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2 IISD IISD IISD - IISD 501 c 3 IISD CIDA IDRC 161 Portage Avenue East, 6th Floor, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 0Y4 Tel: +1 (204) Fax: +1 (204) Web site: TKN TKN IISD TKN TKN Yose Rizal Damuri Raymond Atje Yose Rizal Damuri Raymond Atje AMSAT IISD Global Subsidies Initiative Christopher Beaton i
3 ii
4 1 RETs 1
5 UNCTAD BAPPENAS DEN SOE (Perusahaan Listrik Negara, PLN); Perum Jasa Tirta II Jatiluhur PTPN III 2
6
7 Table % % % % GDP 25% 32% 75 % Table GDP LNG : StatistikEkonomi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Bank of Indonesia and UN COMTRADE, % % CDI-EMR,
8 % CDI- EMR, % CDI-EMR, % CDI-EMR, % LPG 2006 CNG 99.95% 70% CDI-EMR, % 3% 97% 3% % 2.5% Table 3.2 Table 3.2 kl % , ,048 28,117, ,970 9, ,457 29,623, ,016 16, ,179 32,564, ,816 20,232 2,398,234 37,238, ,393,861 42,102, : CDI-EMR % (Asociacion Nacional De Productores 1 RON 88 RON92 5
9 De Biocombustibles [APROBI], 2011) CNG 1980 CNG CNG Susanti, Hartato, Subekti, & Saputra, CNG Wijayanto, % Muchlis & Permana, % 655kWh PLN, 2012A 5% % Table PLN 16% 50% 6
10 Table % PLN 3,553 21, ,547 (independent power plants [IPPs] private power utilities [PPUs]) 187 1,211 4, ,284 GWh PLN 10,316 43,617 54,950 3,487 30, ,740 (IPPs + PPUs) 2,102 1,835 22,802 6,051 7,893-40,682 12,418 45,452 77,752 9,538 36, ,422 MEMR (2012a) PLN (2012a) Fig PLN MEMR (2012a) PLN (2012a) BOE/Rp billion 450 BOE/Rp billion CDI-EMR, ,000 BOE/ Rp billion 7
11 (Tumiwa, Lontoh, Laan, Lang, Vis-Dunbar, 2012) GDP Ardiansyah,Gunningham, & Drahos, DEN KEN: Kebijakan Energi Nasional KEN BPMigas BPH Migas BPMigas BPMigas 33 BPMigas Task force takes over BPMigas job,
12 PLN IPP % % PLN IEA 2008 PWC
13 40 % ,000 2 PSCs PGN: Perusahaan Gas Negara 86 % Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources MEMR, 2012b AKR eyes higher portion, PLN: Perusahaan Listrik Negara IEA 2008 IPPs 1990 PLN PLN IPP PPAs PLN 28 IPP PLN PLN, 2012b PLN the Revision of State Budget , ,000 ( BP Migas Perkirakan Produksi, 2012) 10
14 PLN % Fig % Fig % 2 % 28 GW 40 % 1.2 GW % Warnika, 2012 PLN IPP 100 MW PLTP Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Wayang Windu 2 3 PLN, 2012b 75 GW 7 % PLN Warnika, PPA, 40 11
15 PLN GW 2.5 GW 875 MW 50 GW Warnika, ,618 MW % 780 Komarudin, Obidzinski, & Adrianto, Komarudin et al., 2012 MEMR % MEMR 2012c ,297,000 kl 358,812 kl 27.7 % Komarudin et al., kl 7 365,000 kl Hutaoea
16 MEMR 2010 DEN MEMR 7 8 BAPPENAS BAPPENAS MEMR MEMR MoF 13
17 SOEs: Stated-owned Enterprises SOEs PLN PLN IPP IPP IPP PLN PPA FIT Pertamina Fig DNI: Daftar Negatif Investasi 14
18 Fig DNI 36 1 MW 2001 Pambudi,
19 Table4.1 Table SOE VAT /2012 PLN FIT MEMR MEMR MEMR VAT PLN IPP FIT FIT : 16
20 GFF PIP: Pusat Investasi Pemerintah , GFF PIP BI IIGF PT PII Persero IIGF IIGF
21 6 5 % % 5 VAT VAT ,000 GFF 3 IIA 2012 GFF 18
22 GFF 5 IPP PLN PLN PLN PPA IPP PLN IPP 3 2 MEMR FIT MEMR PLN FIT IPP FIT PLN PLN 2012 Table4.2 FIT 3 PLN GW
23 FIT FIT Tarif Listrik Tenaga 2012 Table 4.2 FIT FIT / kwh 656-1,506 /kwh 975-1,722.5 /kwh 850-1,398 /kwh 10 MW 10 MW 10 MW : 2012 MEMR MEMER 4 MEMR % 10 % % % L 3,500 1 L 3,000 FormulaHarga 2012 PLN 20
24 Fig4.2 Fig
25 PLN PLN PLN 2 PLN 4 PPP: Public-Private Partnership 5 IIGF IIGF IIGF IIGF 4 MoF 2012b 5 MoF 2012b 22
26 i ii FIT FIT BAPPENAS BAPPENAS FIT MEMR 2011b FIT 2011b MEMR FIT MEMR FIT FIT html. 23
27 FIT GeothermEx , , MW 1 MW MW 1 MW MW MW , MW GeothermEx GFF 24
28 GFF GFF 1,000 m GFF 5 % GFF BAPPENAS BRI 1 Siebel 2005 Miyashita FIT 656 /kwh 1004 /kwh Perum Jasa Tirta II Jatiluhur 25
29 MEMR MEMR PLN 1 MW 100 PLN Komarudin
30 FAME Pertamina, 2011 MEMR APROBI APROBI 2011 MEMR 2012 BAPPENAS BAPPENAS 780 Komarudin
31 6 FIT FIT FIT 28
32 AKR eyes higher portion of subsidized fuel distribution. (2012, September 28). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved from /09/28/akr-eyes-higher-portion-subsidizedfuel-distribution.html Ardiansyah,F., Gunningham, N., & Drahos, P. (2012). An environmental perspective on energy development in Indonesia. In M. Caballero-Anthony, Y. Chang, & N.A. Putra (Eds.), Energy and non-traditional security (NTS) in Asia (pp ). SpringerBriefs in Environment, Security, Development and Peace 1. Asociacion Nacional De Productores De Biocombustibles (APROBI). (2011, May). Kebijakan dan Insentif untuk Mendorong Percepatan Implementasi Pemanfaatan Bioenergi. PowerPoint presentation at Indo Bioenergy 2011, Jakarta. BP Migas Perkirakan Produksi Minyak Barel/Hari. (2012, October 17). Investor Daily Indonesia. Retrieved from bp-migas-perkirakan-produksi-minyak barelhari/47045#Scene-1 Center for Data and Information on Energy and Mineral Resources (CDI-EMR). (2011). Handbook of energy & economic statistics of Indonesia. Jakarta: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. Retrieved from prokum.esdm.go.id/publikasi/handbook%20of%20energy%20&%20economic %20Statistics%20of%20Indonesia%20/Handbook% pdf Center for Energy Sustainability and Economics. (2012). What is the Indonesian Geothermal Fund and how can it help you? Retrieved from renewables/56-what-is-theindonesian- geothermal-fund-and-how-can-it-help-you Fiscal Policy Office. (2012). Dukungan Kementerian Keuangan dalam Program Efisiensi Energi di Indonesia. Retrieved from Formula Harga BBN Sudah Ditetapkan. (2012, July 18). Harian Neraca. Retrieved from neraca.co.id/index.php/harian/article/16707 Formula. Harga.BBN.Sudah.Ditetapkan#.UUI2-hzvt8E GeothermEx, Inc. (2010). An assessment of geothermal risks in Indonesia, a report prepared for The World Bank. Retrieved from sites/ppiaf.org/files/publication/report- Risk-Mitigation-Options-Indonesia.pdf Hutapea, M. (2012, July 18). Development of bioenergy policies, potential resources and imple- 29
33 mentation target. PowerPoint presentation at Indonesia EBTKE CONEX 2012: Renewable Energy, Energy Conservation Conference and Exhibition, Jakarta. Retrieved from CONFERENCE%20MODUL%20OK/Day%202%20B%20Bioenergy%20Mod %202.2/0-Maritje%20Hutapea.pdf Indonesian microfinance: Rich pickings. (2011, April 20). The Economist. Retrieved from International Energy Agency (IEA). (2008). Energy policy review of Indonesia. Paris: International Energy Agency, Paris.Retrieved from publications/freepublications/publication/ name,15765,en.html Komarudin, H., Obidzinski, K., & Adrianto, A. (2012). Biofuel development in Indonesia: Progress and challenges.bogor: Center for International Forestry Research. Retrieved from slideshare.net/cifor/biofueldevelopment-in-indonesia-progress-and-challenges Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR). (2010, November 2). Sarasehan EBT untuk Mewujudkan Visi Energi 25/25 (Press Release). Retrieved from MEMR. (2011a). Press Release No. 79/2011. Retrieved from esdm.go.id/siaranpers/55-siaran-pers/5282-penandatanganan-mou-kementerian-esdm- dengan-kementerian-kehutanan.html MEMR. (2011b). In-progress status of geothermal mining working area [Perkembangan Status Wilayah Kerja Pertambangan Panas Bumi]. Retrieved from MEMR. (2012a). Statistik Kelistrikan Retrieved from esdm.go.id/publikasi/statistik/ cat-view/58-publikasi/240-statistik/354-statistik-listrik.html MEMR. (2012b). Statistik Minyak Bumi Retrieved from go.id/publikasi/statistik/ doc-download/1256-statistik-minyak-bumi-2012.html MEMR. (2012c). Target Realistis Pengembangan EBTKE hingga Tahun Retrieved from Ministry of Finance. (2012). Fiscal policies to support renewable energy implementation. Retrieved from 30
34 Muchlis, M. & Permana, A.D. (2006). Proyeksi Kebutuhan Listrik PLN di Indonesia Tahun 2003 s.d In A.B.Lubis, M. Djamin (Eds.), Pengembangan Sistem Kelistrikan Nasional Dalam Menunjang Pembangunan Nasional Jangka Panjang. Jakarta: Pusat Pengkajian Dan Penerapan Teknologi Konversi Dan Konservasi Energi, BPPT. Miyashita, Y. (2000). Microfinance and poverty alleviation: Lessons from Indonesia s village banking system. Pacific Basin Law & Policy Journal Association, 10(1), Retrieved from Nanang Wijayanto. (2012, October 31). Realisasi Konversi BBM ke Gas Bisa Mundur. Harian Seputar Indonesia. Retrieved from read/2012/10/31/34/684357/realisasikonversi-bbm-kebbg-terancam-mundur Pambudhi, P.A. (2006). Peraturan Daerah dan Hambatan Investasi. Jentera 14(4), Pusat Studi Hukum & Kebijakan Indonesia, Jakarta. Pertamina. (2011). Revitalisasi Program Bioenergi: Implemenasi Komersialisasi BBN (Distribusi, Monitoring, Kontrol Kaulitas). Retrieved from Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN). (2012a). Statistik PLN Sekretariat Perusahaan PT PLN (Persero), Jakarta.Retrieved from dataweb/stat/stat2011ind.pdf PLN. (2012b). Laporan Tahunan Perusahan Listrik Negara, Jakarta. dataweb/ar/arpln2011.pdf PriceWaterhouseCooper (PWC). (2012). Electricity in Indonesia Investment And Taxation Guide Price Waterhouse Cooper. Retrieved from Indonesian-Electricity-Guide-2011.pdf Siebel, H.D. (2005). The microbanking division of Bank Rakyat Indonesia: A flagship of rural microfinance in Asia (Working Paper No. 2005:2). University of Cologne, Development Research Center. Retrieved from bitstream/10419/23646/1/ bri.pdf Susanti, V., Hartato, A., Subekti, R.A., Saputra, H.M. (2011). Kebijakan Nasional Program Konversi dari BBM ke BBG untuk Kendaraan. Jakarta: LIPI Press. Tarif Listrik Tenaga Surya Segera Ditetapkan. (2012, November 13). Koran Tempo. Retrieved from Tarif-Listrik-Tenaga-Surya-Segera-Ditetapkan Task force takes over BPMigas job. (November 16, 2012). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved from 31
35 Thomas, K. (2007). Investment incentives: Growing use, uncertain benefits, uneven controls. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from sites/default/files/gsi-investment-incentives.pdf United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2004). Incentives (UNC- TAD Series on Issues in International Investment Agreements). United Nations. Retrieved from iteiit20035-en.pdf Warnika. (2012, July 17). Development of new, renewable energy and energy conservation. Power- Point presentation at Indonesia EBTKE CONEX 2012: Renewable Energy, Energy Conservation Conference and Exhibition, Jakarta.Retrieved from %20MODUL%20OK/Day%201%20 Plenary%20I%20Mod%201.1/0-Dirjen EBTKE%20Conex-R.pdf List of Government Regulations Government of Indonesia. (1999). Undang Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 Tentang Kehutanan (Law No. 41 year 1999 on Forestry). Retrieved from INFORMASI/UNDANG2/uu/41-99.htm Government of Indonesia. (2007). Undang Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 27 Tahun 2007 Tentang Energi (Law No.27 year 2007 on Energy). Retrieved from undang-undangnomor-30-tahun-2007.html Government of Indonesia. (2007). Undang Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 25 Tahun 2007 Tentang Penanaman Modal (Law No. 25 year 2007 on Investment). Retrieved from file-uploaded/uu-no-25-th-2007.pdf Government of Indonesia. (2007). Undang Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (Law No. 25 year 2007 on Environment). Retrieved fromhttp://jdih. menlh.go.id/ Government of Indonesia. (2007). Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor1 Tahun 2007 tentang Fasilitas Pajak Penghasilan untuk Penanaman Modal di Bidang-bidang Usaha Tertentu dan/atau di Daerah-daerah Tertentu (Government Regulation No. 1 year 2007 on Tax Facilities for Investment in Particular Business Area). Retrieved from go.id/sijh/pp pdf 32
36 Government of Indonesia. (2010). Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2010 Tentang Penggunaan Kawasan Hutan (Government Regulation No. 24 year 2010 on Utilization of Forest Area). Retrieved from Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR). (2006). Peraturan Menteri ESDM No. 1 Tahun 2006 Tentang Pembelian Tenaga Listrik dan / atau Sewa Menyewa Jaringan Dalam Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik untuk Kepentingan Umum (MEMR Regulation No. 1 year 2006 on Procedures of Electric Power Purchase). Retrieved from permen/doc-download/512-peraturan-menteri-esdm-no-01-tahun-2006.html MEMR. (2008). Peraturan Menteri ESDM No. 32 Tahun 2008 Tentang Penyediaan, Pemanfaatan Dan Tata Niaga Bahan Bakar Nabati (Biofuel) Sebagai Bahan Bakar Lain (MEMR Regulation No. 32 year 2008 on Supply, Utilization and Distribution of Biofuels). Retrieved from id/regulasi/permen/doc-download/838-peraturanmenteri-esdm-no32-tahun html MEMR. (2012a). Peraturan Menteri ESDM No. 4 Tahun 2012 Tentang Harga Pembelian Tenaga Listrik Oleh PT PLN (Persero) Dari Pembangkit Tenaga Listrik Yang Menggunakan Energi Terbarukan Skala Kecil Dan Menengah Atau Kelebihan Tenaga Listrik (MEMR Regulation No. 4 year 2012 on Purchasing Price by PLN from Small and Medium Scale Power Plants Using Renewable Energy). Retrieved from doc-download/1206- peraturan-menteri-esdm-no04-tahun-2012.html MEMR. (2012b). Peraturan Menteri ESDM No. 22 Tahun 2012 Tentang Penugasan Kepada PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero) Untuk Melakukan Pembelian Tenaga Listrik Dari Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas bumi Dan harga Patokan Pembelian Listrik Oleh PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero) Dari Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi (MEMR Regulation No.22 year 2012 on the Duty of PLN to Purchase Power from Geothermal Power Plants and Purchasing Prices of Electric Power from Geothermal). Retrieved from Ministry of Finance (MoF). (2006). Peraturan Menteri Keuangan No. 117 Tahun 2006 Tentang Kredit Pengembangan Energi Nabati dan Revitalisasi Perkebunan (MoF Regulation No. 117 year 2006 on Development Credits for Bioenergy and Plantation Revitalization). Retrieved from depkeu.go.id/fulltext/2006/117-pmk per.htm MoF. (2007). Peraturan Menteri Keuangan No. 79 Tahun 2007 Tentang Kredit Ketahanan Pangan dan Energi (MoF Regulation No. 79 year 2007 on Credit Loan for Food and Energy Security). 33
37 Retrieved from depkeu.go.id/fulltext/2007/79-pmk per.htm MoF.(2010). Peraturan Menteri Keuangan No. 21 Tahun 2010 Tentang Pemberian Fasilitas Perpajakan dan Kepabeanan Untuk Kegiatan Pemanfaatan Sumber Energi Terbarukan (MoF Regulation No. 21 year 2010 on Tax and Customs Facility for Renewable Energy Resources). Retrieved from MoF. (2011). Peraturan Menteri Keuangan No. 139 Tahun 2011 Tentang Tata Cara Pemberian Jaminan Kelayakan Usaha PT PLN Untuk Pembangunan Pembangkit Tenaga Listrik Yang Dilakukan Melalui Kerjasama Swasta (MoF Regulation No. 139 year 2011 on Procedure for Business Viability Guarantee of PLN to Independent Private Power Companies). Retrieved from MoF. (2012). Peraturan Menteri Keuangan No. 3 Tahun 2012 Tentang Tata Cara Pengelolaan dan Pertanggungjawaban Fasilitas Dana Geothermal (MoF Regulation No. 3 year 2012 on Organizational Procedure and Accountability of Geothermal Fund). Retrieved from go.id/fulltext/ 2012/03-PMK Per.HTM President of Republic of Indonesia. (2006). Peraturan Presiden Nomor 5 Tahun 2006 Tentang Kebijakan Energi Nasional (Presidential Regulation No. 5/2006 on National Energy Policy). Retrieved from regulasi/perpres/doc-download/446-peraturan-presidenri-no5-tahun-2006.html Damon Vis-Dunbar at: dvis-dunbar@iisd.org or International Institute for Sustainable Development Trade Knowledge Network International Environment House 2, 9 chemin de Balexert, 1219 Chatelaine, Geneva, Switzerland Tel: Fax:
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