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1 1p 76p
2 (SEM) SEM
3 SEM
4 ( ) (JIS Z ) SEM
5
6 X Y line line line X Y line line line X Y line line line R a RMS
7 6 3.1 (mass )
8 7 1
9 (Fractgraphy) (SEM) [15] [4]
![1.1. 9 1.1.3 [16] ( 1.](/docs-images/91/105163136/images/10-0.jpg "1) 1.1:")
10 [16] ( 1.1) 1.1:
11
12 11 2
13 ,
14 (SEM) SEM ( CRT ) = SEM SEM 5000 CRT 100mm 100 1/5000 = 20µm µm 1/1152 = 20nm nm 20nm CRT 100mm CRT /1152 = 0.1mm mm CRT ( 10KV) ( ) CRT CRT
15 : ( 2.1) ( 2.2)
16 : A B θ A B a b a n b n K 2.1 θ 75 tan θ = K a2 b 2 (a n + b n ) 2 (2.1) 2.1 SEM ( 1 25KV) 2 a n b n a b x z θ x 2.3
17 :
18 ( ) SEM 3 SEM
19 :
20 : ( 2.6) [7] /a a D D 1/a b b = a D (2.2) D D = log b log a (2.3) /
21 : ( ) ( 2.6) 1/ D = log 4 = (2.4) log 3 2 [7] L = C 1 d f (2.5) L C d f 0 log L L 0 =(1 d f ) log 0 (2.6) d f d f =1 d f =1 ( ) P dt d f = (2.7) P 0 0
22 P d f 0 d f < 1 d T =0 1 d f < 2 d T =1 2 d f < 3 d T =2 3 d f < 4 d T = P S d f d f = slope +1 (2.8) S f S(f) f β (2.9) β d f β =5 2d f (2.10)
23 (2.10) L ɛ L(ɛ) =C 0 ɛ (d f 1) (2.11) 3.4.2
24 R a L a X L RMS R a = L a L (2.12) RMS σ n (h i h) 2 i=1 RMS = n 1 Rt h max h min (2.13) Rt = h max h min (2.14) R sk
25 R sk = n (h i h) 3 i=1 (2.15) (n 1)RMS 3 R ku R ku n (h i h) 4 i=1 R ku = (2.16) (n 1)RMS 4
26 [3] (ductile fracture) (brittle fracture) ( ) 3. (shear lip) [1]
27 : (1) B( ) B = C 100 (2.17) A C A (2) S( ) S = F A = 100 B (2.18) F (J) E = WR(cosβ cosα) L (2.19)
28 : W: (N) R: (m) α : β : L: (J) ( 2.8) ( )
29 28 3
30 ( 3.1) SEM :
31 : (JIS Z ) 4 SM490B(SM50B) SM490B 3.1, : (mass ) C Si Mn P S : N/mm 2 N/mm 2 %
32 ( 3.3) ( 3.3,3.4) 3.3: C J kgf.m/cm 2 mm % :
33 :
34 3.3. SEM SEM SEM SEM x y X Y ( 3.5) 3.5: SEM X 420 Y 560
35 SEM 3.6 N 3.6: η N(η) =Cη D (3.1) N η D D PC
36 η N N η ( 3.7) N(η) =Cη D (3.2) η N ( 3.7) D η N η
37 boxnum Data Interval boxsize( ) 3.7: SEM 1, / ( 3.4)
38 : / SEM X 420 Y 560 SEM 1. 2.
39 X Y 2 X SEM X Y 3.8 Y ( 3.8) 3.8: 4 X X Y Y
40 39 4
41
42 SEM 3D
43 D 4.1: : : : : : 800
44 : : : : : : 1500
45 : : : : : : 5000
46 D 4.19: : : : : : 800
47 : : : : : : 1500
48 : : : : : : 5000
49 X Fractal dimension of brittle fracture Fractal dimension average Observation magnification 4.37:
50 Fractal dimension of ductile fracture Fractal dimension average Observation magnification 4.38: [7] SEM 12 m
51 m X Fractal dimension Fractal dimension of brittle fracture 1.06 average mag400 mag1500mag1000mag800 mag3000 mag600 mag1200 mag5000 mag Number of facet in observation range 4.39:
52 Fractal dimension Fractal dimension of ductile fracture mag mag400 mag2000 mag800 mag mag3000 mag mag1500 average 1.01 mag Number of minimum size of dimple in observation range 4.40:
53 (FATT) [16] ( ) X Y 2 Y
54 (800 ) m 150 m 4 X ( ) Fractal dimension 4.41: X 1
55 Y AB=112.5( m) OA=Y( m) Y( m) line400 line250 line ( ) A B Y 4.42: Y Fractal dimension Y(m) 4.43: line100 1
56 Fractal dimension Y(m) 4.44: line Fractal dimension Y(m) 4.45: line
57 (1200 ) m 100 m 4 X Fractal dimension 4.46: X m 0 50 m
58 Y AB=75( m) OA=Y( m) Y( m) Y A B 4.47: Y Fractal dimension Y(m) 4.48: line100 2
59 Fractal dimension Y(m) 4.49: line Fractal dimension Y(m) 4.50: line
60 (800 ) 1 2, m 150 m 4 X ( ) Fractal dimension 4.51: X 1
61 Y 1 AB=112.5( m) OA=Y( m) ( ) 4.52: Y Fractal dimension Y(m) 4.53: line100 3
62 Fractal dimension Y(m) 4.54: line Fractal dimension Y(m) 4.55: line400 3 Y X 3
63 62 5
64 ,4.38 SEM [3] (cleavage) ( 5.1) (facet) (void) 2 ( 5.2) (dimple) , ,4.38 5
65 X : 5.2:
66 R a RMS RMS m RMS h i h = h i h min h max h min (5.1) 5 R a RMS,R a RMS 1.08 brittle fracture Ra roughness ductile fracture Observation magnificant 5.3: R a RMS roughness brittle fracture ductile fracture Observation magnificant 5.4: RMS
67 R a RMS 3
68 Y Y 2
69 68 6
70 (a) (b) (c) R a RMS 2. (a) (b) SEM
71 SEM Y
72 71
73 72 4
74 73
75 74 [1]..., [2]. Era [3].., [4] A.J.Paullay B.B.Mandelbrot, D.E.Passoja. Fractal character of fracture surfaces of metals. Nature, Vol. 1308, pp , [5].. Master s thesis,, [6].., [7].., [8].., [9].., [10].., [11].., 2, [12].. PhD thesis,, [13].. I., [14] Benoit B.Mandelbrot.., [15] C.R.Brooks. -., 1999.
76 75 [16]..
77
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1.500 m X Y m m m m m m m m m m m m N/ N/ ( ) qa N/ N/ 2 2
1.500 m X Y 0.200 m 0.200 m 0.200 m 0.200 m 0.200 m 0.000 m 1.200 m m 0.150 m 0.150 m m m 2 24.5 N/ 3 18.0 N/ 3 30.0 0.60 ( ) qa 50.79 N/ 2 0.0 N/ 2 20.000 20.000 15.000 15.000 X(m) Y(m) (kn/m 2 ) 10.000
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(1.2) T D = 0 T = D = 30 kn 1.2 (1.4) 2F W = 0 F = W/2 = 300 kn/2 = 150 kn 1.3 (1.9) R = W 1 + W 2 = = 1100 N. (1.9) W 2 b W 1 a = 0
1 1 1.1 1.) T D = T = D = kn 1. 1.4) F W = F = W/ = kn/ = 15 kn 1. 1.9) R = W 1 + W = 6 + 5 = 11 N. 1.9) W b W 1 a = a = W /W 1 )b = 5/6) = 5 cm 1.4 AB AC P 1, P x, y x, y y x 1.4.) P sin 6 + P 1 sin 45
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30 31 gh gw 32 33 1406 1421 640 0 (mm) (mm) MAX1513 MIN349 MIN280 MAX900 gh gw 34 gh gh gw gw gh gh gw gw gh gh gw gw 35 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 195 196 197 198 202 203 2 1 L L L2 L2 L2 L 2 2 1 L L
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知能科学：ニューラルネットワーク
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知能科学：ニューラルネットワーク
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