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1 The Japanese Journal of Psychology 2002, Vol. 73, No. 5, Black sheep effect and ingroup favoritism in social identity perspective Chrtose Oishi and Fujio Yoshida (Institute of Psychology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodar, Tsukuba ) Black sheep effect (Marques, Yzerbyt, & Leyens, 1988) and ingroup favoritism (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971) appear to contradict each other with respect to the evaluation of inferior ingroup members. In addition to examining the relationship between the two phenomena, this study also examined the effect of ingroup identification on them. Sixty-one female student-nurses participated in the study. To measure black sheep effect, superior and inferior ingroup and outgroup members were rated on 20 adjectives. Distribution matrices (Tajfel et al., 1971) were used to measure ingroup favoritism. The participants were median split according to their level of group identification. Black sheep effect was found only among high-identification participants, who also showed ingroup favoritism. Ingroup identification had a positive correlation with both ingroup favoritism and black sheep effect. Overall, ingroup favoritism had a positive correlation with the evaluation of superior members, while it had a negative correlation with that of inferior ingroup members. Key words: black sheep effect, ingroup favoritism, social identity, distribution matrices.
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6 Billig, M., & Tajfel, H Social categorization and similarity in intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 3, Bornstein, G., Crum, L., Wittenbraker, J., Harring, K., Insko, C.A., & Thibaut, J On the measure ment of social orientations in the minimal group paradigm. European Journal of Social Psychology, 13, Branscombe, N.R., Wann, D.L., Noel, J.G., & Coleman, J In-group or out-group extrem ity: Importance of the threatened social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, Devos, T., Comby, L., & Deschamps, J.-C Asymmetries in judgements of ingroup and outgroup variability. European Review of Social Psychology, 7, Diehl, M The minimal group paradigm: The oretical explanations and empirical findings. Eu ropean Review of Social Psychology, 1, (Hayashi, F The fondamental dimensions of interpersonal cognitive structure. Bulletin of the Faculty of education, The department of educa tional psychology, 25, ) (Inoue, M., & Kobayashi, T The research domain and scale construction of adjective-pairs in a semantic differential method in Japan. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 33, ) Karasawa, M Toward an assessment of social identity: The structure of group identification and its effects on in-group evaluations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, Khan, S., & Lambert, A Ingroup favoritism versus black sheep effects in observations of informal conversations. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 20, Linville, P.W The complexity-extremity effect and age-based stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, Marques, J.M., Abrams, D., Paez, D., & Martinez Taboada, C The role of categorization and in-group norms in judgments of groups and their members. Journal of Personality and Social Psy chology, 75, Marques, J.M., Robalo, E.M., & Rocha, S.A Ingroup bias and the 'black sheep effect': Assesing the inpact of social identification and perceived variability on group judgements. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, Marques, J.M., & Yzerbyt, V.Y The black sheep effect: Judgmental extremity towards Ingroup members in inter and intea-group situations. Eu ropean Journal of Social Psychology, 18, Marques, J.M., Yzerbyt, V.Y., & Leyens, J.P The 'black sheep' effect: extremity of judgements towards in-group members as a function of group identification. European Journal of Social Psychol ogy, 18, 1-16.
7 (Oishi, C., & Konno, H Black sheep effect and ingroup favoritism: Using category labels and descriptions to present group members. Tsukuba Psychological Research, 22, ) Tajfel, H Differentiation between social groups. London: Academic Press. Tajfel, H., BiJlig, M., Bundy, R.P., & Flament, C Social categorization and intergroup behav iour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1,
The Japanese Journal of Psychology 2001, Vol. 71, No. 6, 445-453 The effect of ingroupmoutgroup comparison context on black sheep effect: An analysis from a social identity perspective Chitose Oishi and
Table 1 Means and standard deviations of topic familiarity for the topics used in the study Note. standard deviations are in parenthesis.
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