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1 81 JapaneseRiceVarietiesinColonialKorea: fromtheviewofnagaiisabur TatsushiFUJIHARA NagaiIsabur,thechiefofbreedingintheAgriculturalExperimentalStationatSuwon incolonialkorea,wasinchargeofthedevelopmentofnewricevarietiessuitableto Korea sclimate.however,thesekorean-madevarietiesdidnottakeofinkorea.hissur- veyofvilagesnearthestationsrevealedthegapbetweentheadvancedagriculturaltech- nologyofthestationsandthelowstandardofakoreanpeasants life.inthemid-1930s,he returnedtojapan,dismayedoverwhathehadfound.aftertheoutbreakofthe Dait awar, however,heinsistedthatthejapaneseweresuperiorinfoodandculture, notonlywhencomparedtowesterncountries,butalsotokorea.hisdilemmawassolved easilybytheoutbreakofthewar.thispaperwilfocusonnagai sdiscourse,andwilana- lyzehiseventualchangetoethnocentrism.iwilconsidertherelationshipbetweenagri- culturaltechnologyandcolonialism.thispaperchalengesthedominantviewofthe stations,whichtendstoemphasizethemodestatitudeofengineerssuchastakahashi NoborutolocalpeasantsinKorea. 1.Introduction:EstrangementbetweenEngineersandFarmers OnApril26,1906,theAgriculturalExperimentalStation(AES)wasfoundedat Suwon 水原,inaccordancewiththecommandoftheGovernor-GeneralofKorea,It Hirohumi( 伊藤博文, ).ThepresidentatthattimewasHondaK suke( 本田幸介, ).Beforeanaudienceofabout800attheunveilingceremonyoftheAES, HondaemphasizedthebackwardnessofKoreanagricultureandfarmers,andencouraged theintroductionofsimpletechnologyforkoreanfarmers(tarc1976).afterkoreawas colonizedbyjapaninaugust1910,thestationsetup5sub-stations,2branchofices,and 13localAESsateveryDo( 道 = province).in1937,therewere350stafmembersatthe AESofGovener-GerenarofKoreaand438atDo-AESs(N rinkyokun muka1937). Duringthecolonialperiod,thesestationsplayedanimportantroleindeveloping,

2 82 社会科学 第 40 巻第 3 号 modernizingandstandardizingkoreanagriculture. However,theAESdidnotnecessarilyhaveabeneficialinfluenceonruralKoreansociety.Itsresearchtendedtoconcentrateontheareasofriceandcotoninordertosatisfy Japanesemarketdemands.TechnologyforriceproductionwasespecialyimportantincolonialKorea.Forexample:constructionofirigationsystems,improvingplowsandfertilizers,anddevelopinganewricevariety.Thelastoneisthecoretechnologyofrice production,becauseitrelatestogeneticinformation.theinformationisaprogramthatdemandsmorefertilizer,amodernplow,andamodernirigationsystem.farmers,thus,had nochoicebuttoobeytheinformation.thegeneral-governorstatedthattheprevalence ofhigh-qualityricevarietieswere themostimportantconditionofimprovementofrice production inkorea(ch sens tokuhun rinkyoku1941,p.78).ontheotherhand,other aspectsofagriculturaltechnologywerenottakenseriouslybytheaes. Moreover,thebenefitofthenewricevarietiestotheKoreanfarmerswasdoubtful. Certainly,thesevarietiesbroughtabouthighproductivitytomanyKoreanfarmers;but manyofthemdidnotbecomeanywealthierthantheywerebeforethenewprogramwas informed.theirstandardoflivingalsoremainedlow(lim1971;kawai1986;matsumoto 1991).Therewasacontradictionbetweenthehigh-leveltechnologyofJapaneseengineers andthelow-levellivingstandardofkoreanfarmers. Around1930,someengineersintheAESreflectedontheirdevelopmentofnewtechnologyforJapan,inparticularfortheJapanesemarket.Oneofthem,Kat Shigemoto ( 加藤茂苞, ),thefirstresearchertoconductartificialricebreedinginJapan andthesecondpresidentoftheaesinkorea,decidedtochangethejapanesenameofthe AES.InSeptember1926,Kangy mohanj ( 勧業模範場 = theresearchstationofmodel Agriculture)wasrenamed N jisikenj ( 農事試験場 = theagriculturalexperimental Station). Oneofthereasonsforthechangewasthattheword mohan( 模範 = model) wasnotsuitableforthepresentsituationofruralkorea.kat statedthattheen- gineersshouldhavelearnedthehistory,customs,andclimateofkoreamoredeeply,but theyhadbeeneagertointroducemodernjapanesetechnologytokoreanfarmersasa modelforthemtouse.accordingtohim,aftertheaeswasrenamed,theyshouldhavedevotedthemselvestoresearchingtheconditionsinruralkorea(kat 1930). Suchacriticism ofthe arogance oftheaeshadalreadybeenexpressedby

3 JapaneseRiceVarietiesinColonialKorea:fromtheViewofNagaiIsabur 83 2.WhoisNagaiIsabur?:FromBreedertoWriter TakahashiNoboru( 高橋昇, ),thepresidentofthebranchAESatSariwon ( 沙里院 ).HecariedoutalargeamountoffieldsurveysthroughoutKorea,from1919to 1945.HestatedthattheresearchoftheAESinKoreabecameestrangedfromKorean farmersand,asaresult,theengineerswerenotawareoftheirsituation.thatiswhy,he said,theyshouldlearnmuchmorefromlocalfarmers.hissubordinatessometimesheard fromhimthattheonlyusefultechnologyfromjapanhadbeensquareplanting( 正条植 )of riceseedlings.healsodirectedhiscriticismtoagriculturalresearchersinhishomeland. Hesaidtheyalwaysinsistedonintroducingthe fine JapanesetechnologytoKoreawith- outanyknowledgeaboutkoreanagricultureandclimate(ochiai1976,p.801). Overthelastfew decades,a greatdealofeforthasbeenmadetoanalyze Takahashi sachievementsinjapan(e.g.takahashi1998;kawata2007).thesestudies emphasizedhismodestyandevaluationoflocalkoreantechnology.however,litleis knownaboutwhythe arogance ofjapaneseagriculturalresearchers,inbothkoreaand thehomecountry,wassostrong,tothedegreethattakahashicriticizeditfrequently. Thispaperwilfocusonalitle-knownricebreederinColonialKoreaandwilconsiderthe backgroundofhis superiority. HisnameisNagaiIsabur ( 永井威三郎, ). HewasbornonNovember18,1887.Hisfather,Ky ichiro( 久一郎 ),wasabureaucrat duringthemeiji-era,andhismother,tsune( 恒 ),wasthedaughterofwashizukid ( 鷲津毅堂, ),ascholaroftheChineseclassics.Isabur wastheirthirdeldest son.theireldestson,s kichi( 壮吉 ),laterbecamethefamousnovelist,nagaikah ( 永井荷風, ). NagaiIsabur graduatedfromthefacultyofagricultureattheimperialuniversityof Tokyoin1908,andwentontostudybiologyandgeneticsattheAgriculturalUniversity ofmassachusets,corneluniversityandheidelberguniversity.afterreturningtojapan, hetranslatedgregormendel s( )experimentsinplanthybridization(1865) intojapanesein1916.in1917,hemovedtothebranchaesinakita,andin1922,hebecamethepresidentofthatbranch.duringthisperiod,rikuuno.132( 陸羽 132 号 )was

4 84 社会科学 第 40 巻第 3 号 beingdevelopedbyhiroshiterao( 寺尾博, ).Thisvarietywasoneofthemost popularricevarieties,notonlyinthetohokuregionofjapan,butalsointhenorthernpart ofkorea. In1926,NagaiwasinvitedtobecomeatechnicalexpertattheAESatSuwon.Oneof Nagai smostsignificantdutiestherewasatechnicalcontributiontothe Planfor IncreasingRiceProduction( 産米増殖計画 ). Theplan( )hadtwopurposes: onewascoveringtheshortageofriceinjapanbyimportingjaponicaricefromothercolonies.folowingthericeriots( 米騒動 )of1918,thejapanesegovernmentstartedthepolicyof ImperialSelf-Suficiency( 帝国内食糧自給,Fig.1) byincreasingriceproduction insidethejapaneseempire,particularlyinhokkaido,taiwanandkorea,insteadofimportingfromthailand,frenchindo-china,andburma 1) ;theotherpurposeoftheplanwasa conciliatorymeasuretothekoreanpeople,asitraisedtheirstandardofliving.theyhad riseninrevoltagainstjapaneseimperialismonmarch1,1919(ch sens tokuhu1926). ItisnaturalthatNagaiwasexpectedtodevelopanewhigh-yieldingricevarietywhen heestablishedhisnewpostattheaes.thegovernor-generalofkoreahadalreadyset propagationfarmsateverylocalgovernment(do 道,gun 郡,andmyeon 面 )inorderto rapidlypropagatehigh-qualityvarieties( 優良品種 )aloverthericecroppingregionsof Fig.1 RicesupplyinJapan

5 JapaneseRiceVarietiesinColonialKorea:fromtheViewofNagaiIsabur 85 Korea.Certainly,somevarietiesfromJapanprevailedthroughthepropagatingsystem. Unfortunately,however,Nagaiandhiscoleagueswereunabletodevelopanynewpopular riceseeds.from1927to1929,28varietieswerecreatedattheaes.amongthem,only Hatatsu( 八達 ) wouldprevailafterww I,butitdidnothaveasstronganimpactas Rikuuno.132.From1932to1934,hewasthechiefofbreedingattheAES.Thenextyear, hewasinvitedtoserveasaprofessoratthetokyoagriculturalvocationalcolege( 東京高等農林専門学校 ). Ironicaly,hebecamepopular,notasabreeder,butasawriter(inparticular,awriter ofenlightenment)afterhecamebacktojapan.hewasnotrecognizedassuchonthecoattailsofhisbrother,butbecauseheenergeticalypublishedthefolowingnationalistic books:riceandfood( 米と食糧,1941),AnEsay:Mizukagegusa( 随筆水陰草 = anold nameforariceplant,1942)andjapaneserice( 日本の米,1943).Thefirstandsecond bookswereforthepublic;thethirdonewasforchildren.afterww I,hebecameaprofessor,joiningthefacultyofagricultureatNihonUniversity.He alsowroteanesay: VegetableBasket( 随筆野菜籠,1946),TheHistoryofRice( 米の歴史,1959)and Ry aiki( 笠鞋記 = Memoirs:withasedgehatandstrawsandals,1965).Hediedin1971. NagaiwasatopconductorofagriculturaltechnologyintheJapaneseEmpire. Therefore,thescopeofhischangewasimpressive.Histrackfrombreedertowriterwas overlappedbythecontradictionofagriculturalengineersinkorea.asweshalseelater, duringhisperiodincolonialkorea,nagaifeltdeeplyconsciousof technology s dilemma. 2) 3.HighQualityRiceVarietiesandNagaiIsabur Highqualityvarieties, developedbyjapanesericebreeders,playedanimportant roleinthejapanesecolonies.theyformedthebasisofriceproductionandbroughtalarge amountofriceintothejapanesemarket.inotherwords,japanesebreederssucceededin improvingboththequalityandquantityofriceassaleablegoods.theuniformgeneticinformationregardingthenewvarietieswas,asitwere,the initialseting. Thesetingwas necessarytostimulatelandownersandsmalfarmers,notjusttoimprovetheiririgation systemsbutalsotoincreasetheamountoffertilizersused.itisimpossibleforhigh-quality

6 86 社会科学 第 40 巻第 3 号 ricevarietiestoproducetheintendedefectswithoutthis initialseting. Wherecondi- tionsarebad,traditionalseedsproducebeterresultsthannewvarieties.aricevariety canbecaled highquality onlyifthegeneticinformation,whichissensitivetovarious conditions(especialyfertilizers),istakenintoconsideration. Therefore,theGovernment-GeneralofKoreahadhighexpectationsfortheAESs, andforricebreederswhodevelopednewvarieties.initialyitwasenoughtobringgood Japanesericevarietiestothecoloniesanddopurelineselectionofthese.However,eventualy,thegovernmentdesirednewvarietiesofricethatweremoresuitableforeachlocal environmentthantheexistingvarieties.ricebreedersintaiwanliveduptothisexpectation.in1927,isoeikichi( 磯永吉, ),aricebreederattheTaichuAES,succeededincreatingjaponicaricevarieties,especialyTaichuno.65.Thejaponicarice varietiesfromtaiwanwerenamed H raimai( 蓬莱米 ). H rai (= Penglai)wasthe oldnameoftaiwan.colonialtaiwanexported H raimai tothesuzerainstate,resulting inasubsequentrapidexpansionofthevariety spaddyfields. Aspreviouslymentioned,theAESsinKoreacouldnotdevelopanynewricevarieties thatequaledtaichuno.65.inbothtaiwanandkorea(aswelasthefirstcolonyofjapan, Hokkaido),numerousmodernhybridvarietieswerecreatedattheAESs.Certainly,the AESinKoreadiddevelopsomehybridvarieties(e.g. Suigen 水原 and H koku 豊国 ), buttheydidnotbecomeaswidelyprevalent.onlyhighqualityricevarietiesfromjapan Fig.2 Percentageofhighqualityricevarieties areaandoutputinkorea

7 JapaneseRiceVarietiesinColonialKorea:fromtheViewofNagaiIsabur 87 prevaileduntil1935(fig.2). NagaiIsabur,whohadbeenthechiefofbreedingattheAESinSuwonwhileIsowas developingtaichuno.65,expressedhisdiscontentinhisessayzuihitsumizukagegusa (Nagai1942)writenduringthewarperiod: AlthoughformanyyearsIhadgrownnew ricevarietiesverycarefulyandwithgreatpains,theyfrequentlydidnotbecomepopular andweresoonforgoten.iftheyhadreceivedanyopportunities,theycouldhavebecome popular.[...]that showthingsgointhisworld.ipitymyselfwhenisighoverlong-past lossesinvain.untiltoday,ihavedevotedmyselftoresearchingrice,thatis,toimprove ricevarietiesinordertoincreasericeproduction.buti,nowtalkingaboutmymemories, havenotmadeanycontributions.ifeelmiserableaboutmyundignifiedsituation (Nagai 1942,p.7). Generalyspeaking,Nagai swritingstylewasmodest.suchastronglyhumblenara- tion,however,wasoutoftheordinaryinhisbooks.whatdidhisself-deprecationmean? Inthefolowingchapters,IwilfocusonNagai swritingsandthenconsiderbreeders gen- eralthoughtsregardingtheirjobs,dutiesandatitudeabouttherealworldincolonial KoreawhileanalyzingNagai sdiscourses. 4.Nagai ssurveyofkoreanvilages: BetweenFarmers LivesandJapaneseDemands Sincethe1920s,thepackageofricetechnology(usingmorefertilizer,construction ofirigationsystems,andbreedingofhighqualityriceseeds)madeitpossibleforsome Japanesesmal-holdandtenantpeasantstoprospertosomeextent.Incontrast,however, thesamepackagefrom JapanbroughtabouttheinstabilityofpoorKoreanpeasants. BecausetheoverpopulationintheKoreancountrysideledtobiterconflictsamongfarmersoverapossessorytitletoland,theycouldmakelitleprofit(Matsumoto1991). AlthoughengineersintheAES,suchasNagai,developednewtechnologies,thestandardoflivingforsmalKoreanfarmerswouldnotincrease.Nagaiconsideredthereasons inhispaper(nagai&takasaki1934).inotherwords,heconsideredwhykoreanpeasants remainedpoor,especialyinspring( 春窮 = springstarvation),inspiteoftherapidgrowth ofkoreanagriculture.

8 88 社会科学 第 40 巻第 3 号 Therefore,from1929to1932,heandhiscoleaguesdidasurveyofpeasants labor situation,nutrition,managementandsoon,infivevilagesneartheaesatsuwon.based onthislong-termsurvey,theyarivedatthefolowingconclusions:mostofthesepeasants weretenants,hadonlyrelativelysmallandunder1ha;theirmethodwasextensiveand hadlow-productivity;theyieldoftheirproductsdependedonrainwaterbecause,inthose areas,anirigationsystemhadnotyetbeendeveloped;thereweremoreconsumersthan producersintheirfamily;theyhadfewornocatle;theirsidelinewasinactive. Asasolutiontothepoverty,Nagaisuggestedthatthesefarmersshouldsupplyfood bythemselvesandearncashfromsidelines,becausetheydidnothavemoneythatwas readilyavailabletothem.forexample,sidelinessuchastheproductionofropesandstraw sacks( 叺 ),self-suppliedfertilizerwiththelowestchemicalfertilizer,directseedingand usingawaterwheelonapaddyfielddependingonrainwater,wereproposedbynagai.he alsoencouragedthemtochooseold-stylejapanesevarieties,suchas Aikoku( 愛国 ) for theirself-suficiency.certainly, Aikoku s flavourwasnotasgoodashigh-qualityvarieties.however,becauseitwasanearly-ripeningvarietytheycouldgrowasecondarycrop likebarleyorvetch.barleybecameastaplefoodforpoorpeasants,whilevetchbecame notonlyfeedfordomesticanimals,butalsogreenmanure.inaddition,thevarietyhaddiseaseresistance. Moreover,Nagaiinsistedthattheyshouldmakeuseoftraditionaltechnologyfromthe JoseonDynasty.Nagaiadmiredthisera sagriculturalfundamentalismanditsusefultech- nologies,suchasthewaterwheelanddirectseeding. Certainly,hisviewissimilartoTakahashiNoboru satitudeinregardtolocalpeas- ants,asanengineerintheaes,ochiaihideo( 落合秀男,1918),mentioned(Ochiai 1976).Yetthereisabiggapintheirthinking.Thatistosay,Nagaipointedoutmanytimes thelowerculturallevelofkoreanpeasantscomparedtojapanesepeasants.hestatedthat Koreanpeasantsalwayswastedtheirmoneyforformaloccasions.Therefore,heasserted, theyshouldimprovetheirspirituallife( 精神生活 ). ThisopinionsuggeststhatnewtechnologyfromJapaninfluencedpeasants livesonly toalimitedextent.hementionedtheexpectationofnewmodernvarietiesdevelopingat theaes,buthewasconsciousofthislimit.themostvaluablemethod,hesaid,wasselfhelponthepartofpeasants,ratherthannewtechnology.

9 JapaneseRiceVarietiesinColonialKorea:fromtheViewofNagaiIsabur 89 Hisperspectivewouldchangeafterhecamebacktohishomecountry;hisethnocentrismwouldappearevenmorestrongly. 5.EmergenceofNagai sethnocentrismafterhisreturntojapan Atthispoint,wewilconsiderwhatNagaihadtosayinhisbooksafterhisreturnto Japan. ThefirstpaperaboutNagai slifeandworkwaspublishedin2006(shirado/inoue/fuji 2006).ThatyearwouldhavebeenNagai s120thbirthday.thispaperexaminedalmostal ofhiswritingsandpraisedthementhusiasticaly: Hisexcelentbrainandhighinteligence werebuiltupthroughabsorbingeuropeanculture.theyunifiedwithhissenseofdutythat heandhiscoleagueswouldsupplyfoodforeveryone.nagai,whohassuchanactivespirit, isthegreatesttreasureofjapan. (Shirado/Inoue/Fuji2006,p.36) MyopinionisthattheevaluationofNagaias thegreatesttreasureofjapan isexces- sive;butidoagreewiththeviewthatnagaihadbeenignoredforfartoolonginmodern Japanesehistory.Hishistoricalsignificanceliesnotonlyinhiscontributiontothedevelopmentofgeneticsandagriculturalscience,andinhisconstructionofthefirstresearchbase forricegrowing,butalsointhathealso grew asourceofnationalismalongwithhis high-qualityricevarieties.hisideologyjustifiedboththewaragainsttheunitedstates andgreatbritainandtheexpansionofasiancountries.suchthinkingisilustrated,forexample,inthefolowingsentences: WhereverJapanesepeopleexpand,Japanesericeincrease.AsbothJapaneseand Koreanricearethesametype,KoreanannexationbyJapanwasinevitable.(Nagai 1942,p.18) Thisarogantethnocentrismoftenappearsinhisbooks: Japanesericecultureisthe guidelineforotherasianpeoplewhogrowrice.nowtheyareseizingthebiggestchance toleapforwardintheirhistories. TheDait awar( GreatEastAsianWar = 大東亜戦争 ) wasaculturalwarbetweenriceandwheat,ortheasianpaddyfieldsandthe BritishandAmericangeneralfields.Itwasagoodtimeforthepeoplewhogrewandate

10 90 社会科学 第 40 巻第 3 号 ricetoprovethattheywerenotinferiortothepeoplewhogrewwheat,andtoshowthat theycoulddowhatthebritishandamericanpeoplecouldnot(nagai1942).nagaisaidin hisbookjapaneserice,one-bilionasianpeopleeatrice,notonlyjapanesepeople.they hadbeenbulied,hindered,andviewedaslow-levelpeoplebytheamericansandthe British,whoeatbread(Nagai1943,p.12).Thisbookwaswritenforthepurposeof plantingscientificideologiesinthemindsoftheyoungergeneration.whiletherearealot ofscientificexplanationsregardingriceplanting,therearefarfewernationalisticandracial narations.however,thetoneofthesenarationswasveryexciting. TeraoHiroshi,whowasthebreederofRikuuno.132,andthenbecametheheadofthe AESinJapan,alsosaidthatthericeplantissimilartotheYamatopeople( 稲も亦大和民族なり )(Terao1942,p.1).AswelasTerao,Nagai schildishethnocentrismwasobsti- nateandremarkable.whydidherepeatsuchanethnocentricphrase?whydidhis modesty disappear? 6.Conclusion:Nagai sroleinthe culturalwar NagaijustifiedhissetbacksasaricebreederbyinsistingthatKorea sfatewastobe annexedbyjapanbecausetheenvironmentalconditionsforriceproductioninkoreawere verysimilartothoseinjapan.afterhisreturntojapan,nagailovedtospeakaboutthe prosperityofrikuuno.132.hisfeelingsofworthlessnessweredispeledbyhispridein Rikuuno.132.ThisvarietywasthefirstsuccessfulmodernhybridricevarietyinJapan, andthemainvarietyofricegrowninprefecturessuchasakita( 秋田 ),Iwate( 岩手 ),and Miyagi( 宮城 ),wherecropsoftensuferedcold-weatherdamage.itwashighlyprizednot onlybecauseofitsresistancetocoldnessbutalsobecauseofitsexcelentflavor,andthus itbecamehighlyvaluedbythetokyomarket.therefore,thisvarietywasalsogrownin regionswheretherewaslitleriskofcold-weatherdamage.inhis1965memoir,nagai statedthathewasveryhappythatrikuuno.132hadbeensowidelyusedinkoreaaswel, primarilybecausehewasoneofthepersonsconcerned(nagai1965,p.93). TheGovernment-GeneralofKoreaprobablyhopedforthebirthofanewricevariety aspopularasrikuuno.132inordertobothstabilizethefoodsupplyofjapanandimprove thelivesofkoreanpeasants.nagaialsohopedfortheseoutcomes.becauseof

11 JapaneseRiceVarietiesinColonialKorea:fromtheViewofNagaiIsabur 91 environmentaldiferencesbetweenkoreaandjapan(eveniftheywereinsignificant),it wouldhavebeenpossibleforaricebreedertocreatearicevarietysuperiortothe Japanesevariety.Forexample,theaveragepercentageofnitrogeninKoreansoilwas 0.153%,butinJapanesesoil,itwas0.223%(Kawai1986,p.147).Iftheyhaddeveloped avarietythatwasmoresensitivetochemicalnitrogenfertilizer,riceproductivityincolonialkoreacouldhavebeenmuchhigherandprovedthehigh-leveltechnologyoftheaes. Generalyspeaking,breedersneednotonlygoodAESfacilities,butalsoknowledge, skil,fortitude,supportiveinstitutionsandgoodfortune(suge1987,p.298).breedingis ascientifictechnique;itisalsoanartisticwork.ifabreedercreatedanextremelypopular variety,hewouldbeadmiredandhonouredwithabronzestatue.however,abreederis alwaysworiedabouttheresultsofhislabour,especialywhen theplanforincreasing RiceProduction wasaheavyburden.althoughshigesukenamikawa( 並河成資, )developedNorinno.1( 農林一号 )in1931,whichquicklybecameprevalentaround thehokuriku( 北陸 )region,hekiledhimselfonoctober15,1937,becausehecouldnot succeedinthedevelopmentofanewwheatvariety.hewasseverelycriticizedbyhiroshi Terao.(AfterWW I,abronzestatuewasbuiltinhishonourattheAESinNigata.) AfterliberationfromasimilarburdentothatbornebyNamikawa,Nagaididfight againstwesterncountries;notwithhisskilinbreeding,butwithhiswordsinthe culturalwar. DuringhisKoreanperiod,hehadfoughtagainstthecontradictionbetween high-qualitytechnologyandthelow-levellifestandardofkoreanpeasants.however,his feelingofthecontradictionwaseasilysolvedbythewaragainstwesterncountries.the warsavedhim.histransformationwasverysuggestive,ifweconsidertherolesofscientistsinthisperiod.certainly,a high-qualityricevariety asmaterialmadeincoloniessat- isfiedalotofjapanesepeople.yetitmustbenotedthatonlyafterthevarietieswere dressedupasculturedidthevarietyhaveabigimpactonsociety.nagai sbiggestcontri- butiontothejapanesewar,ithink,wastodressaricevarietywithbothhisscientificand ideologicalphrases.nagaiwasaveryfitingscientisttodosuchdificultwork.

12 92 社会科学 第 40 巻第 3 号 Notes 1)OnthehistoryofthefoodproblemandpolicyintheJapaneseEmpirefrom1880sto1940s,se mameuda(1993). 2)Ontheconceptandhistoryof technology sdilemma, seharwood(2005).inthisbook,he describedtheestrangementbetweenhigh-levelagriculturalresearchandfarmers dailywork, ortheoryandpracticeanditsregionaldiferencesingermany References Ch sens tokuhu 朝鮮総督府 (1926).Sanmaiz syokukeikakuy k 産米増殖計画要綱.Tokyo(?) Ch sens tokuhun rinkyoku 朝鮮総督府農林局 (1940).Ch senbeikokuy ran 朝鮮米穀要覧. Keijo(Seoul). Ch sens tokuhun rinkyoku 朝鮮総督府農林局 (1941).Ch sennon gy 朝鮮の農業,Keijo (Seoul). Fujihara,T.(2007)Inemomatayamatominzokunari:suit hinsyuno Ky eiken 稲も亦大和民族なり水稲品種の共栄圏.InH.Ikeda(Ed.)Dait aky eikennobunkakensetsu 大東亜共栄圏の文化建設.Kyoto:Jinbun-syoin. HarwoodJ.(2005).Technology sdilemma:agriculturalcolegesbetwenscienceandpracticein Germany, Oxford:PeterLang. Iinuma,J. 飯沼二郎 (1981).Ch sens tokuhunon gy gijutsu 朝鮮総督府の農業技術.InJ.Iinuma (Ed.),Kindaich sennosyakaitoshis 近代朝鮮の社会と思想(pp ),Tokyo:Mirai- sya. Kat,S. 加藤茂苞 (1930).Motokangy mohanj nokaimeiton jisid nitaisuruy i 元勧業模範場の改名と農事指導に対する用意.Chosenn kaih 朝鮮農会報,4.8,26. Kawai,K. 河合和男 (1986).Ch senniokerusanmaiz syokukeikaku 朝鮮における産米増殖計画. Tokyo:Mirai-sya. Kawata,H. 河田宏 (2007).Ch senzendowoaruitanihon-jin:n gakusyatakahashinoboruno Syogai 朝鮮全土を歩いた日本人農学者 高橋昇の生涯.Tokyo:Nihonhyoron-sya. Lim,P. 林炳潤.(1971).SyokuminchiniokeruSy gy tekin gy notenkai 植民地における商業的農業の展開.Tokyo:TokyoDaigakuSyuppankai. Matsumoto,T. 松本武祝 (1991).ShokuminchikiCh sennosuirikumiaijigy 植民地期朝鮮の水利組合事業.Tokyo:Mirai-sya. Nagai,I. 永井威三郎 &Takasaki.T. 高崎達蔵 (1934).N sonburakuoyobin kakeieij taini kansuruch sakenkyu 農村部落及農家経営状態に関する調査研究.Ch sens tokuhun jisike nj ih 朝鮮総督府農事試験場彙報,7.3,September, Nagai,I.(1941).Kometosyokury 米と食糧.Tokyo:Haneda-syoten. Nagai,I.(1942).ZuihitsuMizukagegusa 随筆水陰草.Tokyo:Sakurai-syoten. Nagai,I.(1943).Nihonnokome 日本の米.Tokyo:Dainippon ben-sya.

13 JapaneseRiceVarietiesinColonialKorea:fromtheViewofNagaiIsabur 93 Nagai,I.(1946).ZuihitsuYasaikago 随筆野菜籠.Tokyo:Tennen-sya. Nagai,I.(1965).Ryuuaiki 笠鞋記,Tokyo:Hoshi-shob. N rinkyokun muka 農林局農務課 (1937).N jisikenj Gaiky Shirabe 農事試験場農務課,Tokyo. N rinsy Beikokukyoku 農林省米穀局 (1939).Beikokuy ran 米穀要覧.Tokyo. Ochiai,H. 落合秀男 (1976).Ch sens tokuhun shiseisensij ch TakahashiNoboru 朝鮮総督府農試西鮮支場長 高橋昇.InTARC(TropicalAgricultureResearchCenter,Ministryof Agriculture,ForestryandFisheries 農林省熱帯農林研究センター ).Ky chosenniokerunihon nougyoushikenkenky noseika 旧朝鮮における日本農業試験研究の成果 (pp ), Tokyo:TARC. mameudaminoru. 大豆生田稔 (1993).Kindainihonnosyokury seisaku:taigaiizonbeikoku ky ky k z noheny 近代日本の食糧政策対外依存米穀供給構造の変容,Kyoto: Minerva-shobo. Shirado,K. 白戸一士 /Inoue,H. 井上弘明 /Fuji,H. 藤井秀昭 (2006).InasakunohatentoNagai Isabur hakase:seitan120nenflavonekenkyukarainasakukenkyuhenos sy 稲作の発展と永井威三郎博士生誕 120 周年フラボン研究から稲作研究への総集. Hakubutsukanh 博物館報,16,542. Suge,H.(1987).IkusyunoGenten:BaitekuJidainiTou 育種の原点バイテク時代に問う, Tokyo:N sangyosonbunkaky kai. TakahashiN.(1998).Ch senhant non h ton min(ed.j.iinuma/k.takahashi/h.miyajima), Tokyo:Mirai-sya. TARC(1976).Ky chosenniokerunihonnougyoushakenkenky noseika,tokyo:tarc. Terao,H. 寺尾博 (1942).InetoDait aky eiken 稲と大東亜共栄圏.Kagaku 科学

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