2. Web of Data 2. 1,,.,. HTML,,.,HTML,Content Management System Consumer Generated Media,., Machine Readable Document, HTML,,.,, (Human Readable
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1 Linked Open Data Web of Data,,,, Linked Open Data.,,,.,,. Activities to realize open government with linked open data Yoshiaki Fukami Iwao Kobayashi Tetsuro Kamura Fumihiro Kato Ikki Ohmukai Hideaki Takeda Toru Takahashi Hiroshi Ueda Linked Open Data (LOD) is the concept that realizes developing database resources as commons by generating machine readable data linked each other on the web with distributed activities. LOD enables trial of supply public services, which used to be provided only by public sector such as research, analysis and policy planning deconcentratedly. This paper introduces activities with cooperation among citizens and administrative bodies. We analyze how web standards can contribute to create commons and increase beneficiaries World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) HTML5,.,,,,,.,,, , (CERN).CERN.,.,,.,World Wide Web. CERN Tim Berners-Lee,,,World Wide Web.[1],.[2] 1 SFC Web Advanced Web Applications Laboratory, Keio Institute at SFC 2 Open Community Data Initiative 3 School of Multidisciplinary Sciences, The Graduate University of Advanced Studies 4 Tokyo University of the Arts 5 National Institute of Informatics 6 ATR Media Information Science Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International 7 ATR-Promotions ATR Promotions, Inc 1 c2011 Information Processing Society of Japan
2 2. Web of Data 2. 1,,.,. HTML,,.,HTML,Content Management System Consumer Generated Media,., Machine Readable Document, HTML,,.,, (Human Readable) =HTML, (Machine Readable) =XML,.Human Readable Document,,., ( ),, ( ).Tim Berners-Lee Director World Wide Web Consortium (W3C),HTML4 XML XHTML,,OWL(Web Ontology Language).,XHTML, HTML HTML5.,,,,.,.,,.,, Semantic Web.,, (Human Readable), (Machine Readable) User Generated Metadata,. User Generated Contents.2000,SNS,,,,.,, (, ).,. YouTube,Flickr,,.,,. User Generated Metadata.,,.[3][4] 3. Linked Open Data 3. 1 Government 2.0,,,,.,.,,.,,,,,.ITC,,.,,.,Government 2.0.Government 2.0,00 Web 2.0.Web 2.0, User Generated Contents,Government 2.0, 2 c2011 Information Processing Society of Japan
3 情報処理学会研究報告 図 1 政の公的な機能を民間部門でも分担するとともに,行政が有する情報も公開することを 志向する. Government 2.0 を推し進めることで,必然的に行政活動において必要なデータ,ならび に政策立案に必要となるデータの開示が促進されることとなる.また,これまで公的セク ターに独占されてきた公共財の創出といった機能も,民間部門,特に直接の受益者たる住 民コミュニティが参画するようになる.情報,施策立案と施行が,公的セクターのみならず, 広くオープンに行われる形態はオープンガバメントと呼ばれる.オープンガバメントは Government 2.0 のある種の到達点と言えるだろう. 米国の情報公開サイト Data.gov 3. 2 米国 英国政府によるオープンガバメントの試み オープンガバメントは既に政府レベルにおいて実践されている.米国のオバマ大統領 は就任直後の 2009 年1月に 透明性 国民参加 官民の協業 という 3 原則を掲 げ,オープンガバメントの実現を目指す覚書に署名している.また同年 6 月には,Data.gov を開設し,情報公開を推進している. 一方英国でも政府が 2009 年 6 月に,公的データの公開を推進し,政府の情報公開サイト である data.gov.uk のアドバイザーに W3C のディレクターである Sir. Tim Berners-Lee を 任命するという声明を発表している. 米国,英国がほぼ同時に運用を開始した情報公開サイトにおいて採用されているのが Linked Open Data というコンセプトである. 図 2 英国の情報公開サイト Data.gov.uk 3. 3 Linked Open Data とは ウェブ上にあるドキュメントは計算機上で取り扱われる.また,ウェブは本質的にデー タベースとしての性格を持っているとするならば,コンテンツを Human Readable なだけ ではなく,Machine Readable にすればよい.そのようなコンセプトが Web of Data である.情 報がもつ意味合いを正しく計算機処理するためには,人間が読み取るデータに計算機が 処理するためのデータ,つまりメタデータを付与しなければならない.それが拡張された ウェブであるセマンティックウェブのコンセプトである. こ の よ う な 状 況 を 解 決 す る た め に 提 唱 さ れ て い る の が Linked Data の 概 念 で あ る.Linked Data では,オントロジの構築については別で検討し,Machine Readable なデータ の共有と利用を促進することを進めていくことを前提としているのが特徴である.Tim Berners-Lee は次のような原則を定めている[5]. 1)あらゆる事象に対して URI を付与すること 2)HTTP 経由で URI を参照できること 3)URI を参照した際は情報が閲覧できること.また,データは RDF や SPARQL 等 標準化された技術で利用できるようにすること Information Processing Society of Japan
4 3 [5].Linked Data. 4) URI. 4,Linked Data.. Linked Data Linked Open Data(LOD).,,,.,, PDF HTML.,,.,,., LOD,. 4 Linked Data [6] 4. Linked Open Data 4. 1 LOD., LOD,RDF. (SciNetS.org) 100 RDF. LODAC(Linked Open Data for Academia)., [7], LOD,LOD [8]. 4 c2011 Information Processing Society of Japan
5 4. 2 LinkedData.jp,,LinkedData.jp.,Google Group,,,,. 5 [5] 7 LinkedData.jp 5. LOD 6 LOD.AC 5. 1 LOD LOD, LOD , LOD.,,,,, LOD 5 c2011 Information Processing Society of Japan
6 , 150,,., SNS SNS, 150,, ,., 150.,,,.,,,.,, 150 CSV,.,,, ,.Google Yahoo!,Outlook ical, RSSiCal API. API,,,.,Y , 8,., API,.,.,.,,, RSS.,,,,,, RSS., API,,. 6 c2011 Information Processing Society of Japan
7 .,,,,,.,,NPO,.,,,, LOD LOD LOD, GIS LOD. LOD,., LOD., LOD,, NPO,. 6. LOD LOD,,, API,,. LOD LOD. LOD,,,,.,LOD,,,,,,,.,,,.,,.,.,,. LOD,.,,.,,., LOD,.,,LinkedData.jp. Linked Open Data, 7 c2011 Information Processing Society of Japan
8 . 1)Berners-Lee, T. and Fischetti, M. Weaving the Web: The original design and ultimate destiny of the World Wide Web by its inventor. Orion Business Books Web World Wide Web ). POS,, , pp.43-45,, ),.,, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 6 19, ) NTT, )Berners-Lee, T. Linked data. DesignIssues/LinkedData.html, )Cyganiak. R. The Linking Open Data cloud diagram. updated ). Linked Data,, Vol.53, No.3, 2011.( ) 8) Linked Open Data, 2010, c2011 Information Processing Society of Japan
Innovation Linked Open Data Resource Description Framework Uniform Resource Identifier Open Government 25 5 23 2011 25 2013 6 26 2014 3 ...1 ICT 2...4...4.....5..6..9..9 13 15 15 22 24 26 26 27 29 32 43
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