Japanese Journal of Applied Psychology
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1 Japanese Journal of Applied Psychology 2015, Vol. 41, No. 1, * ** The Effects of Makeup on People s Impressions Noriko KUSHIMA* and Isamu SAITO* This study examined the effects of makeup and facial features when forming impressions of people. The dimensions of maturity and sexual dimorphism were applied as criteria for women s facial features and makeup. In a preliminary study, a prototype face was made and four types of faces were prepared by arranging the prototype face s parts to make faces of different maturity and sexuality. In Study 1, based on a prepared prototype face, face illustrations with four types of makeup were prepared. Examination of the impressions of these faces showed that makeup influenced impressions. In Study 2, facial features in the preliminary study and makeup in Study 1 were combined to examine the effects on interpersonal impressions. The results showed that makeup that resembled the prototype were highly evaluated in terms of personality, intelligence and feminism. Immature and feminine makeup created younger impressions, while masculine type makeup created an intelligent impression. Different impressions were projected according to makeup, suggesting that interpersonal impression management was possible through use of makeup. key words: makeup, facial features, interpersonal impression, maturity, sexuality 1 Cox & Glick, 1986; Graham & Furnham, 1981; 1989; Workman & Johnson, 1991 Dion, Berscheid, & Walster, 1972; Cunningham, 1986; ; 2001a; 2001b * Osaki Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo , Japan ricokushima@gmail.com ** Osaki Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo , Japan
2 40 Vol. 41, No. 1 Cox & Glick, 1986; Graham & Furnham, 1981; 1989; Workman & Johnson, 1991 (1998) A a Cabeza, Bruce, Kato, & Oda (1999) Valentine & Bruce (1986a, 1986b) Valentine (1991) 2008; 1997; Takano, Abe, & Kobayashi, 1996; ; ; Y X (Figure 1) ) 2001 (2001) Figure 1
3 41 Cabeza et al. (1999) 1. Paquet (1997) (2005), (2007) (Figure 2) 1 1.2, 1.35, 1.4 (14), 1.6 (18) M SD ) ?op 1 index.html Figure 2 Table 1 M SD n n n 22 (Table 1) ;2007; Paquet, ; ; ;
4 42 Vol. 41, No ; (Figure 2) M SD (SD.64), 2.36 (SD.78) (F(4, 158) 3.02, p.05) (1993) (1993) (1993) (2008) 16 5 * * (2008) (1993) Takano et al. (1996) 2 (2012) (2012)
5 43 Figure (1) (2) (3) Figure Cunningham, 1986; ; 2013 Cunningham, 1986; 2001; 1996; 1993; 2009; 2007; 2010; Zebrowitz,
6 44 Vol. 41, No ; 2009; , 5 15 (Figure 4) 2. Figure 4 100Figure Figure M SD A4
7 45 Figure 6 1 Table 2 Figure (Figure 5) 1 m n( ) 96 (51.3) 62 (33.2) 17 ( 9.1) 12 ( 6.4) 2 m n( ) 63 (33.7) 99 (52.9) 12 ( 6.4) 13 ( 7.0) 3 m n( ) 14 ( 7.5) 14 ( 7.5) 88 (47.1) 71 (38.0) 4 m n( ) 14 (7.5) 19 (10.2) 66 (35.3) 88 (47.1) χ ** ** 94.86** 83.73** df alpha.05 **p ** 2 1** 3 1** 4 1** 1 3** 2 3** 3 2** 4 2** 1 4** 2 4** 3 4 ns 4 3 ns (Table 2) M SD A4 5 (Figure 6) ) (SD.66), 2.7 (SD.53) (F(4, 161) 2.44, p.05)
8 46 Vol. 41, No. 1 Figure Figure Table 3 Promax α Table 3 4
9 47 Table 4 m m m m F M F(4, 644) *** m m m m SD m m m n m m m M F(4, 628) 76.41*** m m m SD m m n m m m m m M F(4, 640) 48.27*** m m SD m m n m m M F(4, 644) *** m m m m SD m m m n m m ***p.001 m; m; m; m; m 1 2 * * 3 4 * 4.40 (Table 4)
10 48 Vol. 41, No. 1 Figure 8 2 Figure 9 2 Figure 10 2 Figure M SD 1.39 Figures A4 6 1 Figure M SD M SD M SD M SD (Figure 12)
11 49 Figure (F(5, 1070) , p.001) 4 (F(3, 642) , p.001) (F(15, 3210) , p.001) Table (F(5, 1070) , p.001) 4 (F(3, 642) , p.001) (F(15, 3210) , p.001) Table (F(5, 1040) , p.001) 4 (F(3, 624) , p.001) (F(15, 3120) , p.001) Table 7
12 50 Vol. 41, No. 1 Table 5 m m m m F M F(5, 1125) 90.79*** m m m SD m m m m m n m m m M F(5, 1005) 61.32*** m m m SD m m m m m n m m M F(5, 1125) 90.79*** m m m m SD m m m n m M F(5, 1120) *** m m m SD m m m m n m ***p.001 Table 6 m m m m F M F(5, 1110) 36.81*** m m m SD m m m m m n m m M F(5, 1115) 37.68*** m m SD m m m m m n m m m m m M F(5, 1130) 56.62*** m m m SD m m m m m n M F(5, 1120) *** m m m SD m m m m n m ***p (F(5, 1030) , p.001) 4 F(3, 618) , p.001 (F(15, 3090) , p.001) Table 8
13 51 Table 7 m m m m F M F(5, 1110) 78.39*** m m m SD m m m m m n m m m M F(5, 1090) 97.50*** m m m m SD m m m m m m m n m m m m m M F(5, 1090) 17.53*** m m m SD m m m m n M F(5, 1120) 74.48*** m m SD m m m m n m ***p.001 Table 8 m m m m F M F(5, 1085) 25.66*** m m m SD m m m m m n m M F(5, 1075) *** m m m m SD m m m m m m m m n m m m M F(5, 1085) 30.07*** m m m SD m m m m n m M F(5, 1085) 54.31*** m m SD m m m m n m ***p (1) (2) (3)
14 52 Vol. 41, No. 1 Table 9 m m m m F M F(5, 1130) 67.29*** m m m SD m m m n m M F(5, 810) 74.80*** m m m SD m m m m m n m M F(5, 315) 61.61*** m m m SD m m m m n m m ***p.001 Table 10 m m m m F M F(5, 1145) 14.26*** m m m SD m m m n M F(5, 745) 20.85*** m m m SD m m m n M F(5, 390) 16.86*** m m m SD m m m n ***p.001 Tables
15 53 Table 11 m m m m F M F(5, 1115) 44.29*** m m m SD m m m m m n m m m M F(5, 770) 23.16*** m m m SD m m m m n m m M F(5, 340) 26.41*** m m m SD m m m m n m m ***p.001 Table 12 m m m m F M F(5, 1090) 34.69*** m m SD m m m m m m n m m m M F(5, 775) 21.65*** m m m SD m m m n m m M F(5, 310) 41.01*** m m m SD m m m m m n m m m ***p ; 2001a, 2001b 2 Cunningham, 1986; 2001
16 54 Vol. 41, No. 1 Cunningham et al., 1995; 1989 (1998) , , , BUSINESS INSIDER 2011 What The Average Person Looks Like In Every Country BUSINESS INSIDER #ixzz3FL5AUS92 Cabeza, R., Bruce, V., Kato, T., & Oda, M The prototype effect in face recognition: Extension and limits. Memory & Cognition, 27, Cox, C. L., & Glick, W. H Resume evaluations and cosmetics use: When more is not better. Sex Roles, 14, Cunningham, M. R Measuring the physical in physical attractiveness: Quasi-Experiments on the sociobiology of female facial beauty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, Cunningham, M. R., Roberts, A. R., Barbee, A. P., Perri, B., & Cheng-Huan, W Their ideas of beauty are, on the whole, the same as ours: Consistency and variability in the cross-cultural perception of female physical attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, pp Dion, K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, pp Graham, J. A., & Furnham, A. F Sexual differences in attractiveness ratings of day/night cosmetic use. Cosmetic Technology, 3, pp a
17 b HIP, 101, 37, , pp , pp , Paquet, D Miroir mon beau miroir Une histoire de la beaut? , pp Takano, R., Abe, T., & Kobayashi, N Relationship between facial feature and perceived facial image for application to image creation using cosmetics. Proceeding of 70th Anniversary Conference on Color Materials, pp , pp Valentine, T., & Bruce, V. 1986a Recognizing familiar faces: The role of distinctiveness and familiarity. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 40, Valentine, T., & Bruce, V. 1986b The effects of distinctiveness in recognising and classifying faces. Perception, 15, Valentine, T A unified account of the effects of distinctiveness, inversion, and race in face recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology, 43, Workman, J. E., & Johnson, K. K. P The role of cosmetics in impression formation. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 10, old/experts/exmukaida/index.html 2010 Zebrowitz, L Reading Faces: Window To The Soul? A ;
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