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1 The Japanese Journal of Psychology 2001, Vol. 71, No. 6, The effect of ingroupmoutgroup comparison context on black sheep effect: An analysis from a social identity perspective Chitose Oishi and Fujio Yoshida (Institute of Psychology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai Tsukuba ) Based on social identity theory (Tajfel, 1978), it is expected that black sheep effect occurs only in cases where ingroup members are compared with outgroup individuals. In study 1, 112 female student nurses were divided into two groups, and evaluated both outgroup and ingroup individuals (outgroup-ingroup condition), or ingroup members only (ingroup-only condition). Black sheep effect was found only in the outgroup-ingroup condition. I ngroup members in the condition were evaluated more extremely than those in the ingroup-only condition, and there was no significant difference between the evaluations of outgroup individuals in the outgroup-ingroup condition and ingroup members in the ingroup-only condition. The results confirmed the ingroup-outgroup comparison prediction. In study 2, in addition to rating four individuals, desirable or undesirable and ingroup or outgroup, 86 female student nurses were asked to indicate the importance of their own social identity. Mack sheep effect was observed, with perception of ingroup homogeneity strengthening ingroup identification, thereby facilitat ing black sheep effect. These findings support Turners self categorization theory (1982) as an explanation of the mechanism for black sheep effect. Key words: ingroup-outgroup comparison, black sheep effect, social identity theory, self categorization theory, ingroup homogeneity perception.
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8 Pranscombe, N. R., Wann, D. L., Noel, J. G., & Coleman, J, 1993 In-group or out-group extrem ity. Importance of the threatened social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, Doosje, P., Ellemers, N., & Spears, R 1995 Perceived intragroup variability as a function of group status and identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, (Hayashi, F, 1978 The fundamental dimensions of interpersonal cognitive structure. Bulletin of the Faculty of Education: The Department of Fduca tional Psychology, 25, ) (Inoue, M., & Kobayashi, T The research domain and scale construction of adjective-pairs in a semantic differential method in Japan. Japanese Journal of Education at Psychology, 33, ) Karasawa, M Toward an assessment of social identity: The structure of group identification and its effects on in-group evaluations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, Linville, P. W The complexity-extremity effect and age-based stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, Linville, P. W., Fischer, P., & Salovey, G. W Perceived distributions of the characteristics of in group and out-group members: Empirical evidence and a computer simulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, Marques, J, M., & Vzerbyt, V. Y The black sheep effect: Judgmental extremity towards ingroup members in inter and intra-group situations. Euro pean Journal of Social Psychology, 18, Marques, J. M., Robalo, E. M., & Rocha, S. A Ingroup bias and the 'black sheep' effect: Assessing the impact of social identification and perceived variability on group judgements. European Journal
9 of Social Psychology, 22, Marques, J. M., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Leyens, J. P The 'black sheep' effect: Extremity of judgements towards in-group members as a function of group identification. European Journal of Social Psychol ogy, 18, Marques, J. M., Abrams, D., Paez, D., & Martinez Taboada, C The role of categorization and in-group norms in judgments of groups and their members. Journal of Personality and Social Psy chology, 75, Millar, M. G., & Tesser, A Thought-induced attitude change: The effects of schema structure and commitment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, Peeters, G., & Czapinski, J Positive-negative asymmetry in evaluations: The discrimination between affective and informational negativity effects. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Euro pean review of social psychology. Vol. 1. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp Tajfel, H. (Ed.) 1978 Differentiation between social groups. London: Academic Press. Tajfel, H., Pillig, M., Pundy, R. P., & Flament, C Social categorization and intergroup behav iour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, Turner, J. C Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Social identity and intergroup relations. Cambridge: Cam bridge University Press. Pp
The Japanese Journal of Psychology 2002, Vol. 73, No. 5, 405-411 Black sheep effect and ingroup favoritism in social identity perspective Chrtose Oishi and Fujio Yoshida (Institute of Psychology, University
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