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1 CSMA CSMA/CD CSMA/CA RTS/CTS TCP/IP QoS IP TCP UDP IP QoS QoS

2 1: (bps) / (CATV) 30M 1 CATV 40M (ADSL) 52M(VDSL) () 100M( 10G) (RF) 2M(IMT-2000) 50M( LAN) 155M(FWA 2 ) [1] DOCSIS (Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specications) 2.0 [2] FWA (Fixed Wireless Access) % 2,400 47% 6, % IT 1 ADSL 1 [9]ADSL CATV brdcst/collateral/ieee1394.pdf 2

3 3

4 2: H kbps 2Mbps MPEG-4 10k 2Mbps MPEG-1 1.5Mbps (NTSC) MPEG-2 2 5Mbps DVD MPEG-2 2 8Mbps HDTV MPEG Mbps DV 30Mbps MPEG Layer 3 (MP3) kbps CD CD-DA 1441kbps AC kbps (ISDN) G.711 µ law PCM 64kbps (PHS) G.721 ADPCM 32kbps (PDC) CELP 5.6kbps ( ) (ISO) OSI (Open System Intercorrect Reference Model) ( ) [6,7,8] 1.1 OSI 1 7 IEEE802 2 LLC MAC (?? ) UNIX 1 OSI 4 TCP/IP TCP, UDP (User Datagram Protocol), IP 4 () OSI TCP/IP 4

5 IEEE802 LLC MAC HTTP SMTP etc. TCP IP LAN UDP ICMP PPP... 1 TCP/IP OSI 1: OSI (7 ) TCP/IP ( 4 ) 4 OSI TCP/IP OSI 4 TCP UDP IP IP MAC MAC Ethernet CSMA/CD, LAN CSMA/CA Token Ring FDDI 5

6 2: 4/3 TCP/IP 1,2 LAN TCP/IP TCP/IP AppleTalk IPX/SPX ( encapsulation 2 ) 6

7 K frequency 1,2,...,K: Channel time FDMA 1 2 TDMA FDMA: frequency-division multiple access () TDMA: time-division multiple access ( ) CDMA: code-division multiple access ( ) K 2 1 CDMA frequency power code K code 2 code 1 frequency 3: Comparison of multiple access schemes. 0

8 { fixed assignment... (TDMA) controlled demand assignment... (token passing) contention { unslotted... (pure ALOHA) ALOHA slotted... (slotted ALOHA) CSMA unslotted... (nonpersistent, 1-persistent) CSMA/CD slotted... (slotted nonpersistent, CSMA/CA slotted 1-persistent) 4: Category of multiple access protocols that influenced LAN protocols. 2 OSI ( 2 ) MAC( ) ( 1 ) 2.1 ( ) (Multiple Access 3 ( 3 ) 1. FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access 2. TDMA Time Division Multiple Access LAN TDMA ( 4) 3. CDMA Code Division Multiple Access PN Pseudo Noise 2.2 CSMA TDMA CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access ) (, carrier sense, ) ( ) 2 ( ) 5 ( 5 STA1 STA4) STA1 STA4 () τ STA1 t CS1 STA2 t CS2 t CSi i 5 1

9 T 2 STA 1 STA 2 t CS1 t CS7 STA 3 t CS3 t CS4 STA 4 t CS2 t CS5 t CS6 t CS8 time 5: CSMA STA1 STA2 channel idle STA1 γ τ τ ξ ζ STA2 ξ ζ channel busy Pure ALOHA channel idle 6: CSMA ([27] ) 7: CSMA/CD t CS1 t CS2 STA2 t CS3 t CS4 STA3 t CS5 t CS6 t CS7 t CS8 STA1 t CS7 STA2 t CS8 STA1 T +2τ T CSMA 3 [26] 1. 1-persistent 2

10 2. p-persistent : 3. non-persistent : (throughput) 3 6 ALOHA CSMA 2 (CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA) 2.3 CSMA/CD CSMA/CD (CSMA with Collision Detection/ ) non-persistent CSMA (IEEE802.3 ). 5 t CS1 t CS2 10base5 10base2 7 STA1 STA2 τ ξ τ ζ γ γ max =2τ + ξ + ζ (1) γ + τ 5 CSMA T +2τ 2.4 CSMA/CA () CSMA/CA(CSMA with Collision Avoidance/ ) LAN IEEE [2] RTS(Request to Send; ) CTS(Clear to Send; ) DCF(Distributed Coordination Function) PCF(Point Coordination Function) 3 1 [26] 3

11 A D A 2 : CTS D 3 : DATA 1: RTS 4 : ACK 2 : CTS 2 : CTS B C B C (a) (b) RTS/CTS 8: RTS/CTS PCF DCF RTS/CTS RTS/CTS 8(a) B C C D B D C B B D (b) RTS/CTS B D RTS RTS D CTS CTS B C CTS D RTS/CTS (virtual carrier sense ) CTS B D ACK(ACKnowledgement) (b) RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK 4 4-Way RTS/CTS DATA/ACK 2-Way 3 TCP/IP QoS TCP/IP / ARPANET U.S. Department Of Defense DOD Advanced Research Projects Agency ARPA ARPANET 4

12 TCP/IP internet IP Internet Protocol IP TCP Transmission Control ProtocolTCP/IP (Internet) 3.1 IP IP Internet Protocol 5 (32 IP ) ( IP ) MTU () IP 2 (1) (connection-less) (connection oriented. TCP ) (2) IP IP Type of Service 5 6 IHL IP Total Length 65,535 IP 5 IP ( ) 5 RFC791 5

13 Version Type of Service Total Length IHL 3 Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum 2 Identification Flags Flagment Offset 4 Source Address Precedence D T R M 0 Destination Address Option Data Version: IP version 44 IHL: IP Header Length. =32bits=4 5 Protocol: ICMP=0x01, TCP=0x06, UDP=0x11. 9: IP Padding Type of Service RFC 795( ), 1349(TOS) Bits Precedence. 0-2 Bits 3-6 Bit Network Control Internetwork Control CRITIC/ECP Flash Override Flash Immediate Priority Routine TOS minimize delay 0100 maximize throughput 0010 maximize reliability 0001 minimize monetary cost 0000 normal service MBZ ( Must Be Zero ) 6 IP 3.2 TCP UDP TCP UDP UDP UDP 11 TCP TCP 2 TCP TCP UDP IP UDP 6

14 Source Port Destination Port 2 Length Checksum Data 10: UDP Source Port Destination Port Data Offset Reserved Checksum Options Sequence Number Acknowledgment Number U R G A C K P S H R S T S Y N F I N Data Window Urgent Pointer Padding 11: TCP Shaper Dropper, Marker Forwarding (PHB) Shaper 12: Diffserv 3: IP QoS RSVP ReSerVation Protocol. Intserv CAR (Committed DS, IPPrecedence,. Access Rate) (, ) RED, WRED (Weighted) Random Early Detection. WFQ, CBQ Weighted Fair Queuing, Class-Based Queuing., 7

15 3.3 IP QoS IP Stupid Network[6] Intelligence TCP ( IP ) IP IP () ( ) () 1 IP (QoS, Quality of Service), IP TCP QoS IP VoIP VoD(Video on Demand) QoS IP Diffserv (Differentiated Service) Intserv (Integrated Service) IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force) [6] 3 QoS Intserv 6 RSVP(ReSerVation Protocol) 6 source destinationip source destination 4 8

16 Precedence D T R M 0 DSCP (unused) DSCP: Differentiated Services CodePoint 13: DSCP Diffserv Diffserv QoS (CoS, Class of Service, ) QoS QoS PHB(Per-Hop Behavior) 1998 (RFC 2474, 2475) 7 Diffserv 8 12 Diffserv RFC 2475 IP IP TOS Type Of Service IP Precedence ( 9) DSCP(Differentiated Services CodePoint) IP TCP UDP 9 DSCP Diffserv TOS RFC IPv6 Traffic Class(8 bits) ( ) WFQ (Weighted Fair Queuing) QoS FIFO(First In First Out) RED (Random Early Detection) TCP TCP Slow-Start 10 7 CoS IEEE 802.1P 802.1Q IP IP technologies/qos technology.html 9

17 [1],, : ; (1998) [2] B.O Hara A.Petrick, IEEE Handbook, A Designer s Companion, IEEE Press, [3] IT EMC, EMC, pp.21-32, [4],,,,IP DV,,, IA , pp.19-24, 2002/10/9-11. [5] 1996 [6] [7] LAN 2002 [8] (JEITA),, , jou-04.html, [9] NEC Vol.55, No.12, pp.3 5, 2002 [10], p , pp [11] Bluetooth SIG, [12], EMC,, Vol.84, No.12, pp , Dec [13] [14] R.Hamabe, M.Murata, and T.Namekawa: System Design of Home Bus System for a Single House, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, CE-33, 4, pp , Nov., [15] Y.Honda, M.Inoue, R.Iwatsubo, and K.Sakanobe: Protocol Analyzer for Home Bus System (HBS), IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, CE-36, 3, pp , Aug., [16] HBS : ET-2101,, [17] IEEE High Performance Serial Bus, IEEE, ISBN , [18], ( ), IEEE1394 AV [19] [20] Fire Wire IEEE

18 [21] Christos Douligeris: Intelligent Home Systems, IEEE Communication Magazine, 31, 10, pp.52 61, Oct., [22] [23] i.htm [24] 55, 8/9, pp (2001). [25] Van Nee, Richard D.J. Prasad, R., OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications, pp.46 47, Artech House Inc., [26],, p.44-46, [27] [28],,,, [29], Internet Watch,, co.jp/internet/www/article/2001/0416/plc.htm, [30] PALAS - Powerline as an Alternative Local AcceSs, [31] Powerline Telecommunications(PLT); Coexistence of Access and In-House Powerline Systems, ETSI TS V.1.1.1, PLT.htm. [32],?, ZDnet, Japan, [33],,, B, vol.j84-b, No.1, pp.38-49, [34] ISBN , [35] PC,, 730, pp , Nov. 16, [36] : PC,, 743, pp , May 17, [37],,, :,, 700, pp , Oct.6,

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