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1 NTMobile ,.., IPv6 IPv6, IPv4., IP, IP IP, NTMobile (NAT Traversal with Mobility). NTMobile, IP, IP., NTMobile,, Linux. Implementation of IP mobility in NTMobile Katsuhiro NAITO, 1 Takuya NISHIO, 1 Tomohiro MIZUTANI, 2 Hidekazu SUZUKI, 2 Akira WATANABE, 2 Kazuo MORI 1 and Hideo KOBAYASHI 1 Recent wireless terminals implement some wireless interfaces, and can switch them to access networks. IP mobility technologies are continuous communication schemes when access networks are switched. According to mobility supports in IPv6, most of the conventional works about IP mobility assume IPv6 networks and do not consider IPv4 networks. Additionally, a few works about IP mobility in IPv4 networks have been considered. In this paper, we propose NTMobile (NAT Traversal with Mobility), in which terminals can achieve IP mobility in global IP networks and private IP networks by constructing tunnels between end terminals. In the NTMobile, applications use virtual IP addresses to achieve continuous communication when physical IP addresses change due to switching of networks. In the implementation of NTMobile, we implement the packet manipulation mechanisms in Linux kernel module to achieve high throughput performance. 1.,, Internet Protocol (IP), IPv4,, IEEE e, IEEE ,, 1),2), IEEE ) IP, IP,. 4),5). IPv6, IPv6., IPv4,,,,, 6) 8), IPv4, Network Address Translation(NAT) 1 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Mie University 2 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meijo University

2 , NAT,, (NAT ) 9) NAT, Mobile PPC 10) Mobile PPC, IPv4,, NAT, IP, IP, Mobile PPC IP, NTMobile(NAT Traversal with Mobility) NTMobile, NTMobile (DS) IP, NTMobile IP, Mobile PPC, NAT, Relay Server (RS),, IP IP, NTMobile,,, 2. NTMobile 1 NTMobile, NTMobile, NTMobile (DS), NAT NTMobile Relay Server (RS) DS RS, NTMobile IP DS, 1, NTMobile NTMobile NAT, IP IP, NTMobile IP, IP., :DS A NAT Router A NTM Node 1 managed by DS A Fig. 1 Internet 3G Networks Relay Server:RS NAT Router B General Node :DS B NTM Node 2 managed by DS B 1 NTMobile. Overview of NTMobile network. NTM Node 3 managed by DS B IP,., NTMobile IP IP, IP. NTMobile, 2,,. NTMobile IP, NTMobile IP,,, NTMobile IP, RS,, NTMobile SPI NAT, NAT, NAT, NTMobile

3 (DS) NTMobile, NTMobile, DS IP, NTMobile IP, DS Dynamic DNS, NTMobile IP Dynamic DNS, NTMobile DNS, DNS Relay Server (RS) 2 NTMobile NAT, NTMobile, NTMobile NTMobile, NTMobile RS, RS NTMobile NTMobile DS IP, IP, DS,, NTMobile, NAT, NTMobile RS 3. NTMobile 3.1 NTMobile, 1, 1, NTMobile,, IP IP, IP, IP, IP NTMobile, NTMobile NTMobile NTMobile, NTMobile, NTMobile Table 1 1. Assumed patterns of terminal movement. Pattern NTMobile node Correspondent node Tunnel route after terminal movement 1 G G G (NTMobile) End-to-End 2 G G G (General) via Relay Server 3 G P(A) G (NTMobile) End-to-End 4 G P(A) G (General) via Relay Server 5 P(A) G G (NTMobile) End-to-End 6 P(A) G G (General) via Relay Server 7 P(A) P(A) G (NTMobile) End-to-End 8 P(A) P(A) G (General) via Relay Server 9 P(A) P(B) G (NTMobile) End-to-End 10 P(A) P(B) G (General) via Relay Server 11 G G P(A) (NTMobile) End-to-End 12 G P(A) P(A) (NTMobile) via Relay Server 13 G P(B) P(A) (NTMobile) via Relay Server 14 P(B) G P(A) (NTMobile) End-to-End 15 P(B) P(A) P(A) (NTMobile) via Relay Server or End-to-End 16 P(A) P(B) P(A) (NTMobile) via Relay Server 17 P(B) P(C) P(A) (NTMobile) via Relay Server NAT, Relay Server 1,, 15, 2, LAN, NAT. 3.2 NTMobile, NAT NTMobile, NAT NTMobile, NTMobile, NTMobile, 2 NTMobile NTMobile, 2 NTMobile NTMobile Node ID/

4 Capsulated Packet Node ID Registration Request / Registration Response NTMobile NTM Update Request /NTM Update Response NTMobile, DNS NTM,, NTMobile DS, DS Relay Direction RS, DS / NTMobile Capsulated Packet NTMobile,, IP IP NTMobile 3 NAT IP, IP, DS NTMobile 11), NTMobile IP, IP, NAT IP, ID. NTMobile,,, DNS NTMobile. Version Msg. Type Flags Count Transaction ID Sequence No. Msg. Length Reserved Sender s Node ID / * Msssage Type: 1. Registry Request 2. Registry Response 3. NTM Update Request 4. NTM Update Response Relay Direction Capsulated Packet Registration Request Registration Response NTM Update Request NTM Update Response MN Real IP MN Virtual IP FQDN () * Only if Msg. Type is capsulated packet Relay Direction Common Key / MN Node ID MN Real IP MN Virtual IP CN Node ID CN Real IP CN Virtual IP CN s NAT IP CN s DS IP Capsulated Packet Original IP Datagram 2. Fig. 2 Message format. Encrypted Authenticated Dst. Node ID Peer Node IP Peer Real IP Peer Virtual ID Peer s NAT IP Peer s DS IP Direction Tunnel IP Common Key DS,,, ID AAA, IP VIPMN, ID BBB, IP RIPCN, DS IP RIPDS-B, IP VIPCN ()

5 NTM Node NAT Router DNS Server NTM Node NTM Node NAT Router DNS Server Relay Server NAT Router NTM Node Real IP : RIP MN FQDN: A.exp Real IP :RIP NAT Real IP :RIP DS-A Real IP :RIP DS-B Real IP : RIP CN FQDN: B.exp Application Kernel Kernel Application DNS Request for A Record B.exp Store DNS Reply DNS Request for NTMobile B.exp DNS Reply for A Record RIP CN FQDN : B.exp Node ID : BBB Node Outer IP : Node Real IP : RIP CN Node Virtual IP : VIP CN Real IP : RIP MN FQDN: A.exp Real IP :RIP NAT-A Real IP :RIP DS-A Real IP :RIP DS-B Application Kernel Kernel Application DNS Request for A Record B.exp Store DNS Reply DNS Request for NTMobile B.exp Real IP :RIP RS DNS Reply for A Record RIP CN DNS Reply for NTMobile BBB RIP CN RIP NAT-B RIP DS-B VIP CN FQDN Node ID Node Outer IP Node Real IP Node Virtual IP : B.exp : BBB : RIPNAT-B : RIP CN : VIP CN Real IP :RIP NAT-B Real IP : RIP CN FQDN: B.exp BBB RIP CN RIP CN RIP DS-B VIP CN DNS Reply for NTMobile RIP CN CN NAT-B AAA BBB RIP RIP DS-B VIP CN MN VIP AAA BBB RIP CN RIP NAT-B RIP DS-B VIP CN RIP RS BBB AAA RIP MN RIP NAT-A RIP DS-A VIP MN Relay Direction RIP RS AAA BBB RIP CN RIP CN RIP DS-B VIP CN VIP MN AAA BBB RIP CN RIP CN RIP DS-B VIP CN BBB AAA RIP MN RIP NAT RIP DS-A VIP MN AAA AAA DNS Reply for A Record BBB AAA BBB RIP VIP Capsulated Packet DNS Reply for A Record RIP VIP Capsulated Packet 4 IP. Fig. 4 Connection process between private IPs. 3 IP IP. Fig. 3 Connection process between global IP and private IP. DS DS,, DS,, DS, DS, ID, IP, NAT IP, IP, DS IP, ID / ( / ) NTMobile, NAT NTMobile,, NTMobile,, IP,,, 4 NTMobile 3, NAT IP 3,, Relay Server ()

6 Real IP : RIP MN FQDN: A.exp NTM Node Real IP :RIP DS-A Real IP :RIP DS-B NTM Node Application Kernel Kernel Application AAA BBB RIP CN RIP CN RIP DS-B VIP MN AAA Detection of interface address change to RIP MN AAA BBB RIP CN RIP CN RIP DS-B VIP CN Capsulated Packet BBB AAA RIP MN RIP MN RIP DS-A VIP MN 5 IP. Fig. 5 Reconnection process between global IPs. DS, () DS DS,, DS, (Relay Direction) DS Relay Direction Relay Server, ID / ( / ) RS, RS., RS ,, NTMobile BBB Real IP : RIP CN FQDN: B.exp IP. IP, IP DS,. NTMobile, () IP, DS Direction Request,,, ID, IP, NAT IP, IP, DS IP, ID, DS NTMobile () DS DS,, DS, / ( / ) NTMobile, NAT NTMobile,, 6 4, 5,, RS, NTMobile NTMobile, () IP, DS Direction Request, () DS DS,, DS, / ( / ) NTMobile, NAT NTMobile

7 NTM Node Real IP : RIP MN FQDN: A.exp Real IP :RIP DS-A Real IP :RIP DS-B NTM Node Application Kernel Kernel Application AAA BBB RIP RIP CN CN AAA Detection of interface address change to RIP MN RIP DS-B VIP CN VIP MN AAA BBB RIP CN RIP NAT-B RIP DS-B VIP CN BBB AAA RIP MN RIP MN RIP DS-A VIP MN NAT Router Real IP :RIP NAT-B BBB Real IP : RIP CN FQDN: B.exp,.,, NTMobile,, IP IP, IP, IP IP IP, IP, NTMobile IP Capsulated Packet 4. 6 IP IP. Fig. 6 Reconnection process between global IP and private IP.,,, RS, 3.5 NTMobile NTMobile, IP, NTMobile, IP NTMobile, IP, NTMobile IP IP NTMobile,, IP, IP IP,, NTMobile,, MTU 4.1 NTMobile 7 NTMobile NTMobile, Android OS, Linux,, NTMobile Daemon NTMobile Kernel Module Linux Netlink NTMobile Daemon IP, NTMobile NTMobile,, DS, DS, NTMobile RS. NTMobile, Linux, Linux Netfilter,, NTMobile Linux

8 Applications NTMobile Daemon NTMobile Daemon Direction Response Address Checker Tunnel Establishment Bind (DNS Server) Supporting NTM Record Tunnel Establishment Netfilter User Space Kernel Space Packet Manipulation Netlink Socket Tunnel Table DNS Query Direction Response User Space Kernel Space Real I/F Virtual I/F 7 (Encapsulation/Decapsulation) NTMobile. NTMobile Kernel Module DNS Response (A / NTM Records) Fig. 7 Module configuration of NTMobile node. IP NTMobile, IP IP, IP NTMobile,, 4.2 DS 8 NTMobile DS DS NTMobile DNS, NTMobile DS NTMobile, NTMobile Daemon NTMobile Fig. 8 Real I/F 8 DS. Module configuration of direction server. DS DS, NTMobile NTMobile, NT- Mobile, NTMobile NTMobile NAT, DS RS Relay Request, NTMobile, DS RS Relay Request, RS,, NTMobile RS

9 User Space Kernel Space Netfilter Real I/F 4.3 RS Relay Request Direction Response Fig. 9 Tunnel Establishment Packet Manipulation (Forwarding of capsulated packet) 9 RS. Module configuration of relay server. NTMobile Daemon Netlink Socket Tunnel Table NTMobile Kernel Module 9 NTMobile RS RS NT- Mobile NAT, NTMobile RS, NTMobile, NTMobile, RS NTMobile RS NTMobile NTMobile Daemon RS DS Common Key, NTMobile NTMobile, NTMobile, Netlink NTMobile, NTMobile Capsulated Packet NTMobile Capsulated Packet, NTMobile NTMobile NTMobile Capsulated Packet, RS NTMobile Capsulated Packet, RS, RS,, RS, RS NAT 4.4 NTMobile,,,,,,,, NTMobile,,, 10 NTMobile Linux Netfilter,, Netfilter NF INET LOCAL OUT, sk buff sk buff,, Netfilter NF INET POST ROUTING sk buff

10 Applications Switching HUB Netfilter NF_INET_LOCAL_OUT NTM Kernel Module NTM Node MN NTM Node CN NF_INET_LOCAL_IN Decapsulation NF_INET_POST_ROUTING Encapsulation NF_INET_PRE_ROUTING sk_buff 11 FTP. Fig. 11 Performance evaluation model. Real I/F 10 NTMobile. Fig. 10 Configuration of NTMobile kernel module. Table 2 2. Performance evaluation parameters., Netfilter NF INET PRE ROUTING, sk buff sk buff,, Netfilter NF INET LOCAL IN sk buff, Netfilter sk buff, NTMobile 4.5 NTMobile,, FTP 11, PC Linux, LAN FTP 2 12 FTP, 10, Linux,, MTU,,, NTM OS Linux Distribution Ubuntsu Kernel version linux generic CPU Intel Pentium GHz Memory 512 MBytes Application FTP Size of transferred data GBytes, NTMobile. 5. IPv4 NTMobile NTMobile, IP,, NAT,,,,,., Linux, Linux.,

11 Throughput [Mbytes/s] NTMobile kernel 2 Linux default kernel MTU [bytes] 12. Fig. 12 Throughput performance., and PMIPv6 Mobility Management Framework for Next Generation Wireless Networks, Proc. IEEE WIMOB 08, pp , Oct ) D. Le, X. Fu and D. Hogrere, A Review of Mobility Support Paradigms for the Internet, IEEE Communications surveys, 1st quarter 2006, Volume 8, No. 1, ) C. Perkins, IP Mobility Support for IPv4, Revised, RFC 5944, IETF (2010). 6) S. Salsano, C. Mingardi, S. Niccolini, A. Polidoro and L. Veltri SIP-based Mobility Management in Next Generation Networks, IEEE Wireless Communication, Vol. 15, Issue 2, April ) M. Bonola, S. Salsano and A. Polidoro, UPMT: universal per-application mobility management using tunnels, In Proc. of the 28th IEEE conference on Global telecommunications (GLOBECOM 09 ) ) M. Bonola and S. Salsano, S-UPMT: a secure Vertical Handover solution based on IP in UDP tunneling and IPsec, GTTI Riunione Annuale 2010, (online), submission 29.pdf, ) H. Levkowetz and S. Vaarala, Mobile IP Traversal of Network Address Translation (NAT) Devices, RFC 3519, April ) H. Suzuki, K. Terazawa and A. Watanabe, Implementation of NAT Traversal for Mobile PPC with the Principle of Hole Punching, in Proc. of the IEEE International Region 10 Conference 2009 (TENCON2009) Nov ),,,,,,, NTMobile, DICOMO 2011, Jul ) M. Buddhikot, G. Chandranmenon, S. Han, Y. W. Lee, S. Miller and L. Salgarelli, Integration of and third- generation wireless data networks, Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2003, Vol. 1, Page(s): , ) Q. Zhang, C. Guo, Z. Guo and W. Zhu, Efficient mobility management for vertical handoff between WWAN and WLAN, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 41, No. 11, Page(s): , ) L. A. Magagula and H. A. Chan, IEEE Assisted Cross- Layer Design

Dual Stack Virtual Network Dual Stack Network RS DC Real Network 一般端末 GN NTM 端末 C NTM 端末 B IPv4 Private Network IPv4 Global Network NTM 端末 A NTM 端末 B

Dual Stack Virtual Network Dual Stack Network RS DC Real Network 一般端末 GN NTM 端末 C NTM 端末 B IPv4 Private Network IPv4 Global Network NTM 端末 A NTM 端末 B root Android IPv4/ 1 1 2 1 NAT Network Address Translation IPv4 NTMobile Network Traversal with Mobility NTMobile Android 4.0 VPN API VpnService root VpnService IPv4 IPv4 VpnService NTMobile root IPv4/