2018/10/04 IV/ IV 2/12. A, f, g A. (1) D(0 A ) =, D(1 A ) = Spec(A), D(f) D(g) = D(fg). (2) {f l A l Λ} A I D(I) = l Λ D(f l ). (3) I, J A D(I) D(J) =

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "2018/10/04 IV/ IV 2/12. A, f, g A. (1) D(0 A ) =, D(1 A ) = Spec(A), D(f) D(g) = D(fg). (2) {f l A l Λ} A I D(I) = l Λ D(f l ). (3) I, J A D(I) D(J) ="

Transcription

1 2018/10/04 IV/ IV 1/ IV/ IV * 1 : ( A 441 ) yanagida[at]math.nagoya-u.ac.jp 1 I: (ring)., A 0 A, 1 A. (ring homomorphism) A (ideal) I, ( ) I A x I a A ax I. A (prime ideal) I, I A, a, b A ab I a I b I.. A Spec(A). Spec(A) := {p A } k, k 1 k[x]. k k[x] r, k f k[x] f = a 0 i=1 (x a i) er 1. Spec(k[x]) = {(0)} {(x a) a k}. = (0) Spec(k[x]) = { } k.. A. Spec(A), f A D(f) := {p Spec(A) f / p} A (spectrum), Spec(A). Spec(A) Zariski. Spec(A), Λ l Λ D(f l ) A I D(I) Spec(A). D(I) := {p Spec(A) I p}. (2) D(I) Zariski. *1 2018/11/08, ver. 0.5.

2 2018/10/04 IV/ IV 2/12. A, f, g A. (1) D(0 A ) =, D(1 A ) = Spec(A), D(f) D(g) = D(fg). (2) {f l A l Λ} A I D(I) = l Λ D(f l ). (3) I, J A D(I) D(J) = D(IJ). IJ := {a 1 b a n b n a k I, b k J} A, I J ( ). (4) A {I l l Λ} D( l Λ I l) = l Λ D(I l ). l Λ I l := { l a l a l I l, } k 1 k[x] Spec(k[x]) = { } k. f k[x] D(f). (i) 0 k[x] D(0) =, (ii) a k \ {0} D(a) = Spec(k[x]) = { } k. (iii) a k D(x a). (0) (x b) (x b) D(x a) (x b) / x a b a. D(x a) = { } (k \ {a}). r (iv) f = a 0 i=1 (x a i) er D(f) = r i=r D((x a i) ei ) = r i=1 D(x a i). (iii) D(f) = { } (k \ {a 1,..., a r }). Spec(k[x]),,, 3., Spec(k[x]) Hausdorff ( T 2 ). = (0) Spec(k[x]). 1.1 ( ). k.. (1) k[x] (0) := {g(x)/f(x) f(x), g(x) k[x], f(0) 0} Spec(k[x] (0) ) = {(0), (x)}. Spec(k[x] (0) ) = {, 0},, { }, {, 0} 3. (2) k 2 k[x, y] 3. (0). f (f). (a, b) k 2 (x a, y b). 1 A Spec(A), φ : A B φ : A B, a φ : Spec(B) Spec(A), p φ 1 (p) well-defined, f A ( a φ) 1 (D(f)) = D(φ(f)), Zariski. a φ φ.

3 2018/10/04 IV/ IV 3/ A (multiplicatively closed subset) *2 S A. (i) 1 A S. (ii) f 1, f 2 S f 1 f 2 S S A, M A. (1) S M (s, m) (s, m ) t S, f(s m sm ) = 0 S 1 M := (S M)/ A. (s, m) S M m/s. + : S 1 M S 1 M S 1 M m/s + m /s := (s m + sm )/(ss ), well-defined, S 1 M.. : A S 1 M S 1 M a.(m/s) := (a.m)/s *3, well-defined, S 1 M A. A S 1 M, M S (localization) S 1 M. (2) ψ M : M S 1 M ψ M (m) := m/1 A, well-defined, A. ψ M S A. (1) A A S 1 A, : S 1 A S 1 A S 1 A a/s a /s := (aa )/(ss ), well-defined, S 1 A. S 1 A A S. (2) (2) A ψ A : A S 1 A (1). ψ A S A, M A.. : S 1 A S 1 M S 1 M a/s.(m/s ) := (a.m)/(ss ), well-defined, S 1 M S 1 A.. *2. *3 A M A M M (a, m) a.m..

4 2018/10/04 IV/ IV 4/ S 1 A : φ : A B φ(s) B, φ : S 1 A B φ = φ ψ A. φ. 1.2 (tensor product) (short exact sequence). 1.2 ( ). A, S A. M A. ( 1.2.4). (1) S 1 A A M S 1 M. (2) A 0 M 1 M 2 M 3 0 S 1 A. 0 S 1 M 1 S 1 M 2 S 1 M 3 0. (3) S 1 S 2 A (2) A S2 1 A S 1 S 1, S 1 S 1 2 A, (S 1S 2 ) 1 M (S 1) 1 (S2 1 M) (1) (2), M S 1 A A M. A B, M B A M, (flat). ψ A : A S 1 A. D(f)., S 1 A (1) S 1 A, A I I(S 1 A). (2) Spec(S 1 A) = {p(s 1 A) p Spec(A), p S = } A. f A, S := {1, f, f 2,...} A. S S 1 A A f. A f := A[x]/(fx 1)., 1 A[x] fx 1 A[x] (fx 1) A, f A, A f {1 A, f, f 2,...} ( ). ψ : A A f., ψ a ψ : Spec(A f ) Spec(A) ( ), a ψ(spec(a f )) = D(f), a ψ : Spec(A f ) D(f). 1.3 Hilbert. A, I D(I) V (I). V (I) := Spec(A) \ D(I) = {p Spec(A) p I}.

5 2018/10/04 IV/ IV 5/ ( ). φ : A B. A/ Ker φ Im φ B. (1) φ, Spec B V (Ker φ) Spec(A), a φ V (Ker φ). a φ ( )1 1. (2) a φ V (Ker φ) = Spec A. Ker φ = p Spec(A) p. Hilbert, ( ). A, I. f A f V (I) = 0 f I. I.. A I, I := {f A f m I, m Z >0 } I (radical). f V (I) = A p, A \ p A p := (A \ p) 1 A, A p, Spec(A) p (local ring) Spec(A p ) = {qa p q Spec(A), q p}. 1.4 (2) A p (maximal ideal). B, B. m (quotient ring) *4 B/m. 1.4 ( ). A.. (1) A S, A \ S,. (2) Spec(A) p A p pa p (2) Spec(A) p A p,.. A, p Spec(A). (1) k(p) Spec(A) p (residue field) *5. k(p) := A p /pa p (2) f A p, f f. A A p k(p), f f/1 A f := (f/1 A mod pa p ). *4. *5 (field of fractions) (quotient field).,.

6 2018/10/04 IV/ IV 6/12 f A T Spec(A), p T f 0, f T = 0. f V (I) = , A I p V (I) p = I A I, J (1) Spec(A) = A = 0. (2) V (I) V (J) I J. (3) V (I) = V (J) I = J. 1.4 Zariski 1.1.3, A Spec(A) Hausdorff.,.,, D(f) Spec(A). Zariski.. A f A, D(f) (quasi-compact) *6. D(f) = i I D(f i ), J I i J D(f i ).. {f i A i I} a := i I (f i) V (f) = V (a). Hilbert ( 1.3.1) f m a m Z 1. f m = i J f ig i J I g i A. f m i J (f i), V (f) = V (f m ) i J V (f i ). D(f) = i J D(f i ). 1. Hausdorff 1, A, p Spec(A). 1 {p} Spec(A), {p} = V (p)... {p} = F : p F = I p V (I) = V (p).. X x X, {x}, (closed point) p Spec(A) p.. *6 Hausdorff.

7 2018/10/04 IV/ IV 7/12. X (irreducible), X = F 1 F 2 X = F 1 X = F I A, V (I) I. 1.5 ( ). (1) Hilbert (2) {p} Spec(A), X x, y X, (1) y {x}, x y (generalization), y x (specialization). (2) {x} = X, x X (generic point). 1.6 ( ) X = Spec(A), x = p, y = q, *7. {x} y p q. 1.6 {x} = {y} p = q.. Spec(A) ( ). Spec(A) 1, 2. (1) Spec(A) T 0, 2 x, y Spec(A) U x U y / U. (2) T ,.. X. (1) X Open(X) (Sets) F, X (presheaf of sets)., F (I) (II). (I) X U, F(U). (II) U 1 U 2 r U1,U 2 : F(U 1 ) F(U 2 ), 2. (a) id U : U = U r U,U = id F(U) : F(U) = F(U). (b) U 1 U 2 U 3 r U2,U 3 r U1,U 2 = r U1,U 3 : F(U 1 ) F(U 3 ). r U1,U 2 (restriction map). *7 ver. 0.5 typo.

8 2018/10/04 IV/ IV 8/12 (2) X F (sheaf of sets). (III) U = i I U i s, t F(U) i I r U,Ui (s) = r U,Ui (t) s = t. {s i F(U i ) i I} U i U j i, j I r Ui,U i U j (s i ) = r Uj,U i U j (s j ), s F(U) i I s i = r U,Ui (s). (locality), (gluing). (3), (Sets),, (Grp), (Mod), (Ring),, ((pre)sheaf of groups, modules, rings).., s V := r U,V (s). F r F U,V. stalk germ *8. (inductive limit) (direct limit) lim *9.. X F x X, (1) F x := lim U x F(U) F x stalk., x. (2) F x x germ... x X F germ, U x s F(U) (U, s), U, s. (U, s) (V, t) W x W U V s W = t W.. Spec(A). Spec(A) {D(f) f A} D(f) Spec(A f ) Spec(A) Ã Ã(D(f)) = A f.. A Spec(A) Ã (Spec(A), Ã) A (affine scheme). Ã (structure sheaf) D(f) = D(g) A f A g. D(f) = D(g) = D(fg), A f A fg a/f m ag m /(f m g m )., Hilbert (3) D(f) = D(g) (f) = (g). D(f) D(g) = D(fg), r D(f),D(fg) : A f A fg a/f m ag m /(f m g m ). *8 stalk, germ,. *9 (colimit), colim.

9 2018/10/04 IV/ IV 9/12 U Spec(A) U = i I D(f i ). s = (s i ) i I, s i A fi, s i D(f i f j ) = s j D(f i f j ) i, j I. U = j J D(g j ) t = (t j ) j J. s t s i D(f i g j ) = t j D(f i g j ) i I, j J, Ã(U) := { s}/.., U = D(f) D(f) = i I D(f i ). 2. a A f i I a D(f i ) = 0 a = 0 A f. {a i A fi i I} i I, j J a i D(f i f j ) = a j D(f i f j ), a A f a i = a D(f i ). [H77, p.71, Proposition 2.2, Chap.II 2] * 10. A Spec(A) Ã, A Spec(A) Ã. Ã X, O X. X O (sheaf of O-modules) M, X 2. U X M(U) O(U). O(U)., ru,v O O, rm U,V M, a O(U) m M(U) ru,v O (a).rm U,V (m) = rm U,V (a.m). Ã 1.. A M f A, S := {1, f, f 2,...} M S 1 M M f M f A f M A. Ã M M(D(f)) = M f , U = i I D(f i ) M(U) := {(m i ) i I m i M fi, m i D(f i f j ) = m j D(f i f j )}/. Ã M f A f. Ã M stalk. p Spec(A) A p ( 1.3.2),. p Spec(A), S := A \ p A M S 1 M M p. *10 [H77].

10 2018/10/04 IV/ IV 10/ p Spec(A) Ã Ã M stalk (Ã) p = A p, ( M) p = M p A p ( )... X O (X, O) (ringed space). (X, O), x X stalk O x, (locally ringed space). 1.8 ( ).,.. 1.6, ( ) ( ) X. (1) F G X. (morphism of presheaves) θ : F G, F, G., U X θ(u) : F(U) G(U), U V r G U,V θ(u) = θ(v ) rf U,V. (2) F G X. (morphism of sheaves) θ : F G, F, G, θ , x X, stalk θ x : F x G x, θ θ x (functorial). id : F = F id x, E σ F θ F (θ σ) x = θ x σ x , (natural) θ x f : X Y, F X. Y f F F f (direct image). (f F)(U) := F(f 1 (U)) , x X, y := f(x), stalk (f F) y F x ( ).. stalk (f F) y = lim(f F)(U) = lim F(f 1 (U)). U y U y f 1 (U) x, F(f 1 (U)) F x., (f F) y F x.,.

11 2018/10/04 IV/ IV 11/12. (X, O X ) (Y, O Y ). (morphism of ringed spaces) (X, O X ) (Y, O Y ), f : X Y Y f : O Y f O X (f, f ). (f,, f ), f f (1) (X, O X ) (Y, O Y ). (morphism of locally ringed spaces) (X, O X ) (Y, O Y ) (f, f ), x X f x : O Y,y (f ) y (f O X ) y O X,x. (f ) y 1.6.2, (2) (isomorphism of locally ringed spaces)... A m, B n. φ : A B φ(m) n (local).. (morphism of affine schemes). (isomorphism of affine schemes). φ : A B a φ : Spec(B) Spec(A), φ : A B, f A. φ A f B φ(f) φ f φ : A B., f A ( a φ, φ) : (Spec(B), B) (Spec(A), Ã) φ(d(f)) : Ã(D(f)) = A f ( ( a φ) B) (D(f)) = B(D(φ(f))) = Bφ(f) φ f. φ ( a φ, φ).. φ, Ã., U Spec(A) U = i D(f i ), D(f i ) φ fi, φ(u) : Ã(U) ( a φ) B(U)., f, g A Ã(D(f)) A f φ f B φ(f) ( ( a φ) B) (D(f)) r D(f),D(fg) r D(f),D(fg) Ã(D(fg)) A fg φ fg B φ(fg) ( ( a φ) B) (D(fg)). ( a φ, φ).

12 2018/10/04 IV/ IV 12/12 p Spec(B), q := ( a φ)(p) = φ 1 (p), stalk ψ := φ p : Ãq B p Ãq = A q, ψ A q = lim A f lim B φ(f) B p f / q, φ., a q φ(a) p f / q, ψ(qa q ) pb p. ψ (f, θ) : (Spec(A), Ã) (Spec(B), B), φ : B A ( a φ, φ).. [H77, p.73, Proposition 2.3 (c)] , Spec. [H77] R. Hartshorne, Algebraic Geometry, GTM 52, Springer, 1977;,, 1,2,3,,

II 2 3.,, A(B + C) = AB + AC, (A + B)C = AC + BC. 4. m m A, m m B,, m m B, AB = BA, A,, I. 5. m m A, m n B, AB = B, A I E, 4 4 I, J, K

II 2 3.,, A(B + C) = AB + AC, (A + B)C = AC + BC. 4. m m A, m m B,, m m B, AB = BA, A,, I. 5. m m A, m n B, AB = B, A I E, 4 4 I, J, K II. () 7 F 7 = { 0,, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }., F 7 a, b F 7, a b, F 7,. (a) a, b,,. (b) 7., 4 5 = 20 = 2 7 + 6, 4 5 = 6 F 7., F 7,., 0 a F 7, ab = F 7 b F 7. (2) 7, 6 F 6 = { 0,, 2, 3, 4, 5 },,., F 6., 0 0 a F

More information

1 = = = (set) (element) a A a A a A a A a A {2, 5, (0, 1)}, [ 1, 1] = {x; 1 x 1}. (proposition) A = {x; P (x)} P (x) x x a A a A Remark. (i) {2, 0, 0,

1 = = = (set) (element) a A a A a A a A a A {2, 5, (0, 1)}, [ 1, 1] = {x; 1 x 1}. (proposition) A = {x; P (x)} P (x) x x a A a A Remark. (i) {2, 0, 0, 2005 4 1 1 2 2 6 3 8 4 11 5 14 6 18 7 20 8 22 9 24 10 26 11 27 http://matcmadison.edu/alehnen/weblogic/logset.htm 1 1 = = = (set) (element) a A a A a A a A a A {2, 5, (0, 1)}, [ 1, 1] = {x; 1 x 1}. (proposition)

More information

D 24 D D D

D 24 D D D 5 Paper I.R. 2001 5 Paper HP Paper 5 3 5.1................................................... 3 5.2.................................................... 4 5.3.......................................... 6

More information

1 1.1 R (ring) R1 R4 R1 R (commutative [abelian] group) R2 a, b, c R (ab)c = a(bc) (associative law) R3 a, b, c R a(b + c) = ab + ac, (a + b)c = ac +

1 1.1 R (ring) R1 R4 R1 R (commutative [abelian] group) R2 a, b, c R (ab)c = a(bc) (associative law) R3 a, b, c R a(b + c) = ab + ac, (a + b)c = ac + ALGEBRA II Hiroshi SUZUKI Department of Mathematics International Christian University 2004 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 4 4 1 5 5 1 6 6 1 7 7 1 7.1....................... 7 1 7.2........................... 7 4 8

More information

III 1 (X, d) d U d X (X, d). 1. (X, d).. (i) d(x, y) d(z, y) d(x, z) (ii) d(x, y) d(z, w) d(x, z) + d(y, w) 2. (X, d). F X.. (1), X F, (2) F 1, F 2 F

III 1 (X, d) d U d X (X, d). 1. (X, d).. (i) d(x, y) d(z, y) d(x, z) (ii) d(x, y) d(z, w) d(x, z) + d(y, w) 2. (X, d). F X.. (1), X F, (2) F 1, F 2 F III 1 (X, d) d U d X (X, d). 1. (X, d).. (i) d(x, y) d(z, y) d(x, z) (ii) d(x, y) d(z, w) d(x, z) + d(y, w) 2. (X, d). F X.. (1), X F, (2) F 1, F 2 F F 1 F 2 F, (3) F λ F λ F λ F. 3., A λ λ A λ. B λ λ

More information

1W II K =25 A (1) office(a439) (2) A4 etc. 12:00-13:30 Cafe David 1 2 TA appointment Cafe D

1W II K =25 A (1) office(a439) (2) A4 etc. 12:00-13:30 Cafe David 1 2 TA  appointment Cafe D 1W II K200 : October 6, 2004 Version : 1.2, kawahira@math.nagoa-u.ac.jp, http://www.math.nagoa-u.ac.jp/~kawahira/courses.htm TA M1, m0418c@math.nagoa-u.ac.jp TA Talor Jacobian 4 45 25 30 20 K2-1W04-00

More information

Jacobson Prime Avoidance

Jacobson Prime Avoidance 2016 2017 2 22 1 1 3 2 4 2.1 Jacobson................. 4 2.2.................... 5 3 6 3.1 Prime Avoidance....................... 7 3.2............................. 8 3.3..............................

More information

t = h x z z = h z = t (x, z) (v x (x, z, t), v z (x, z, t)) ρ v x x + v z z = 0 (1) 2-2. (v x, v z ) φ(x, z, t) v x = φ x, v z

t = h x z z = h z = t (x, z) (v x (x, z, t), v z (x, z, t)) ρ v x x + v z z = 0 (1) 2-2. (v x, v z ) φ(x, z, t) v x = φ x, v z I 1 m 2 l k 2 x = 0 x 1 x 1 2 x 2 g x x 2 x 1 m k m 1-1. L x 1, x 2, ẋ 1, ẋ 2 ẋ 1 x = 0 1-2. 2 Q = x 1 + x 2 2 q = x 2 x 1 l L Q, q, Q, q M = 2m µ = m 2 1-3. Q q 1-4. 2 x 2 = h 1 x 1 t = 0 2 1 t x 1 (t)

More information

2 R U, U Hausdorff, R. R. S R = (S, A) (closed), (open). (complete projective smooth algebraic curve) (cf. 2). 1., ( ).,. countable ( 2 ) ,,.,,

2 R U, U Hausdorff, R. R. S R = (S, A) (closed), (open). (complete projective smooth algebraic curve) (cf. 2). 1., ( ).,. countable ( 2 ) ,,.,, 15, pp.1-13 1 1.1,. 1.1. C ( ) f = u + iv, (, u, v f ). 1 1. f f x = i f x u x = v y, u y = v x.., u, v u = v = 0 (, f = 2 f x + 2 f )., 2 y2 u = 0. u, u. 1,. 1.2. S, A S. (i) A φ S U φ C. (ii) φ A U φ

More information

II Time-stamp: <05/09/30 17:14:06 waki> ii

II Time-stamp: <05/09/30 17:14:06 waki> ii II waki@cc.hirosaki-u.ac.jp 18 1 30 II Time-stamp: ii 1 1 1.1.................................................. 1 1.2................................................... 3 1.3..................................................

More information

?

? 240-8501 79-2 Email: nakamoto@ynu.ac.jp 1 3 1.1...................................... 3 1.2?................................. 6 1.3..................................... 8 1.4.......................................

More information

S K(S) = T K(T ) T S K n (1.1) n {}}{ n K n (1.1) 0 K 0 0 K Q p K Z/pZ L K (1) L K L K (2) K L L K [L : K] 1.1.

S K(S) = T K(T ) T S K n (1.1) n {}}{ n K n (1.1) 0 K 0 0 K Q p K Z/pZ L K (1) L K L K (2) K L L K [L : K] 1.1. () 1.1.. 1. 1.1. (1) L K (i) 0 K 1 K (ii) x, y K x + y K, x y K (iii) x, y K xy K (iv) x K \ {0} x 1 K K L L K ( 0 L 1 L ) L K L/K (2) K M L M K L 1.1. C C 1.2. R K = {a + b 3 i a, b Q} Q( 2, 3) = Q( 2

More information

TOP URL 1

TOP URL   1 TOP URL http://amonphys.web.fc.com/ 3.............................. 3.............................. 4.3 4................... 5.4........................ 6.5........................ 8.6...........................7

More information

QCD 1 QCD GeV 2014 QCD 2015 QCD SU(3) QCD A µ g µν QCD 1

QCD 1 QCD GeV 2014 QCD 2015 QCD SU(3) QCD A µ g µν QCD 1 QCD 1 QCD GeV 2014 QCD 2015 QCD SU(3) QCD A µ g µν QCD 1 (vierbein) QCD QCD 1 1: QCD QCD Γ ρ µν A µ R σ µνρ F µν g µν A µ Lagrangian gr TrFµν F µν No. Yes. Yes. No. No! Yes! [1] Nash & Sen [2] Riemann

More information

2 0 B B B B - B B - B - - B (1.0.6) 0 1 p /p p {0} (1.0.7) B m n ϕ : B ϕ(m) n ϕ 1 (n) = m /m B/n 1.1. (1.1.1) a a n > 0 x n a x r(a) a r(r(a)) = r(a)

2 0 B B B B - B B - B - - B (1.0.6) 0 1 p /p p {0} (1.0.7) B m n ϕ : B ϕ(m) n ϕ 1 (n) = m /m B/n 1.1. (1.1.1) a a n > 0 x n a x r(a) a r(r(a)) = r(a) 1 0 1. 1.0. (1.0.1) - (1.0.2), B ϕ : B resp. B- M a m = ϕ(a) m (resp. m a = m ϕ(a)) resp. - M - B- resp. - M [ϕ] L - u : L M [ϕ] a x L u(a x) = ϕ(a) u(x) ϕ- L M (ϕ, u) u (, L) (B, M) - L (, L) (1.0.3)

More information

1 α X (path) α I = [0, 1] X α(0) = α(1) = p α p (base point) loop α(1) = β(0) X α, β α β : I X (α β)(s) = ( )α β { α(2s) (0 s 1 2 ) β(2s 1) ( 1 2 s 1)

1 α X (path) α I = [0, 1] X α(0) = α(1) = p α p (base point) loop α(1) = β(0) X α, β α β : I X (α β)(s) = ( )α β { α(2s) (0 s 1 2 ) β(2s 1) ( 1 2 s 1) 1 α X (path) α I = [0, 1] X α(0) = α(1) = p α p (base point) loop α(1) = β(0) X α, β α β : I X (α β)(s) = ( )α β { α(2s) (0 s 1 2 ) β(2s 1) ( 1 2 s 1) X α α 1 : I X α 1 (s) = α(1 s) ( )α 1 1.1 X p X Ω(p)

More information

2S III IV K A4 12:00-13:30 Cafe David 1 2 TA 1 appointment Cafe David K2-2S04-00 : C

2S III IV K A4 12:00-13:30 Cafe David 1 2 TA 1  appointment Cafe David K2-2S04-00 : C 2S III IV K200 : April 16, 2004 Version : 1.1 TA M2 TA 1 10 2 n 1 ɛ-δ 5 15 20 20 45 K2-2S04-00 : C 2S III IV K200 60 60 74 75 89 90 1 email 3 4 30 A4 12:00-13:30 Cafe David 1 2 TA 1 email appointment Cafe

More information

数学Ⅱ演習(足助・09夏)

数学Ⅱ演習(足助・09夏) II I 9/4/4 9/4/2 z C z z z z, z 2 z, w C zw z w 3 z, w C z + w z + w 4 t R t C t t t t t z z z 2 z C re z z + z z z, im z 2 2 3 z C e z + z + 2 z2 + 3! z3 + z!, I 4 x R e x cos x + sin x 2 z, w C e z+w

More information

AI n Z f n : Z Z f n (k) = nk ( k Z) f n n 1.9 R R f : R R f 1 1 {a R f(a) = 0 R = {0 R 1.10 R R f : R R f 1 : R R 1.11 Z Z id Z 1.12 Q Q id

AI n Z f n : Z Z f n (k) = nk ( k Z) f n n 1.9 R R f : R R f 1 1 {a R f(a) = 0 R = {0 R 1.10 R R f : R R f 1 : R R 1.11 Z Z id Z 1.12 Q Q id 1 1.1 1.1 R R (1) R = 1 2 Z = 2 n Z (2) R 1.2 R C Z R 1.3 Z 2 = {(a, b) a Z, b Z Z 2 a, b, c, d Z (a, b) + (c, d) = (a + c, b + d), (a, b)(c, d) = (ac, bd) (1) Z 2 (2) Z 2? (3) Z 2 1.4 C Q[ 1] = {a + bi

More information

2 (2016 3Q N) c = o (11) Ax = b A x = c A n I n n n 2n (A I n ) (I n X) A A X A n A A A (1) (2) c 0 c (3) c A A i j n 1 ( 1) i+j A (i, j) A (i, j) ã i

2 (2016 3Q N) c = o (11) Ax = b A x = c A n I n n n 2n (A I n ) (I n X) A A X A n A A A (1) (2) c 0 c (3) c A A i j n 1 ( 1) i+j A (i, j) A (i, j) ã i [ ] (2016 3Q N) a 11 a 1n m n A A = a m1 a mn A a 1 A A = a n (1) A (a i a j, i j ) (2) A (a i ca i, c 0, i ) (3) A (a i a i + ca j, j i, i ) A 1 A 11 0 A 12 0 0 A 1k 0 1 A 22 0 0 A 2k 0 1 0 A 3k 1 A rk

More information

1 nakayama/print/ Def (Definition ) Thm (Theorem ) Prop (Proposition ) Lem (Lemma ) Cor (Corollary ) 1. (1) A, B (2) ABC

1   nakayama/print/ Def (Definition ) Thm (Theorem ) Prop (Proposition ) Lem (Lemma ) Cor (Corollary ) 1. (1) A, B (2) ABC 1 http://www.gem.aoyama.ac.jp/ nakayama/print/ Def (Definition ) Thm (Theorem ) Prop (Proposition ) Lem (Lemma ) Cor (Corollary ) 1. (1) A, B (2) ABC r 1 A B B C C A (1),(2),, (8) A, B, C A,B,C 2 1 ABC

More information

線形空間の入門編 Part3

線形空間の入門編 Part3 Part3 j1701 March 15, 2013 (j1701) Part3 March 15, 2013 1 / 46 table of contents 1 2 3 (j1701) Part3 March 15, 2013 2 / 46 f : R 2 R 2 ( ) x f = y ( 1 1 1 1 ) ( x y ) = ( ) x y y x, y = x ( x y) 0!! (

More information

) ] [ h m x + y + + V x) φ = Eφ 1) z E = i h t 13) x << 1) N n n= = N N + 1) 14) N n n= = N N + 1)N + 1) 6 15) N n 3 n= = 1 4 N N + 1) 16) N n 4

) ] [ h m x + y + + V x) φ = Eφ 1) z E = i h t 13) x << 1) N n n= = N N + 1) 14) N n n= = N N + 1)N + 1) 6 15) N n 3 n= = 1 4 N N + 1) 16) N n 4 1. k λ ν ω T v p v g k = π λ ω = πν = π T v p = λν = ω k v g = dω dk 1) ) 3) 4). p = hk = h λ 5) E = hν = hω 6) h = h π 7) h =6.6618 1 34 J sec) hc=197.3 MeV fm = 197.3 kev pm= 197.3 ev nm = 1.97 1 3 ev

More information

Note.tex 2008/09/19( )

Note.tex 2008/09/19( ) 1 20 9 19 2 1 5 1.1........................ 5 1.2............................. 8 2 9 2.1............................. 9 2.2.............................. 10 3 13 3.1.............................. 13 3.2..................................

More information

r 1 m A r/m i) t ii) m i) t B(t; m) ( B(t; m) = A 1 + r ) mt m ii) B(t; m) ( B(t; m) = A 1 + r ) mt m { ( = A 1 + r ) m } rt r m n = m r m n B

r 1 m A r/m i) t ii) m i) t B(t; m) ( B(t; m) = A 1 + r ) mt m ii) B(t; m) ( B(t; m) = A 1 + r ) mt m { ( = A 1 + r ) m } rt r m n = m r m n B 1 1.1 1 r 1 m A r/m i) t ii) m i) t Bt; m) Bt; m) = A 1 + r ) mt m ii) Bt; m) Bt; m) = A 1 + r ) mt m { = A 1 + r ) m } rt r m n = m r m n Bt; m) Aert e lim 1 + 1 n 1.1) n!1 n) e a 1, a 2, a 3,... {a n

More information

2016 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1 16 2 1 () X O 3 (O1) X O, O (O2) O O (O3) O O O X (X, O) O X X (O1), (O2), (O3) (O2) (O3) n (O2) U 1,..., U n O U k O k=1 (O3) U λ O( λ Λ) λ Λ U λ O 0 X 0 (O2) n =

More information

微分積分 サンプルページ この本の定価 判型などは, 以下の URL からご覧いただけます. このサンプルページの内容は, 初版 1 刷発行時のものです.

微分積分 サンプルページ この本の定価 判型などは, 以下の URL からご覧いただけます.   このサンプルページの内容は, 初版 1 刷発行時のものです. 微分積分 サンプルページ この本の定価 判型などは, 以下の URL からご覧いただけます. ttp://www.morikita.co.jp/books/mid/00571 このサンプルページの内容は, 初版 1 刷発行時のものです. i ii 014 10 iii [note] 1 3 iv 4 5 3 6 4 x 0 sin x x 1 5 6 z = f(x, y) 1 y = f(x)

More information

,.,, L p L p loc,, 3., L p L p loc, Lp L p loc.,.,,.,.,.,, L p, 1 p, L p,. d 1, R d d. E R d. (E, M E, µ)., L p = L p (E). 1 p, E f(x), f(x) p d

,.,, L p L p loc,, 3., L p L p loc, Lp L p loc.,.,,.,.,.,, L p, 1 p, L p,. d 1, R d d. E R d. (E, M E, µ)., L p = L p (E). 1 p, E f(x), f(x) p d 1 L p L p loc, L p L p loc, Lp L p loc,., 1 p.,. L p L p., L 1, L 1., L p, L p. L 1., L 1 L 1. L p L p loc L p., L 2 L 2 loc,.,. L p L p loc L p., L p L p loc., L p L p loc 1 ,.,, L p L p loc,, 3., L p

More information

211 kotaro@math.titech.ac.jp 1 R *1 n n R n *2 R n = {(x 1,..., x n ) x 1,..., x n R}. R R 2 R 3 R n R n R n D D R n *3 ) (x 1,..., x n ) f(x 1,..., x n ) f D *4 n 2 n = 1 ( ) 1 f D R n f : D R 1.1. (x,

More information

Mazur [Ma1] Schlessinger [Sch] [SL] [Ma1] [Ma1] [Ma2] Galois [] 17 R m R R R M End R M) M R ut R M) M R R G R[G] R G Sets 1 Λ Noether Λ k Λ m Λ k C Λ

Mazur [Ma1] Schlessinger [Sch] [SL] [Ma1] [Ma1] [Ma2] Galois [] 17 R m R R R M End R M) M R ut R M) M R R G R[G] R G Sets 1 Λ Noether Λ k Λ m Λ k C Λ Galois ) 0 1 1 2 2 4 3 10 4 12 5 14 16 0 Galois Galois Galois TaylorWiles Fermat [W][TW] Galois Galois Galois 1 Noether 2 1 Mazur [Ma1] Schlessinger [Sch] [SL] [Ma1] [Ma1] [Ma2] Galois [] 17 R m R R R

More information

24 I ( ) 1. R 3 (i) C : x 2 + y 2 1 = 0 (ii) C : y = ± 1 x 2 ( 1 x 1) (iii) C : x = cos t, y = sin t (0 t 2π) 1.1. γ : [a, b] R n ; t γ(t) = (x

24 I ( ) 1. R 3 (i) C : x 2 + y 2 1 = 0 (ii) C : y = ± 1 x 2 ( 1 x 1) (iii) C : x = cos t, y = sin t (0 t 2π) 1.1. γ : [a, b] R n ; t γ(t) = (x 24 I 1.1.. ( ) 1. R 3 (i) C : x 2 + y 2 1 = 0 (ii) C : y = ± 1 x 2 ( 1 x 1) (iii) C : x = cos t, y = sin t (0 t 2π) 1.1. γ : [a, b] R n ; t γ(t) = (x 1 (t), x 2 (t),, x n (t)) ( ) ( ), γ : (i) x 1 (t),

More information

1 a b = max{a, b}, a b = mi{a, b} a 1 a 2 a a 1 a = max{a 1,... a }, a 1 a = mi{a 1,... a }. A sup A, if A A A A A sup A sup A = + A if A = ± y = arct

1 a b = max{a, b}, a b = mi{a, b} a 1 a 2 a a 1 a = max{a 1,... a }, a 1 a = mi{a 1,... a }. A sup A, if A A A A A sup A sup A = + A if A = ± y = arct 27 6 2 1 2 2 5 3 8 4 13 5 16 6 19 7 23 8 27 N Z = {, ±1, ±2,... }, R =, R + = [, + ), R = [, ], C =. a b = max{a, b}, a b = mi{a, b}, a a, a a. f : X R [a < f < b] = {x X; a < f(x) < b}. X [f] = [f ],

More information

16 B

16 B 16 B (1) 3 (2) (3) 5 ( ) 3 : 2 3 : 3 : () 3 19 ( ) 2 ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) x = b ± b 2 4ac 2a 3, 4 5 1824 5 Contents 1. 1 2. 7 3. 13 4. 18 5. 22 6. 25 7. 27 8. 31 9. 37 10. 46 11. 50 12. 56 i 1 1. 1.1..

More information

[Oc, Proposition 2.1, Theorem 2.4] K X (a) l (b) l (a) (b) X [M3] Huber adic 1 Huber ([Hu1], [Hu2], [Hu3]) adic 1.1 adic A I I A {I n } 0 adic 2

[Oc, Proposition 2.1, Theorem 2.4] K X (a) l (b) l (a) (b) X [M3] Huber adic 1 Huber ([Hu1], [Hu2], [Hu3]) adic 1.1 adic A I I A {I n } 0 adic 2 On the action of the Weil group on the l-adic cohomology of rigid spaces over local fields (Yoichi Mieda) Graduate School of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Tokyo 0 l Galois K F F q l q K, F K,

More information

−g”U›ß™ö‡Æ…X…y…N…g…‰

−g”U›ß™ö‡Æ…X…y…N…g…‰ 1 / 74 ( ) 2019 3 8 URL: http://www.math.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ ichiro/ 2 / 74 Contents 1 Pearson 2 3 Doob h- 4 (I) 5 (II) 6 (III-1) - 7 (III-2-a) 8 (III-2-b) - 9 (III-3) Pearson 3 / 74 Pearson Definition 1 ρ

More information

II R n k +1 v 0,, v k k v 1 v 0,, v k v v 0,, v k R n 1 a 0,, a k a 0 v 0 + a k v k v 0 v k k k v 0,, v k σ k σ dimσ = k 1.3. k

II R n k +1 v 0,, v k k v 1 v 0,, v k v v 0,, v k R n 1 a 0,, a k a 0 v 0 + a k v k v 0 v k k k v 0,, v k σ k σ dimσ = k 1.3. k II 231017 1 1.1. R n k +1 v 0,, v k k v 1 v 0,, v k v 0 1.2. v 0,, v k R n 1 a 0,, a k a 0 v 0 + a k v k v 0 v k k k v 0,, v k σ kσ dimσ = k 1.3. k σ {v 0,...,v k } {v i0,...,v il } l σ τ < τ τ σ 1.4.

More information

4 4 4 a b c d a b A c d A a da ad bce O E O n A n O ad bc a d n A n O 5 {a n } S n a k n a n + k S n a a n+ S n n S n n log x x {xy } x, y x + y 7 fx

4 4 4 a b c d a b A c d A a da ad bce O E O n A n O ad bc a d n A n O 5 {a n } S n a k n a n + k S n a a n+ S n n S n n log x x {xy } x, y x + y 7 fx 4 4 5 4 I II III A B C, 5 7 I II A B,, 8, 9 I II A B O A,, Bb, b, Cc, c, c b c b b c c c OA BC P BC OP BC P AP BC n f n x xn e x! e n! n f n x f n x f n x f k x k 4 e > f n x dx k k! fx sin x cos x tan

More information

, x R, f (x),, df dx : R R,, f : R R, f(x) ( ).,, f (a) d f dx (a), f (a) d3 f dx 3 (a),, f (n) (a) dn f dx n (a), f d f dx, f d3 f dx 3,, f (n) dn f

, x R, f (x),, df dx : R R,, f : R R, f(x) ( ).,, f (a) d f dx (a), f (a) d3 f dx 3 (a),, f (n) (a) dn f dx n (a), f d f dx, f d3 f dx 3,, f (n) dn f ,,,,.,,,. R f : R R R a R, f(a + ) f(a) lim 0 (), df dx (a) f (a), f(x) x a, f (a), f(x) x a ( ). y f(a + ) y f(x) f(a+) f(a) f(a + ) f(a) f(a) x a 0 a a + x 0 a a + x y y f(x) 0 : 0, f(a+) f(a)., f(x)

More information

20 9 19 1 3 11 1 3 111 3 112 1 4 12 6 121 6 122 7 13 7 131 8 132 10 133 10 134 12 14 13 141 13 142 13 143 15 144 16 145 17 15 19 151 1 19 152 20 2 21 21 21 211 21 212 1 23 213 1 23 214 25 215 31 22 33

More information

ALGEBRA I Hiroshi SUZUKI Department of Mathematics International Christian University

ALGEBRA I Hiroshi SUZUKI Department of Mathematics International Christian University ALGEBRA I Hiroshi SUZUKI Department of Mathematics International Christian University 2004 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 4 4 1 5 5 1 6 6 1 7 7 1 8 8 1 9 9 1 10 10 1 E-mail:hsuzuki@icu.ac.jp 0 0 1 1.1 G G1 G a, b,

More information

main.dvi

main.dvi SGC - 70 2, 3 23 ɛ-δ 2.12.8 3 2.92.13 4 2 3 1 2.1 2.102.12 [8][14] [1],[2] [4][7] 2 [4] 1 2009 8 1 1 1.1... 1 1.2... 4 1.3 1... 8 1.4 2... 9 1.5... 12 1.6 1... 16 1.7... 18 1.8... 21 1.9... 23 2 27 2.1

More information

x () g(x) = f(t) dt f(x), F (x) 3x () g(x) g (x) f(x), F (x) (3) h(x) = x 3x tf(t) dt.9 = {(x, y) ; x, y, x + y } f(x, y) = xy( x y). h (x) f(x), F (x

x () g(x) = f(t) dt f(x), F (x) 3x () g(x) g (x) f(x), F (x) (3) h(x) = x 3x tf(t) dt.9 = {(x, y) ; x, y, x + y } f(x, y) = xy( x y). h (x) f(x), F (x [ ] IC. f(x) = e x () f(x) f (x) () lim f(x) lim f(x) x + x (3) lim f(x) lim f(x) x + x (4) y = f(x) ( ) ( s46). < a < () a () lim a log xdx a log xdx ( ) n (3) lim log k log n n n k=.3 z = log(x + y ),

More information

meiji_resume_1.PDF

meiji_resume_1.PDF β β β (q 1,q,..., q n ; p 1, p,..., p n ) H(q 1,q,..., q n ; p 1, p,..., p n ) Hψ = εψ ε k = k +1/ ε k = k(k 1) (x, y, z; p x, p y, p z ) (r; p r ), (θ; p θ ), (ϕ; p ϕ ) ε k = 1/ k p i dq i E total = E

More information

( )

( ) 18 10 01 ( ) 1 2018 4 1.1 2018............................... 4 1.2 2018......................... 5 2 2017 7 2.1 2017............................... 7 2.2 2017......................... 8 3 2016 9 3.1 2016...............................

More information

DVIOUT

DVIOUT A. A. A-- [ ] f(x) x = f 00 (x) f 0 () =0 f 00 () > 0= f(x) x = f 00 () < 0= f(x) x = A--2 [ ] f(x) D f 00 (x) > 0= y = f(x) f 00 (x) < 0= y = f(x) P (, f()) f 00 () =0 A--3 [ ] y = f(x) [, b] x = f (y)

More information

/ 2 n n n n x 1,..., x n 1 n 2 n R n n ndimensional Euclidean space R n vector point R n set space R n R n x = x 1 x n y = y 1 y n distance dx,

/ 2 n n n n x 1,..., x n 1 n 2 n R n n ndimensional Euclidean space R n vector point R n set space R n R n x = x 1 x n y = y 1 y n distance dx, 1 1.1 R n 1.1.1 3 xyz xyz 3 x, y, z R 3 := x y : x, y, z R z 1 3. n n x 1,..., x n x 1. x n x 1 x n 1 / 2 n n n n x 1,..., x n 1 n 2 n R n n ndimensional Euclidean space R n vector point 1.1.2 R n set

More information

Z[i] Z[i] π 4,1 (x) π 4,3 (x) 1 x (x ) 2 log x π m,a (x) 1 x ϕ(m) log x 1.1 ( ). π(x) x (a, m) = 1 π m,a (x) x modm a 1 π m,a (x) 1 ϕ(m) π(x)

Z[i] Z[i] π 4,1 (x) π 4,3 (x) 1 x (x ) 2 log x π m,a (x) 1 x ϕ(m) log x 1.1 ( ). π(x) x (a, m) = 1 π m,a (x) x modm a 1 π m,a (x) 1 ϕ(m) π(x) 3 3 22 Z[i] Z[i] π 4, (x) π 4,3 (x) x (x ) 2 log x π m,a (x) x ϕ(m) log x. ( ). π(x) x (a, m) = π m,a (x) x modm a π m,a (x) ϕ(m) π(x) ϕ(m) x log x ϕ(m) m f(x) g(x) (x α) lim f(x)/g(x) = x α mod m (a,

More information

A S- hara/lectures/lectures-j.html r A = A 5 : 5 = max{ A, } A A A A B A, B A A A %

A S-   hara/lectures/lectures-j.html r A = A 5 : 5 = max{ A, } A A A A B A, B A A A % A S- http://www.math.kyushu-u.ac.jp/ hara/lectures/lectures-j.html r A S- 3.4.5. 9 phone: 9-8-444, e-mail: hara@math.kyushu-u.ac.jp, http://www.math.kyushu-u.ac.jp/ hara/lectures/lectures-j.html Office

More information

I

I I io@hiroshima-u.ac.jp 27 6 A A. /a δx = lim a + a exp π x2 a 2 = lim a + a = lim a + a exp a 2 π 2 x 2 + a 2 2 x a x = lim a + a Sic a x = lim a + a Rect a Gaussia Loretzia Bilateral expoetial Normalized

More information

I , : ~/math/functional-analysis/functional-analysis-1.tex

I , : ~/math/functional-analysis/functional-analysis-1.tex I 1 2004 8 16, 2017 4 30 1 : ~/math/functional-analysis/functional-analysis-1.tex 1 3 1.1................................... 3 1.2................................... 3 1.3.....................................

More information

Akito Tsuboi June 22, T ϕ T M M ϕ M M ϕ T ϕ 2 Definition 1 X, Y, Z,... 1

Akito Tsuboi June 22, T ϕ T M M ϕ M M ϕ T ϕ 2 Definition 1 X, Y, Z,... 1 Akito Tsuboi June 22, 2006 1 T ϕ T M M ϕ M M ϕ T ϕ 2 Definition 1 X, Y, Z,... 1 1. X, Y, Z,... 2. A, B (A), (A) (B), (A) (B), (A) (B) Exercise 2 1. (X) (Y ) 2. ((X) (Y )) (Z) 3. (((X) (Y )) (Z)) Exercise

More information

f(x) = x (1) f (1) (2) f (2) f(x) x = a y y = f(x) f (a) y = f(x) A(a, f(a)) f(a + h) f(x) = A f(a) A x (3, 3) O a a + h x 1 f(x) x = a

f(x) = x (1) f (1) (2) f (2) f(x) x = a y y = f(x) f (a) y = f(x) A(a, f(a)) f(a + h) f(x) = A f(a) A x (3, 3) O a a + h x 1 f(x) x = a 3 3.1 3.1.1 A f(a + h) f(a) f(x) lim f(x) x = a h 0 h f(x) x = a f 0 (a) f 0 (a) = lim h!0 f(a + h) f(a) h = lim x!a f(x) f(a) x a a + h = x h = x a h 0 x a 3.1 f(x) = x x = 3 f 0 (3) f (3) = lim h 0 (

More information

2.1 H f 3, SL(2, Z) Γ k (1) f H (2) γ Γ f k γ = f (3) f Γ \H cusp γ SL(2, Z) f k γ Fourier f k γ = a γ (n)e 2πinz/N n=0 (3) γ SL(2, Z) a γ (0) = 0 f c

2.1 H f 3, SL(2, Z) Γ k (1) f H (2) γ Γ f k γ = f (3) f Γ \H cusp γ SL(2, Z) f k γ Fourier f k γ = a γ (n)e 2πinz/N n=0 (3) γ SL(2, Z) a γ (0) = 0 f c GL 2 1 Lie SL(2, R) GL(2, A) Gelbart [Ge] 1 3 [Ge] Jacquet-Langlands [JL] Bump [Bu] Borel([Bo]) ([Ko]) ([Mo]) [Mo] 2 2.1 H = {z C Im(z) > 0} Γ SL(2, Z) Γ N N Γ (N) = {γ SL(2, Z) γ = 1 2 mod N} g SL(2,

More information

( 3) b 1 b : b b f : a b 1 b f = f (2.7) g : b c g 1 b = g (2.8) 1 b b (identity arrow) id b f a b g f 1 b b c g (2.9) 3 C C C a, b a b Hom C (a, b) h

( 3) b 1 b : b b f : a b 1 b f = f (2.7) g : b c g 1 b = g (2.8) 1 b b (identity arrow) id b f a b g f 1 b b c g (2.9) 3 C C C a, b a b Hom C (a, b) h 2011 9 5 1 Lie 1 2 2.1 (category) (object) a, b, c, a b (arrow, morphism) f : a b (2.1) f a b (2.2) ( 1) f : a b g : b c (composite) g f : a c ( 2) f f a b g f g c g h (2.3) a b c d (2.4) h (g f) = (h

More information

ad bc A A A = ad bc ( d ) b c a n A n A n A A det A A ( ) a b A = c d det A = ad bc σ {,,,, n} {,,, } {,,, } {,,, } ( ) σ = σ() = σ() = n sign σ sign(

ad bc A A A = ad bc ( d ) b c a n A n A n A A det A A ( ) a b A = c d det A = ad bc σ {,,,, n} {,,, } {,,, } {,,, } ( ) σ = σ() = σ() = n sign σ sign( I n n A AX = I, YA = I () n XY A () X = IX = (YA)X = Y(AX) = YI = Y X Y () XY A A AB AB BA (AB)(B A ) = A(BB )A = AA = I (BA)(A B ) = B(AA )B = BB = I (AB) = B A (BA) = A B A B A = B = 5 5 A B AB BA A

More information

function2.pdf

function2.pdf 2... 1 2009, http://c-faculty.chuo-u.ac.jp/ nishioka/ 2 11 38 : 5) i) [], : 84 85 86 87 88 89 1000 ) 13 22 33 56 92 147 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 1 2 3 4 5 7.1 7 7.1 1. *1 e = 2.7182 ) fx) e x, x R : 7.1)

More information

2000年度『数学展望 I』講義録

2000年度『数学展望 I』講義録 2000 I I IV I II 2000 I I IV I-IV. i ii 3.10 (http://www.math.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ kanai/) 2000 A....1 B....4 C....10 D....13 E....17 Brouwer A....21 B....26 C....33 D....39 E. Sperner...45 F....48 A....53

More information

difgeo1.dvi

difgeo1.dvi 1 http://matlab0.hwe.oita-u.ac.jp/ matsuo/difgeo.pdf ver.1 8//001 1 1.1 a A. O 1 e 1 ; e ; e e 1 ; e ; e x 1 ;x ;x e 1 ; e ; e X x x x 1 ;x ;x X (x 1 ;x ;x ) 1 1 x x X e e 1 O e x x 1 x x = x 1 e 1 + x

More information

1. 1 A : l l : (1) l m (m 3) (2) m (3) n (n 3) (4) A α, β γ α β + γ = 2 m l lm n nα nα = lm. α = lm n. m lm 2β 2β = lm β = lm 2. γ l 2. 3

1. 1 A : l l : (1) l m (m 3) (2) m (3) n (n 3) (4) A α, β γ α β + γ = 2 m l lm n nα nα = lm. α = lm n. m lm 2β 2β = lm β = lm 2. γ l 2. 3 1. 1 A : l l : (1) l m (m 3) (2) m (3) n (n 3) (4) A 2 1 2 1 2 3 α, β γ α β + γ = 2 m l lm n nα nα = lm. α = lm n. m lm 2β 2β = lm β = lm 2. γ l 2. 3 4 P, Q R n = {(x 1, x 2,, x n ) ; x 1, x 2,, x n R}

More information

a (a + ), a + a > (a + ), a + 4 a < a 4 a,,, y y = + a y = + a, y = a y = ( + a) ( x) + ( a) x, x y,y a y y y ( + a : a ) ( a : a > ) y = (a + ) y = a

a (a + ), a + a > (a + ), a + 4 a < a 4 a,,, y y = + a y = + a, y = a y = ( + a) ( x) + ( a) x, x y,y a y y y ( + a : a ) ( a : a > ) y = (a + ) y = a [] a x f(x) = ( + a)( x) + ( a)x f(x) = ( a + ) x + a + () x f(x) a a + a > a + () x f(x) a (a + ) a x 4 f (x) = ( + a) ( x) + ( a) x = ( a + a) x + a + = ( a + ) x + a +, () a + a f(x) f(x) = f() = a

More information

(Basic of Proability Theory). (Probability Spacees ad Radom Variables , (Expectatios, Meas) (Weak Law

(Basic of Proability Theory). (Probability Spacees ad Radom Variables , (Expectatios, Meas) (Weak Law I (Radom Walks ad Percolatios) 3 4 7 ( -2 ) (Preface),.,,,...,,.,,,,.,.,,.,,. (,.) (Basic of Proability Theory). (Probability Spacees ad Radom Variables...............2, (Expectatios, Meas).............................

More information

1 Abstract 2 3 n a ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) (1) ( x + b ) 2 = b2 4ac 2a 4a 2 D = b 2 4ac > 0 (1) 2 D = 0 D < 0 x + b 2a = ± b2 4ac 2a b ± b 2

1 Abstract 2 3 n a ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) (1) ( x + b ) 2 = b2 4ac 2a 4a 2 D = b 2 4ac > 0 (1) 2 D = 0 D < 0 x + b 2a = ± b2 4ac 2a b ± b 2 1 Abstract n 1 1.1 a ax + bx + c = 0 (a 0) (1) ( x + b ) = b 4ac a 4a D = b 4ac > 0 (1) D = 0 D < 0 x + b a = ± b 4ac a b ± b 4ac a b a b ± 4ac b i a D (1) ax + bx + c D 0 () () (015 8 1 ) 1. D = b 4ac

More information

II A A441 : October 02, 2014 Version : Kawahira, Tomoki TA (Kondo, Hirotaka )

II A A441 : October 02, 2014 Version : Kawahira, Tomoki TA (Kondo, Hirotaka ) II 214-1 : October 2, 214 Version : 1.1 Kawahira, Tomoki TA (Kondo, Hirotaka ) http://www.math.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~kawahira/courses/14w-biseki.html pdf 1 2 1 9 1 16 1 23 1 3 11 6 11 13 11 2 11 27 12 4 12 11

More information

i ii i iii iv 1 3 3 10 14 17 17 18 22 23 28 29 31 36 37 39 40 43 48 59 70 75 75 77 90 95 102 107 109 110 118 125 128 130 132 134 48 43 43 51 52 61 61 64 62 124 70 58 3 10 17 29 78 82 85 102 95 109 iii

More information

44 4 I (1) ( ) (10 15 ) ( 17 ) ( 3 1 ) (2)

44 4 I (1) ( ) (10 15 ) ( 17 ) ( 3 1 ) (2) (1) I 44 II 45 III 47 IV 52 44 4 I (1) ( ) 1945 8 9 (10 15 ) ( 17 ) ( 3 1 ) (2) 45 II 1 (3) 511 ( 451 1 ) ( ) 365 1 2 512 1 2 365 1 2 363 2 ( ) 3 ( ) ( 451 2 ( 314 1 ) ( 339 1 4 ) 337 2 3 ) 363 (4) 46

More information

Mathematical Logic I 12 Contents I Zorn

Mathematical Logic I 12 Contents I Zorn Mathematical Logic I 12 Contents I 2 1 3 1.1............................. 3 1.2.......................... 5 1.3 Zorn.................. 5 2 6 2.1.............................. 6 2.2..............................

More information

x = a 1 f (a r, a + r) f(a) r a f f(a) 2 2. (a, b) 2 f (a, b) r f(a, b) r (a, b) f f(a, b)

x = a 1 f (a r, a + r) f(a) r a f f(a) 2 2. (a, b) 2 f (a, b) r f(a, b) r (a, b) f f(a, b) 2011 I 2 II III 17, 18, 19 7 7 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1.1.............................. 2 1.2 : 1.................... 4 1.2.1 2............................... 5 1.3 : 2.................... 5 1.3.1 2.....................................

More information

,2,4

,2,4 2005 12 2006 1,2,4 iii 1 Hilbert 14 1 1.............................................. 1 2............................................... 2 3............................................... 3 4.............................................

More information

( ; ) C. H. Scholz, The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting : - ( ) σ = σ t sin 2π(r a) λ dσ d(r a) =

( ; ) C. H. Scholz, The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting : - ( ) σ = σ t sin 2π(r a) λ dσ d(r a) = 1 9 8 1 1 1 ; 1 11 16 C. H. Scholz, The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting 1. 1.1 1.1.1 : - σ = σ t sin πr a λ dσ dr a = E a = π λ σ πr a t cos λ 1 r a/λ 1 cos 1 E: σ t = Eλ πa a λ E/π γ : λ/ 3 γ =

More information

1 G K C 1.1. G K V ρ : G GL(V ) (ρ, V ) G V 1.2. G 2 (ρ, V ), (τ, W ) 2 V, W T : V W τ g T = T ρ g ( g G) V ρ g T W τ g V T W 1.3. G (ρ, V ) V W ρ g W

1 G K C 1.1. G K V ρ : G GL(V ) (ρ, V ) G V 1.2. G 2 (ρ, V ), (τ, W ) 2 V, W T : V W τ g T = T ρ g ( g G) V ρ g T W τ g V T W 1.3. G (ρ, V ) V W ρ g W Naoya Enomoto 2002.9. paper 1 2 2 3 3 6 1 1 G K C 1.1. G K V ρ : G GL(V ) (ρ, V ) G V 1.2. G 2 (ρ, V ), (τ, W ) 2 V, W T : V W τ g T = T ρ g ( g G) V ρ g T W τ g V T W 1.3. G (ρ, V ) V W ρ g W W G- G W

More information

No.004 [1] J. ( ) ( ) (1968) [2] Morse (1997) [3] (1988) 1

No.004 [1] J. ( ) ( ) (1968) [2] Morse (1997) [3] (1988) 1 No.004 [1] J. ( ) ( ) (1968) [2] Morse (1997) [3] (1988) 1 1 (1) 1.1 X Y f, g : X Y { F (x, 0) = f(x) F (x, 1) = g(x) F : X I Y f g f g F f g 1.2 X Y X Y gf id X, fg id Y f : X Y, g : Y X X Y X Y (2) 1.3

More information

Basic Math. 1 0 [ N Z Q Q c R C] 1, 2, 3,... natural numbers, N Def.(Definition) N (1) 1 N, (2) n N = n +1 N, (3) N (1), (2), n N n N (element). n/ N.

Basic Math. 1 0 [ N Z Q Q c R C] 1, 2, 3,... natural numbers, N Def.(Definition) N (1) 1 N, (2) n N = n +1 N, (3) N (1), (2), n N n N (element). n/ N. Basic Mathematics 16 4 16 3-4 (10:40-12:10) 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 (mapping) 5 4 ε-δ (ε-δ Logic) 6 5 (Potency) 9 6 (Equivalence Relation and Order) 13 7 Zorn (Axiom of Choice, Zorn s Lemma) 14 8 (Set and Topology)

More information

1 Ricci V, V i, W f : V W f f(v ) = Imf W ( ) f : V 1 V k W 1

1 Ricci V, V i, W f : V W f f(v ) = Imf W ( ) f : V 1 V k W 1 1 Ricci V, V i, W f : V W f f(v = Imf W ( f : V 1 V k W 1 {f(v 1,, v k v i V i } W < Imf > < > f W V, V i, W f : U V L(U; V f : V 1 V r W L(V 1,, V r ; W L(V 1,, V r ; W (f + g(v 1,, v r = f(v 1,, v r

More information

3 1 5 1.1........................... 5 1.1.1...................... 5 1.1.2........................ 6 1.1.3........................ 6 1.1.4....................... 6 1.1.5.......................... 7 1.1.6..........................

More information

one way two way (talk back) (... ) C.E.Shannon 1948 A Mathematical theory of communication. 1 ( ) 0 ( ) 1

one way two way (talk back) (... ) C.E.Shannon 1948 A Mathematical theory of communication. 1 ( ) 0 ( ) 1 1 1.1 1.2 one way two way (talk back) (... ) 1.3 0 C.E.Shannon 1948 A Mathematical theory of communication. 1 ( ) 0 ( ) 1 ( (coding theory)) 2 2.1 (convolution code) (block code), 3 3.1 Q q Q n Q n 1 Q

More information

°ÌÁê¿ô³ØII

°ÌÁê¿ô³ØII July 14, 2007 Brouwer f f(x) = x x f(z) = 0 2 f : S 2 R 2 f(x) = f( x) x S 2 3 3 2 - - - 1. X x X U(x) U(x) x U = {U(x) x X} X 1. U(x) A U(x) x 2. A U(x), A B B U(x) 3. A, B U(x) A B U(x) 4. A U(x),

More information

12 2 e S,T S s S T t T (map) α α : S T s t = α(s) (2.1) S (domain) T (codomain) (target set), {α(s)} T (range) (image) s, s S t T s S

12 2 e S,T S s S T t T (map) α α : S T s t = α(s) (2.1) S (domain) T (codomain) (target set), {α(s)} T (range) (image) s, s S t T s S 12 2 e 2.1 2.1.1 S,T S s S T t T (map α α : S T s t = α(s (2.1 S (domain T (codomain (target set, {α(s} T (range (image 2.1.2 s, s S t T s S t T, α s, s S s s, α(s α(s (2.2 α (injection 4 T t T (coimage

More information

x (x, ) x y (, y) iy x y z = x + iy (x, y) (r, θ) r = x + y, θ = tan ( y ), π < θ π x r = z, θ = arg z z = x + iy = r cos θ + ir sin θ = r(cos θ + i s

x (x, ) x y (, y) iy x y z = x + iy (x, y) (r, θ) r = x + y, θ = tan ( y ), π < θ π x r = z, θ = arg z z = x + iy = r cos θ + ir sin θ = r(cos θ + i s ... x, y z = x + iy x z y z x = Rez, y = Imz z = x + iy x iy z z () z + z = (z + z )() z z = (z z )(3) z z = ( z z )(4)z z = z z = x + y z = x + iy ()Rez = (z + z), Imz = (z z) i () z z z + z z + z.. z

More information

A A = a 41 a 42 a 43 a 44 A (7) 1 (3) A = M 12 = = a 41 (8) a 41 a 43 a 44 (3) n n A, B a i AB = A B ii aa

A A = a 41 a 42 a 43 a 44 A (7) 1 (3) A = M 12 = = a 41 (8) a 41 a 43 a 44 (3) n n A, B a i AB = A B ii aa 1 2 21 2 2 [ ] a 11 a 12 A = a 21 a 22 (1) A = a 11 a 22 a 12 a 21 (2) 3 3 n n A A = n ( 1) i+j a ij M ij i =1 n (3) j=1 M ij A i j (n 1) (n 1) 2-1 3 3 A A = a 11 a 12 a 13 a 21 a 22 a 23 a 31 a 32 a 33

More information

目次

目次 00D80020G 2004 3 ID POS 30 40 0 RFM i ... 2...2 2. ID POS...2 2.2...3 3...5 3....5 3.2...6 4...9 4....9 4.2...9 4.3...0 4.4...4 4.3....4 4.3.2...6 4.3.3...7 4.3.4...9 4.3.5...2 5...23 5....23 5.....23

More information

Microsoft Word - 信号処理3.doc

Microsoft Word - 信号処理3.doc Junji OHTSUBO 2012 FFT FFT SN sin cos x v ψ(x,t) = f (x vt) (1.1) t=0 (1.1) ψ(x,t) = A 0 cos{k(x vt) + φ} = A 0 cos(kx ωt + φ) (1.2) A 0 v=ω/k φ ω k 1.3 (1.2) (1.2) (1.2) (1.1) 1.1 c c = a + ib, a = Re[c],

More information

18 ( ) I II III A B C(100 ) 1, 2, 3, 5 I II A B (100 ) 1, 2, 3 I II A B (80 ) 6 8 I II III A B C(80 ) 1 n (1 + x) n (1) n C 1 + n C

18 ( ) I II III A B C(100 ) 1, 2, 3, 5 I II A B (100 ) 1, 2, 3 I II A B (80 ) 6 8 I II III A B C(80 ) 1 n (1 + x) n (1) n C 1 + n C 8 ( ) 8 5 4 I II III A B C( ),,, 5 I II A B ( ),, I II A B (8 ) 6 8 I II III A B C(8 ) n ( + x) n () n C + n C + + n C n = 7 n () 7 9 C : y = x x A(, 6) () A C () C P AP Q () () () 4 A(,, ) B(,, ) C(,,

More information

July 28, H H 0 H int = H H 0 H int = H int (x)d 3 x Schrödinger Picture Ψ(t) S =e iht Ψ H O S Heisenberg Picture Ψ H O H (t) =e iht O S e i

July 28, H H 0 H int = H H 0 H int = H int (x)d 3 x Schrödinger Picture Ψ(t) S =e iht Ψ H O S Heisenberg Picture Ψ H O H (t) =e iht O S e i July 8, 4. H H H int H H H int H int (x)d 3 x Schrödinger Picture Ψ(t) S e iht Ψ H O S Heisenberg Picture Ψ H O H (t) e iht O S e iht Interaction Picture Ψ(t) D e iht Ψ(t) S O D (t) e iht O S e ih t (Dirac

More information

tomocci ,. :,,,, Lie,,,, Einstein, Newton. 1 M n C. s, M p. M f, p d ds f = dxµ p ds µ f p, X p = X µ µ p = dxµ ds µ p. µ, X µ.,. p,. T M p.

tomocci ,. :,,,, Lie,,,, Einstein, Newton. 1 M n C. s, M p. M f, p d ds f = dxµ p ds µ f p, X p = X µ µ p = dxµ ds µ p. µ, X µ.,. p,. T M p. tomocci 18 7 5...,. :,,,, Lie,,,, Einstein, Newton. 1 M n C. s, M p. M f, p d ds f = dxµ p ds µ f p, X p = X µ µ p = dxµ ds µ p. µ, X µ.,. p,. T M p. M F (M), X(F (M)).. T M p e i = e µ i µ. a a = a i

More information

( 12 ( ( ( ( Levi-Civita grad div rot ( ( = 4 : 6 3 1 1.1 f(x n f (n (x, d n f(x (1.1 dxn f (2 (x f (x 1.1 f(x = e x f (n (x = e x d dx (fg = f g + fg (1.2 d dx d 2 dx (fg = f g + 2f g + fg 2... d n n

More information

量子力学 問題

量子力学 問題 3 : 203 : 0. H = 0 0 2 6 0 () = 6, 2 = 2, 3 = 3 3 H 6 2 3 ϵ,2,3 (2) ψ = (, 2, 3 ) ψ Hψ H (3) P i = i i P P 2 = P 2 P 3 = P 3 P = O, P 2 i = P i (4) P + P 2 + P 3 = E 3 (5) i ϵ ip i H 0 0 (6) R = 0 0 [H,

More information

20 6 4 1 4 1.1 1.................................... 4 1.1.1.................................... 4 1.1.2 1................................ 5 1.2................................... 7 1.2.1....................................

More information

1.2 (Kleppe, cf. [6]). C S 3 P 3 3 S 3. χ(p 3, I C (3)) 1 C, C P 3 ( ) 3 S 3( S 3 S 3 ). V 3 del Pezzo (cf. 2.1), S V, del Pezzo 1.1, V 3 del Pe

1.2 (Kleppe, cf. [6]). C S 3 P 3 3 S 3. χ(p 3, I C (3)) 1 C, C P 3 ( ) 3 S 3( S 3 S 3 ). V 3 del Pezzo (cf. 2.1), S V, del Pezzo 1.1, V 3 del Pe 3 del Pezzo (Hirokazu Nasu) 1 [10]. 3 V C C, V Hilbert scheme Hilb V [C]. C V C S V S. C S S V, C V. Hilbert schemes Hilb V Hilb S [S] [C] ( χ(s, N S/V ) χ(c, N C/S )), Hilb V [C] (generically non-reduced)

More information

linearal1.dvi

linearal1.dvi 19 4 30 I 1 1 11 1 12 2 13 3 131 3 132 4 133 5 134 6 14 7 2 9 21 9 211 9 212 10 213 13 214 14 22 15 221 15 222 16 223 17 224 20 3 21 31 21 32 21 33 22 34 23 341 23 342 24 343 27 344 29 35 31 351 31 352

More information

, 1993.,,., implement, ( )., 1970,,, I.N. Bernstein, ( D- ),., D-,., D-, ( ), ( ) (singular locus),, 3,. (Gröbner basis), 1960 B. Buchberger,.,,, impl

, 1993.,,., implement, ( )., 1970,,, I.N. Bernstein, ( D- ),., D-,., D-, ( ), ( ) (singular locus),, 3,. (Gröbner basis), 1960 B. Buchberger,.,,, impl No. 38 1994 11 WEB 2014 9 i , 1993.,,., implement, ( )., 1970,,, I.N. Bernstein, ( D- ),., D-,., D-, ( ), ( ) (singular locus),, 3,. (Gröbner basis), 1960 B. Buchberger,.,,, implement,.,, (standard base).,,,..,.

More information

φ s i = m j=1 f x j ξ j s i (1)? φ i = φ s i f j = f x j x ji = ξ j s i (1) φ 1 φ 2. φ n = m j=1 f jx j1 m j=1 f jx j2. m

φ s i = m j=1 f x j ξ j s i (1)? φ i = φ s i f j = f x j x ji = ξ j s i (1) φ 1 φ 2. φ n = m j=1 f jx j1 m j=1 f jx j2. m 2009 10 6 23 7.5 7.5.1 7.2.5 φ s i m j1 x j ξ j s i (1)? φ i φ s i f j x j x ji ξ j s i (1) φ 1 φ 2. φ n m j1 f jx j1 m j1 f jx j2. m j1 f jx jn x 11 x 21 x m1 x 12 x 22 x m2...... m j1 x j1f j m j1 x

More information

untitled

untitled yoshi@image.med.osaka-u.ac.jp http://www.image.med.osaka-u.ac.jp/member/yoshi/ II Excel, Mathematica Mathematica Osaka Electro-Communication University (2007 Apr) 09849-31503-64015-30704-18799-390 http://www.image.med.osaka-u.ac.jp/member/yoshi/

More information

A

A A 2563 15 4 21 1 3 1.1................................................ 3 1.2............................................. 3 2 3 2.1......................................... 3 2.2............................................

More information

() x + y + y + x dy dx = 0 () dy + xy = x dx y + x y ( 5) ( s55906) 0.7. (). 5 (). ( 6) ( s6590) 0.8 m n. 0.9 n n A. ( 6) ( s6590) f A (λ) = det(a λi)

() x + y + y + x dy dx = 0 () dy + xy = x dx y + x y ( 5) ( s55906) 0.7. (). 5 (). ( 6) ( s6590) 0.8 m n. 0.9 n n A. ( 6) ( s6590) f A (λ) = det(a λi) 0. A A = 4 IC () det A () A () x + y + z = x y z X Y Z = A x y z ( 5) ( s5590) 0. a + b + c b c () a a + b + c c a b a + b + c 0 a b c () a 0 c b b c 0 a c b a 0 0. A A = 7 5 4 5 0 ( 5) ( s5590) () A ()

More information

keisoku01.dvi

keisoku01.dvi 2.,, Mon, 2006, 401, SAGA, JAPAN Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Saga Univ., JAPAN 4 Mon, 2006, 401, SAGA, JAPAN Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Saga Univ., JAPAN 5 Mon, 2006, 401, SAGA, JAPAN Dept.

More information

x A Aω ẋ ẋ 2 + ω 2 x 2 = ω 2 A 2. (ẋ, ωx) ζ ẋ + iωx ζ ζ dζ = ẍ + iωẋ = ẍ + iω(ζ iωx) dt dζ dt iωζ = ẍ + ω2 x (2.1) ζ ζ = Aωe iωt = Aω cos ωt + iaω sin

x A Aω ẋ ẋ 2 + ω 2 x 2 = ω 2 A 2. (ẋ, ωx) ζ ẋ + iωx ζ ζ dζ = ẍ + iωẋ = ẍ + iω(ζ iωx) dt dζ dt iωζ = ẍ + ω2 x (2.1) ζ ζ = Aωe iωt = Aω cos ωt + iaω sin 2 2.1 F (t) 2.1.1 mẍ + kx = F (t). m ẍ + ω 2 x = F (t)/m ω = k/m. 1 : (ẋ, x) x = A sin ωt, ẋ = Aω cos ωt 1 2-1 x A Aω ẋ ẋ 2 + ω 2 x 2 = ω 2 A 2. (ẋ, ωx) ζ ẋ + iωx ζ ζ dζ = ẍ + iωẋ = ẍ + iω(ζ iωx) dt dζ

More information

(2 X Poisso P (λ ϕ X (t = E[e itx ] = k= itk λk e k! e λ = (e it λ k e λ = e eitλ e λ = e λ(eit 1. k! k= 6.7 X N(, 1 ϕ X (t = e 1 2 t2 : Cauchy ϕ X (t

(2 X Poisso P (λ ϕ X (t = E[e itx ] = k= itk λk e k! e λ = (e it λ k e λ = e eitλ e λ = e λ(eit 1. k! k= 6.7 X N(, 1 ϕ X (t = e 1 2 t2 : Cauchy ϕ X (t 6 6.1 6.1 (1 Z ( X = e Z, Y = Im Z ( Z = X + iy, i = 1 (2 Z E[ e Z ] < E[ Im Z ] < Z E[Z] = E[e Z] + ie[im Z] 6.2 Z E[Z] E[ Z ] : E[ Z ] < e Z Z, Im Z Z E[Z] α = E[Z], Z = Z Z 1 {Z } E[Z] = α = α [ α ]

More information