted form 1368 contracted sentence 1369 contracted vowel 1370 contraction 1371 contraction rule 1372 contradiction 1373 contradiction contour 1374 contradictory opposition 1375 contrafactive 1376 contrapositive 1377 contrary opposition 1378 contrast 1379 contrast-emphasis 1380 contrasting adversative coordination 1381 contrastive 1382 contrastive analysis 1383 contrastive conjunction 1384 contrastive distribution 1385 contrastive grammar 1386 contrastive intonation 1387 contrastive linguistics 1388 contrastiveness 1389 contrastive phonetics 1390 contrastive sentence 1391 contrastive set 1392 contrastive stress 1393 control 1394 control 1395 control agreement principle 1396 control box 1397 control domain 1398 controlled association 1399 controller 1400 control predicate

36 1401 control structure 1402 control verb 1403 convention 1404 convention 1405 conventional implicature 1406 conventionalist 1407 converb 1408 convergence 1409 convergence area 1410 convergent change 1411 conversation 1412 conversational analysis 1413 conversational implicature 1414 conversational maxim 1415 conversational postulate 1416 conversational rhetoric 1417 conversational strategy 1418 converse 1419 conversion 1420 conversion 1421 conversion rule 1422 conversion rule 1423 conversion substantive 1424 converted intransitive 1425 converted subject 1426 co-occurrence 1427 co-occurrence 1428 co-occurrence relation 1429 co-occurrence restriction 1430 cooperative principle 1431 coordinate 1432 coordinate 1433 coordinate bilingualism 1434 coordinate clause 1435 coordinate concept 1436 coordinate conjunction 1437 coordinated construction 1438 coordinated structure 1439 coordinated term 1440 coordinate structure

37 1441 coordinate structure constraint 1442 coordinate type 1443 coordinating conjunction 1444 coordinating conjunctive adverb 1445 coordinating connective 1446 coordination 1447 coordination 1448 coordination 1449 coordinator 1450 copula 1451 copulative 1452 copulative compound 1453 copulative conjunction 1454 copulative sentence 1455 copulative verb 1456 copying 1457 copying rule 1458 copying transformation 1459 co-ranking structure 1460 coreference 1461 coreferential 1462 core grammar 1463 core relation 1464 core rule 1465 coronal 1466 coronal 1467 coronal root 1468 corpus 1469 corpus callosum 1470 correlation 1471 correlational bundle 1472 correlation co-efficient 1473 correlation pair 1474 correlative 1475 correlative adverb 1476 correlative clause 1477 correlative conjunction 1478 correlative demonstrative 1479 correlative derivation 1480 correlative opposition

38 1481 correlative subordinator 1482 correspondence 1483 correspondence rule 1484 co-superscripting 1485 countable 1486 countable noun 1487 counter-bleeding 1488 counter-bleeding order 1489 counter-bleeding relationship 1490 counter-factual 1491 counter-factual conditional 1492 counter-factual sentence 1493 counter-feeding 1494 counter-feeding order 1495 counter-feeding relationship 1496 count noun 1497 couplet 1498 couplet rhyme 1499 coupling 1500 covered 1501 cover symbol 1502 covert 1503 covert category 1504 covert prestige 1505 cranberry morph 1506 cranberry principle 1507 crasis 1508 creak 1509 creaky voice 1510 creative aspect of language use 1511 creativity 1512 creole 1513 creole 1514 creole continuum 1515 creolization 1516 creolized language 1517 creoloid 1518 critical age 1519 critical period 1520 critical use of variable

39 1521 cross-category harmony principle 1522 cross classification 1523 cross-cultural communication 1524 crossed alliteration 1525 crossed dependency 1526 cross-over constraint 1527 cross-over phenomenon 1528 cross-reference 1529 cross-referencing pronoun 1530 cross-sectional 1531 c-selection categorial selection 1532 CSR canonical structural realization 1533 cued recall 1534 culmination 1535 culminative function 1536 cultivated speech 1537 cultural anthropology 1538 cultural borrowing 1539 cultural dialect 1540 cumulate plural 1541 cumulative hypothesis 1542 cumulative hypothesis 1543 cumulative negation 1544 cuneiform 1545 cursive writing 1546 cybernetics 1547 cycle 1548 cyclic 1549 cyclical 1550 cyclically ordered obligatory rule 1551 cyclical ordering 1552 cyclical rule 1553 cyclic application 1554 cyclic domain 1555 cyclicity 1556 cyclic metrical structure assignment 1557 cyclic node 1558 cyclic order 1559 cyclic phonology 1560 cyclic rule

40 1561 cyclic rule ordering 1562 cyclic transformational rule 1563 Cyrillic 1564 dactyle 1565 dactyle 1566 dactylic 1567 dactylic 1568 dangling participle 1569 dark l 1570 data processing 1571 dative 1572 dative absolute construction 1573 dative case 1574 dative clause 1575 dative movement transformation 1576 dative object 1577 dative of interest 1578 dative passive 1579 dative passive 1580 dative phrase 1581 dative rule 1582 dative shift 1583 dative verb 1584 dativus sympatheticus 1585 daughter adjunction 1586 daughter language 1587 deaccenting 1588 dead affix 1589 dead language 1590 deaspiration 1591 decibel 1592 decidability theorem 1593 decipherment 1594 decision problem 1595 decision procedure 1596 declarative intonation 1597 declarative question 1598 declarative sentence 1599 declension 1600 decoder

41 1601 decoding 1602 decoding 1603 decoding 1604 decreolization 1605 deduction 1606 deductive logic 1607 deep anaphor 1608 deep case 1609 deep grammar 1610 deep structure 1611 deep structure constraint 1612 deep subject theory 1613 deep syntax 1614 deep syntax 1615 defamilialization 1616 default specification 1617 defective morpheme 1618 defective verb 1619 deference 1620 deficit hypothesis 1621 deficit theory 1622 definite 1623 definite accusative 1624 definite adverb 1625 definite anaphora 1626 definite conjugation 1627 definiteness 1628 definite pronoun 1629 definite relative pronoun 1630 definite tense 1631 degemination 1632 degeneracy of stimulus 1633 degree 1634 degree adverb 1635 degree of approximation 1636 degree of certainty 1637 degree of deviation 1638 degree of grammaticality 1639 degree of grammaticalness 1640 deictic

42 1641 deictic pronoun 1642 deixis 1643 deixis 1644 delabialization 1645 delative case 1646 delayed reaction 1647 delayed release 1648 delayed voice onset 1649 deletion 1650 deletion site 1651 deletion transformation 1652 deliberative question 1653 delicacy 1654 delinking 1655 demarcative function 1656 demonstrative 1657 demonstrative adjective 1658 demonstrative adverb 1659 demonstrative article 1660 demonstrative pronoun 1661 demotion 1662 demotional passive 1663 denasalization 1664 dendrogram 1665 demonical adjective 1666 demonical verb 1667 denominative 1668 denominative verb 1669 denotation 1670 denotation 1671 denotation meaning 1672 denotative meaning 1673 denotative semiotic 1674 dental 1675 dental fricative 1676 dental plosive 1677 demonic 1678 demonic logic 1679 demonic operator 1680 dependency

43 1681 dependency grammar 1682 dependency phonology 1683 dependency reversal 1684 dependent 1685 dependent adverb 1686 dependent clause 1687 dependent interrogative 1688 dependent-marking 1689 dependent nexus 1690 dependent pronoun 1691 dependent question 1692 dependent speech 1693 dependent variable 1694 dephonemicization 1695 dephonologization 1696 depidginization 1697 deponent verb 1698 depth-first search 1699 depth hypothesis 1700 depth of embedding 1701 derivation 1702 derivation 1703 derivational affix 1704 derivational affixation 1705 derivational compound 1706 derivational constraint 1707 derivational history 1708 derivational morphology 1709 derivational paradigm 1710 derivational simplicity criterion 1711 derivational theory of complexity DTC 1712 derivative 1713 derivative test 1714 derivative word 1715 derived category 1716 derived constituent structure 1717 derived foot 1718 derived form 1719 derived nominal 1720 derived P-marker derived phrase marker

44 1721 derived primary word 1722 derived rule 1723 derived secondary word 1724 derived structure 1725 derived subject theory 1726 derived word 1727 derive 1728 descending diphthong 1729 descriptive adequacy 1730 descriptive adjective 1731 descriptive adverb 1732 descriptive genitive 1733 descriptive linguistics 1734 descriptive power 1735 descriptive relative clause 1736 descriptive theory 1737 descriptivism 1738 desiderative 1739 desiderative mood 1740 designated argument 1741 designated controller 1742 designated terminal element DTE 1743 desinence 1744 destressing 1745 detached clause 1746 detached conjunction 1747 detached preposition 1748 deterioration 1749 determination 1750 determinative 1751 determinative compound 1752 determiner 1753 deterministic parser 1754 dethematization 1755 detransitivization 1756 developmental psycholinguistics 1757 deverbal 1758 deverbal noun 1759 deverbative 1760 deviance

45 1761 deviancy 1762 deviant sentence 1763 deviation 1764 device 1765 devocalization 1766 devocalization 1767 devoicing 1768 diachronic 1769 diachronic linguistics 1770 diachronic psycholinguistics 1771 diachronic universal 1772 diachrony 1773 diachrony 1774 diacritic 1775 diacritical mark 1776 diacritic feature 1777 diaeresis 1778 dialect 1779 dialect 1780 dialectal pattern 1781 dialect atlas 1782 dialect borrowing 1783 dialect boundary 1784 dialect continuum 1785 dialect differentiation 1786 dialect geography 1787 dialect loyalty 1788 dialect map 1789 dialect mixture 1790 dialectology 1791 dialect switching 1792 dialogue 1793 diaphone 1794 diaphoneme 1795 diasystem 1796 diathesis 1797 diatype 1798 dichotic listening procedure 1799 dichotomy 1800 difference theory

46 1801 difference tone 1802 differential limen 1803 differential meaning 1804 differential plural 1805 differentiation 1806 diffuse 1807 diffusion 1808 diglossia 1809 digraph 1810 diminutive 1811 diphthong 1812 diphthongization 1813 direct adjunct 1814 direct causation 1815 direct discourse 1816 direct form 1817 direction adverb 1818 directional case 1819 directional government 1820 directional harmony 1821 directional rule 1822 directive 1823 directive 1824 directive case 1825 direct marking 1826 direct method 1827 direct narration 1828 direct object 1829 direct passive 1830 direct quote 1831 direct speech 1832 disambiguation 1833 discontinuous 1834 discontinuous constituent 1835 discontinuous immediate constituent 1836 discontinuous morpheme 1837 discourse 1838 discourse analysis 1839 discourse anaphora 1840 discourse deixis

47 1841 discourse ergativity 1842 discourse oriented modal 1843 discourse particle 1844 discourse presupposition 1845 discourse referent 1846 discourse strategy 1847 discourse structure 1848 discourse theme 1849 discovery procedure 1850 discrete 1851 discreteness 1852 discriminability 1853 discrimination 1854 discrimination learning 1855 disharmonic order 1856 disharmonic stem 1857 disharmonic suffix 1858 disharmonic word 1859 disharmony 1860 disjoint reference 1861 disjunct 1862 disjunct 1863 disjunction 1864 disjunction 1865 disjunctive conjunction 1866 disjunctive ordering 1867 disjunctive phoneme 1868 disjunctive question 1869 disjunctivity 1870 disjuncture 1871 dislocation 1872 displaced speech 1873 dissimilation rule 1874 dissociation 1875 distal 1876 distant assimilation 1877 distinct 1878 distinctive 1879 distinctive feature 1880 distinctive function

48 1881 distinguisher 1882 distractor 1883 distributed 1884 distribution 1885 distributional universal 1886 distribution mode 1887 distributive 1888 distributive law 1889 distributive numeral 1890 distributive plural 1891 disyllabic 1892 disyllabic foot 1893 disyllabic rule 1894 ditransitive verb 1895 divergence 1896 divergent change 1897 diversification 1898 diversion 1899 domain 1900 domain-governing category 1901 domain of spreading 1902 domain problem 1903 dominance 1904 dominant 1905 dominant harmony 1906 dominant order 1907 dominate, to 1908 dominating category 1909 domination 1910 donkey sentence 1911 dormal 1912 dorsal 1913 DOS constraint double open syllabic constraint 1914 do-support 1915 double articulation 1916 double articulation 1917 double-bar juncture 1918 double-barrelled question 1919 double comparative 1920 double comparison

49 1921 double consonant 1922 double-cross juncture 1923 double-faced verb 1924 double genitive 1925 double negation 1926 double number 1927 double object 1928 double-oblique case marking system 1929 double open syllabic constraint DOS constraint 1930 double passive 1931 double plural 1932 double question 1933 double-sided verb 1934 double superlative 1935 doublet 1936 doubly filled node 1937 downdrift 1938 downgrading 1939 downstep 1940 down-toner 1941 downward 1942 downward movement 1943 drag chain 1944 dramatic present 1945 drawl 1946 drift 1947 D-structure 1948 dual coding hypothesis 1949 dual coding hypothesis 1950 dualism 1951 dual number 1952 dubitative mood 1953 dummy subject 1954 dummy symbol 1955 duration 1956 duration 1957 duration adverb 1958 durational verb 1959 durative aspect 1960 dyad

50 1961 dynamic 1962 dynamic verb 1963 dysgrammatism 1964 dyslalia 1965 each shift 1966 echolalia 1967 echo negation 1968 echo question 1969 economy of effort 1970 economy principle 1971 editorial we 1972 educated speech 1973 effability principle 1974 effect 1975 effective aspect 1976 effective verb 1977 effectum object 1978 egocentricity 1979 ego-centric speech 1980 egressive 1981 egressive aspect 1982 eidetic image 1983 ejective 1984 ejective stop 1985 elaborated code 1986 E-language externalized language 1987 elative 1988 electronic dictionary 1989 element 1990 element 1991 elementary adjunct 1992 elementary transformation 1993 elevation 1994 elision 1995 elision rule 1996 ellipsis 1997 elliptical anaphor 1998 elsewhere condition 1999 embedded 2000 embedded sentence

51 2001 embedding transformation 2002 embraciation 2003 emic 2004 emic 2005 emotional deixis 2006 emotive factive 2007 emotive meaning 2008 empathy 2009 empathy hierarchy 2010 emphasis 2011 emphatic stress 2012 empirical adequacy 2013 empiricism 2014 empiricist approach 2015 empiricist view 2016 empty category 2017 empty category principle 2018 empty element 2019 empty morph 2020 empty morpheme 2021 empty node 2022 empty set 2023 enclitic 2024 enclitic 2025 encliticization 2026 encoder 2027 encoding 2028 encoding 2029 end-focus principle 2030 endglide 2031 ending 2032 ending 2033 endocentric 2034 endocentric compound 2035 endocentric construction 2036 endocentricity 2037 endoglossic 2038 endophora 2039 endophoric 2040 end variable

52 2041 end-weight principle 2042 enigmatic script 2043 entailment 2044 entailment reversing environment 2045 entity 2046 entity 2047 entry 2048 environment 2049 epenthesis 2050 epicene 2051 epicene 2052 epicycle hypothesis 2053 epicyclic ordering 2054 epiglottal 2055 epigram 2056 episememe 2057 episodic memory 2058 epistemic 2059 epistemic factive 2060 epistemic meaning 2061 epistemic modal auxiliary 2062 epistemic verb 2063 epistemological priority 2064 epistemology 2065 epithesis 2066 epithet 2067 eponym 2068 equal boundary 2069 equational grammar 2070 equational sentence 2071 equative sentence 2072 equi-bilinguailsm 2073 equi NP deletion equi noun phrase deletion 2074 equipollent opposition 2075 equi-type of relative clause 2076 equivalence 2077 equivalence relation 2078 equivalent 2079 erasure transformation 2080 ergative-absolutive case marking system

53 2081 ergative-absolutive syntax 2082 ergative case 2083 ergative language 2084 ergative rule 2085 ergative subject 2086 ergative verb 2087 ergative voice 2088 ergativity 2089 error analysis 2090 escape hatch 2091 essential use of variable 2092 essential variable 2093 essive case 2094 EST extended standard theory 2095 ethnography of speaking 2096 ethnolinguistics 2097 ethnomethodology 2098 etic 2099 etic 2100 etymology 2101 etymon 2102 euphemism 2103 euphemism 2104 euphony 2105 eurhythmic grid 2106 eurhythmy 2107 evaluation measure 2108 evaluation procedure 2109 evaluative adverb 2110 evaluative feature 2111 event 2112 eventive 2113 event logic 2114 event time 2115 evidential 2116 EVS eye voice span 2117 exbraciation 2118 exceptional case marking 2119 exchange rule 2120 exclamatory sentence

54 2121 exclusive or 2122 exclusive we 2123 excrescence 2124 excrescent 2125 excrescent 2126 exhaustive domination 2127 exhaustive listing 2128 exhaustively dominate, to 2129 exhortative 2130 existential operator 2131 existential presupposition 2132 existential proposition 2133 existential quantification 2134 existential quantifier(1) 2135 existential quantifier(2) 2136 existential sentence 2137 existential there 2138 exocentric 2139 exocentric compound 2140 exocentric construction 2141 exocentricity 2142 exoglossic 2143 exophora 2144 exophoric 2145 expansion 2146 expansion convention 2147 expansive 2148 experience 2149 experiencer 2150 experiential function 2151 experiment 2152 experimental phonetics 2153 experimenter 2154 explanatory adequacy 2155 explanatory theory 2156 expletive 2157 expletive it 2158 expletive there 2159 explicit argument 2160 explicit performative utterance

55 2161 explicit speech 2162 explosive 2163 exponent 2164 expressive 2165 expressive 2166 expressive intonation 2167 expressive lengthening 2168 expressive power 2169 expressive stress 2170 expressive use of intonation 2171 extended lexical grammar 2172 extended lexicalist hypothesis 2173 extended ordering hypothesis 2174 extended projection principle 2175 extended standard theory EST 2176 extension 2177 extensional 2178 extensional logic 2179 extensional meaning 2180 extensional operator 2181 extensive verb 2182 exterior case 2183 external argument 2184 external distribution class 2185 external explanation 2186 externalized language E-language 2187 external justification 2188 external negation 2189 external open juncture 2190 external sandhi 2191 external thematic role 2192 extraction 2193 extraction rule 2194 extra-high 2195 extralinguistic 2196 extra-low 2197 extrametricality 2198 extrametrical syllable 2199 extraposition from NP extraposition from noun 2200 extraposition of prepositional phrase PP extrapo

56 2201 extraposition transformation 2202 extra-short 2203 extrasyllabicity 2204 extratextual feature 2205 extratonality 2206 extrinsic ordering 2207 eye dialect 2208 eye voice span EVS 2209 face-to-face interaction 2210 factitive 2211 factive 2212 factive adjective 2213 factive case 2214 factive complement 2215 factive nominal 2216 factive predicate 2217 factive presupposition 2218 factive verb 2219 factivity 2220 fact-mood 2221 factor analysis 2222 facultative variant 2223 faculte de langage Fr faculty of mind 2225 fading juncture 2226 fading pause 2227 fall 2228 falling contour 2229 falling diphthong 2230 falling foot 2231 falling head 2232 falling intonation 2233 falling juncture 2234 falling pitch 2235 falling rhythm 2236 falling-rising contour 2237 falling-rising tone 2238 falling stress contour 2239 falling terminal juncture 2240 falling tone

57 2241 fall-rise 2242 false analogy 2243 false glottis 2244 falsetto 2245 falsetto register 2246 falsetto voice 2247 false vocal chord 2248 false voice 2249 falsifiability 2250 falsificationism 2251 familiarity 2252 familiarity hierarchy 2253 family of languages 2254 family resemblance 2255 family tree 2256 family-tree theory 2257 fascicle of isoglosses 2258 faucal 2259 faucal plosive 2260 favorite sentence form 2261 favorite sentence type 2262 f-command functional command 2263 FCR feature cooccurrence restriction 2264 f-description functional description 2265 feature 2266 feature 2267 feature bundle 2268 feature-changing harmony 2269 feature-changing rule 2270 feature complex 2271 feature composition 2272 feature cooccurrence restriction FCR 2273 feature hierarchy 2274 feature matrix 2275 feature mode 2276 feature percolation 2277 feature percolation condition 2278 feature specification 2279 feature specification default 2280 feature spreading

58 2281 feature value f-value 2282 feedback 2283 feeding 2284 feeding order 2285 feeding relation 2286 feeding rule 2287 felicity 2288 felicity condition 2289 feminine ending 2290 feminine gender 2291 feminine rhyme 2292 feature-value 2293 fictive discourse 2294 field 2295 field method 2296 field of discourse 2297 field theory 2298 field work 2299 figure 2300 figure of speech 2301 filler 2302 filter 2303 filtering condition 2304 filtering device 2305 filtering function 2306 filtering transformation 2307 filter model 2308 final 2309 final clause 2310 final cluster 2311 final devoicing 2312 final intonation 2313 final pause 2314 final state 2315 finger spelling 2316 finite automaton 2317 finite clause 2318 finite form 2319 finite form 2320 finite Markov process

59 2321 finite set 2322 finite-state automaton 2323 finite-state grammar 2324 finite-state language 2325 finite-state Markov process 2326 finite-state model 2327 finite-state network 2328 finite verb 2329 first consonant shift 2330 first language 2331 first name 2332 first-order logic 2333 first participle 2334 first person 2335 first sister principle 2336 first topic slot 2337 first word 2338 fixed mark-word 2339 fixed phrase 2340 fixed stress 2341 flap 2342 flapped 2343 flapped nasal 2344 flapping 2345 flat 2346 flat 2347 flat 2348 flat adverb 2349 flexional language 2350 floating autosegment 2351 floating quantifier 2352 floating segment 2353 floating tone 2354 fluctuant 2355 fluctuant segment 2356 fluctuation 2357 focal area 2358 focal presupposition 2359 focus 2360 focus assignment

60 2361 focusing 2362 focus marking 2363 focus NP shift noun phrase shift 2364 focus rule 2365 focus space 2366 focus structure 2367 folk etymology 2368 folk taxonomy 2369 foot 2370 foot 2371 foot feature 2372 foot template 2373 foot theory 2374 force 2375 forced vibration 2376 foregrounding 2377 foreign accent 2378 foreigner talk 2379 foreign language aptitude test 2380 foreign plural 2381 form 2382 form 2383 formal 2384 formal 2385 formal explanation 2386 formal feature 2387 formal grammar 2388 formalism 2389 formal item 2390 formality 2391 formalization 2392 formal language 2393 formal logic 2394 formal marker 2395 formal meaning 2396 formal object 2397 formal property 2398 formal scatter 2399 formal semantics 2400 formal style